Sociology midterm
Which social class in the U.S. makes $15,000 or less annually?
Correct answer: Underclass
A paradigm is
Correct answer: a set of assumptions, theories, and perspectives that makes up a way of understanding social reality.
Correlation is defined as:
Correct answer: a small sample size does not allow for establishing a causal relationship between two variables.
Critical race theory is associated with which of the major theoretical perspectives or schools of thought in sociology?
Correct answer: conflict theory
If changing one variable seems to lead to a change in another variable, this shows ________ but does not necessarily prove ________.
Correct answer: correlation; causation
Casey is in Kindergarten and her brain is still developing. She can only learn things with her five senses, and is learning the alphabet with pictures. She is at the conventional of her life.
False
Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?
Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.
How is culture transmitted and internalized?
We learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally.
____________ refers to a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture.
Society
E-readiness is the ability to:
Correct answer: sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge.
An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a co-worker's birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight?
Interpersonal interactions help humanize bureaucracies.
Which of the following statements best characterizes microsociology?
It is an approach that examines interactions between individuals and how those interactions reflect larger societal patterns.
What is one of the basic principles of social stratification?
It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society.
Why is it beneficial for sociologists to experience culture shock?
It makes us realize we lack an understanding of our surroundings so we can perceive what is right in front of us.
_____ is a legally recognized social contract between two people.
Marriage
Ambilineal Descent is defined as:
following either the mother's or father's line only, depending on the situation
What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?
social stratification
Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Legal System?
Correct answer: Jury
A goal of socialization is
Correct answer: to teach norms, values, and beliefs.
The______ is where people change their behavior because they know they are being watched as part of a study.
Correct answer: Hawthorne Effect
In the past seventy years, the Earth's population has
nearly tripled.
______ is a breakthrough in one form of technology that leads to a number of variations, from which a prototype emerges, followed by a period of slight adjustments to the technology, interrupted by a breakthrough.
Evolutionary Model of Technological Change
Environmental justice claims that those who are most responsible for climate change suffer the most from it.
False
Social Order is defined as the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offense.
False
The Cornucopian Theory suggests that future population growth will develop along a predictable four-stage model.
False
Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered
agents of socialization.
________ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom.
Correct answer: Conflict theory
Annie has a website where she posts about the inequality between gender and the struggles women and men face daily. This is an example of _____________ .
Correct answer: Cyberfeminism
____ is the uneven access to technology around race, class, and geographic lines.
Correct answer: Digital Divide
What is an example of deviance?
Correct answer: Failing to signal a turn while driving
Aunts, uncles, and cousins living in the same household are known as a nuclear family.
Correct answer: False
Capitalism and socialism are two examples of political systems throughout the world.
Correct answer: False
Global Feminization of poverty is defined as women pledging themselves as servants in exchange for the cost of basic necessities like transportation, room, and boar.
Correct answer: False
In the court, the prosecutor is hired to defend the accused.
Correct answer: False
Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family.
Correct answer: False
In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience?
Correct answer: Labeling theory
When Maria married John, she moved to John's house, which was adjacent to his parent's house. Her mother-in-law was always over giving Maria advice on everything from decorating to icing cakes. Maria lives in a:
Correct answer: Patrilocal residence
Being married to more than one person at a time is referred to as:
Correct answer: Polygamy
Which is not a qualitative data collection method?
Correct answer: Questionnaires
Which group provides the standard of comparison to which you evaluate others?
Correct answer: Reference Group
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using existing sources of data for research?
Correct answer: Researchers often seek answers to questions the data does not directly address.
______ is the application of science to solve problems in daily life.
Correct answer: Technology
What is one of the biggest challenges facing groups and organizations that try to prevent intimate partner violence (IPV)?
Correct answer: The victims of IPV do not report the abuse.
________ proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals with stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit crime.
Correct answer: Travis Hirschi
Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine is an example of a negative informal sanction
Correct answer: True
Complementary medicine and alternative medicine are not synonymous and cannot be used interchangeably given they are very different types of medicine.
Correct answer: True
Health and illness are impacted by social class, race, and gender inequality.
Correct answer: True
Ideal Culture is defined as the standards society would like to embrace and live up to.
Correct answer: True
Malthusian Theory includes the idea that three factors would control human population that exceeded the earth's carrying capacity.
Correct answer: True
Mores are norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group
Correct answer: True
Social Disorganization Theory is the theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control.
Correct answer: True
Sociologists try to follow the steps of the scientific method or approach to gather new empirical data that can change and deepen our understanding of human social life.
Correct answer: True
There is a social tie between my best friend's uncle and me even though I've never met him.
Correct answer: True
We feel loyalty toward members of in-groups and hostility toward out-group members.
Correct answer: True
To a conflict theorist, marriage and families are fascinating because:
Correct answer: Within the family are social standings and power struggles
What type of diseases come on suddenly and are often contagious?
Correct answer: acute
Ori got food poisoning at his favorite restaurant and was treated right away. This type of illness would be classified as
Correct answer: acute.
Max Weber believed that modern industrialized societies were characterized by which of the following institutions?
