Sociology Final study guide

According to the table, which of the annual incomes would be considered poverty level for a family of four?

$21,385

for what family size is the poverty level most often quoted in news stories

4 persons

Which rate of unemployment does the United States generally view as acceptable?

5 percent Acc

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about how many jobs on average do Americans hold between the ages 18 and 34?

9

What is life structure?

A combination of beliefs and life circumstances that characterize an individual.

Which statement is supported by the data in the graph?

Alcohol is the most used drug among twelfth graders

In The Rules of Sociological Method Emile Durkheim suggests what about deviance?

All of them a. Deviance helps to clarify norms b. Deviance unifies a group c. Deviance diffuses tension and promotes social change

What is stigma?

All of them a. a mark of social disgrace that sets a deviant apart from the rest of society b. a form of social control c. a spoiled social identity

The interactionist perspective focuses on which of the following?

All of them a. control theory b. cultural transmission theory c. labeling theory

Which of the following is an example of the five categories of crime in the United States

All of them a. violent crimes b. crime against property c. white collar crime

What is one factor considered by police when deciding wheather to make an arrest?

All of them a. the seriousness of the offence b. whether or not bystanders are present c. the attitude of the suspect

Which statement BEST summarizes the information in the graph?

Americans are growing increasingly dissatisfied with their jobs

Which of the following is true about primary deviance?

Both a and b a. It goes undetected by those in authority b. It is not considered deviant by the individual who committed the act

What country has an intensive campaign to reduce the number of births to one child per family

China

Which of the following synthesizes conflict theory and functionalist theory?

Each approach complements the other and explains specific aspects of stratification

Which shows the correct sequence of stages in Levinson's view of adult male development

Entering the adult world, age 30 transition, settling down period

The age 30 transition is often characterized by what?

Examining commitments

The development of economic, political, and social relationships that stretch worldwide is

Globalization

What caused the poverty rate for people aged 65+ to decrease?

Increased Supplemental Security Income

Only 50 percent of children born in the underclass in America achieve a higher class. What is this type of movement?

Intergenerational vertical mobility

Which is true about the American teenage birthrate, as compared to other industrialized countries?

It is higher

To be labeled that deviant, which of the following must happen?

It's both a and b a. one must be detected committing a deviant act b. one must be stigmatized by society

Which theory predicts that the population grows through geometric progression

Malthusian theory

Which program provides health insurance for the poor?

Medicaid

An analysis of American workers in 1940 would show which of the following?

Most workers were not educated beyond about the eighth grade

Which of the following is NOT well explained by conflict theory?

Not everyone is suited for every position in a society

What term refers to rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms?

Sanctions

Which is associated with the settling down period?

Separating from mentor

What is true of marriage in the United States

The average age of first marriage is rising

What might result if the current pattern of delaying marriage and parenthood continues in the United States?

The development patterns of men and women will merge

Select the statement that BEST explains how someone in the United States can live more comfortably than someone in a different nation yet still have a hard time affording basic needs

The standard of living in the United States is high

What is one reason teenagers might make irrational decision?

Their prefrontal cortex is not fully developed

Which of the following is an important difference between wealthy people and poor people in America?

They have different life chances

The work of Irene Frieze and Esther Sales suggests that females undergo how many phases of adult development?

Three

Which of the following is considered part of America's informal economy ?

Unemployment teenager

What is the BEST explanation for why public schools in wealthy areas offer students better life chances?

Wealthy school districts are better funded than poor districts

What is MOST LIKELY to happen during the third stage of adult female development?

Women seek employment once again

How did coeducational pubic schools affect teenage dating?

Young men and women interacted more

Which is often a trigger for unemployment

a breakthrough in technology

Which of the following distinguishes adolescents as a separate group?

age of onset of puberty

The situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable is

anomie

Dating is important in adolescence for all the following reasons EXCEPT

becoming independent from parents

A young Amish man receives a courting buggy so that he can

begin dating

Entertainment and status attainment are probably the most important functions of which type of relationship?

casual dating

The following STRUCTURAL causes affect upward mobility EXCEPT

changes in marital status

Which of the following is a well-established pattern among American workers?

changing jobs

Of the five modes of adaptation, which one is not a deviant response?

conformity

Which is the principal cause of the dramatic rise in drug-related violence?

crack cocaine

The meeting of people as a romantic engagement is known as

dating

Which of the following would most likely cause an increase in the teenage birthrate?

decreased birth control use

Which theory holds that population patterns are tied to a society's level of technological development?

demographic transition theory

The area of sociology devoted to the study of human populations is known as

demography

behavior that violates significant social norms is called

deviant

The frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals is called what?

differential association

Americans tend to give an individual respect and honor based on what the individual

does for a living

The bridge between adolescence and adulthood, as one leaves home and begins full-time employment for the first time, is associated with which transition period?

early adult transition

A person's socioeconomic status (SES) is determined by income

education level, and place of residence

Mandatory education laws, child-labor laws, and the juvenile- justice system are all

factors that help distinguish adolescence as a life stage

The biological capability to bear children is called

fecundity

The actual number of births occurring to women of childbearing age is called

fertility

A reward or punishment given by a regulatory agency, a school, a business, or government is an

formal sanction

According to Willard Waller's sociological analyses of American dating patterns, how were partners selected?

good looks and popularity

Th rate at which a country's population is increasing is called its

growth rate

Socialization and companionship are primary functions of what type of relationship

high level of commitment

When a person changes jobs but does not change wealth, power, or prestige, that person experiences___________.

horizontal mobility

What are two reasons that poor Americans have ill health and a shorter life expectancy?

inadequate nutrition and less access to medical care

Which reflects a change in the American labor force since 1970

increase in female workers

What is the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality?

internalization

Which of the following is NOT recognized by sociologists as one of the five characteristics shared by most adolescents?

learning to drive

The average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live is called the

life expectancy

Which of the following is LOWER for poor Americans than it is for wealthy American?

life expectancy

The maximum length of life that is biologically possible is called

life span

The formula for finding birthrate within a population is

live births divided by total population multiplied by 1000

To which social class does an owner of a small business generally belong?

lower middle class

A women re-entering the adult world would find herself in a situation most similar to a

male in his twenties

Since the 1950s, managerial jobs in the United States have increased while which types of jobs have decreased?

manufacturing

Which of the following is the BEST example of intragenerational mobility

mechanic becomes a doctor

The movement of people from one specified area to another is called

migration

The midlife transition is often characterized by what?

moderate to severe crisis

Drugs such as ______ were used more than 1,000 years ago

opium and hallucinogens

Drug trafficking, illegal gambling, unfair labor practices,hijacking of merchandise, and loan sharking as part of a large-scale crime syndicate is classified as

organized crime

What might an employer do to maximize company

outsource jobs

Sanctions serve the following functions for corrections EXCEPT:

plea bargaining

A friend says that he wants to work in a service job when he graduates. Which of the following is an example of a service job?

police officer

The number of people living in an area at a particular time is called

population

Sociologists call an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior an

positive sanction

The following are predictors of teenage suicide EXCEPT

preindustrial societies

During puberty, an adolescent will

produce various hormones

Crimes such as burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson are classified as

property crime

How has the current overall poverty rate in the United States changed since the early 1970s?

remained the same

According to a Harris poll conducted in 2007, which is among the more important contributing factors to job satisfaction among people who are MOST satisfied with their jobs?

salary

When the unemployment rate in the United States is about 5 percent, economists are generally

satisfied

The second stage of female adult development is characterized by which of the following?

struggling to balance work and family

The suspension of moral beliefs and responsibilities to commit deviant act is an

technique of neutralization

Because it does not take into account the varying death rates among subgroups in the population, demographers often refer to the death rate as

the crude death rate

What was the main purpose of courtship?

to find a spouse

Which of the following places U.S. social classes in order?

underclass, working, upper

Which of the following names the current social classes in the United States?

upper, upper middle, lower middle, working, working poor, underclass

What is the basic of economy in all societies?

work

The point at which nearly equal birthrates and death rates produce a growth rate of zero is known as

zero population growth