Correct answer: bureaucracies
Karl Marx believed the lower classes, in order to end their oppression, needed to develop
Correct answer: class consciousness.
The phrase "keeping up with the Joneses" is an example of what group concept?
Correct answer: reference group
For Robert Merton, a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made is a
Correct answer: self-fulfilling prophecy.
Individual members of a large group often neglect their responsibilities when a task needs to be completed because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit or blame. This phenomenon is called
Correct answer: social loafing.
Which of the following is an example of bureaucratic organization at colleges and universities?
Correct answer: students being issued ID numbers
Operational Definition is defined as:
Correct answer: the concept in terms of the physical or concrete steps it takes to objectively measure it.
Please match the sociologist to his theory Edwin Sutherland Travis Hirschi Robert Merton Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
Correct match: Differential association Control theory Strain theory Cultural deviance theory
Demography is defined as the study of groups and organizations
Correct answer: False
In which decade did the Information Revolution begin?
1970s
Which social theorist sought to bring the scientific method to the discipline of sociology?
Correct answer: Auguste Comte
Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?
Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.
This kind of ______ is research collected in numerical form that can be counted—are easy to tabulate.
Quantitative Data
Why did Durkheim, in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, argue that religion was a powerful source of social solidarity?
Religion reinforced collective bonds and cultivated shared moral values.
Which of the following is an example of planned obsolescence?
Sarah's iPod breaks just as the newest iPod Nano is being introduced
When conducting experiments, how is the experimental group different from the control group?
The experimental group is administered the independent variable, while the control group is not.
Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?
There will always be new situations and roles to learn.
Acute diseases have a sudden onset, whereas chronic diseases develop over a period of time.
True
Second World is defined as having moderate economies and standard of living.
True
What is HIV/AIDS considered?
a pandemic
The average American spends more than half of their total leisure hours
consuming media.
According to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter MOST in a capitalist system are
economic relations.
Empirical Evidence is defined as:
evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation.
Microsociology is an approach that
examines interactions between individuals and how those interactions reflect larger societal patterns.
In Los Angeles, you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever's playing USC." What is this an example of?
hostility toward an out-group
Reliability is defined as:
how likely research results are to be replicated if the study is reproduced.
Socialization is the
lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.
Cultural Universals are defined as:
patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.
An individual belongs to a ________ if the members are mostly anonymous to one another.
secondary group
Which powers do the prosecutors not have?
setting bail prices
In the ________ approach to addiction, people who become addicted may be responding to strains in the social system and their own lives by escaping through drugs and alcohol.
structural functionalist
What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?
structural mobility
The school of social thought that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions is called
symbolic interactionism.
A family of Procreation is defined as:
the family that is formed through marriage
A researcher must identify a target population before engaging in sampling. What is the target population?
the larger group of people about whom they wish to generalize
What is White Flight defined as?
the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas and toward the suburbs.
What sort of pollution is responsible for global warming?
Correct answer: air
Samantha believes that corporations are not punished enough for polluting the planet, manufacturing unsafe products, and manipulating prices while, at the same time, homeless people are punished too much for crimes such as stealing food. She believes we should all have access to basic needs like food regardless of wealth. Samantha has taken a ________ perspective to explain the way deviance is viewed in society.
Correct answer: conflict theory
What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?
Correct answer: crimes
In the United States, the ________ is made up of legislatures, the police, courts, and prisons.
Correct answer: criminal justice system
Good health is
Correct answer: culturally relative.
A man's computer is hacked and the individual responsible steals his identity, which makes it possible for the hacker to steal money from the man's bank account. The man is a victim of
Correct answer: cybercrime.
A woman attributes her teenage son's deviant behavior to him "falling in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble?
Correct answer: differential association
What is the name of the subdiscipline that studies the social causes and consequences of environmental problems?
Correct answer: environmental sociology
A/An ________ occurs when the number of cases of a particular disease during a particular time is significantly higher than it might be otherwise.
Correct answer: epidemic
A/An ________ is a community that has no grocery store, but more liquor, convenience, and fast food outlets than most other residential areas.
Correct answer: food desert
People living in what type of an area have an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease?
Correct answer: food desert
What do sociologists ask you to consider regarding health and illness?
Correct answer: how health and illness are shaped by social factors
A man tries to find unconventional and even illegal ways of making money. Into what category does this fit, according to Robert Merton's typology?
Correct answer: innovation
A deviant label transitions from primary to secondary deviance when the deviant label is
Correct answer: internalized.
Obesity is now often treated with surgery. Weight loss was previously not often considered a medical problem that could be addressed through surgery. This is evidence of
Correct answer: medicalization and the social construction of health and illness.
______ refers to the supervision of offenders following their release from prison.
Correct answer: parole
What term describes "actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic"?
Correct answer: positive deviance
Martin Luther King Jr. went to jail many times for acts of civil disobedience such as ignoring court orders prohibiting marches and boycotts. Some people, even those who agreed with him, criticized him for disobeying the law. However, most people today view these actions as a form of
Correct answer: positive deviance.
A person arrived at a company party dressed in a bunny costume only to discover that the party was not a costume party and he had been tricked by a co-worker. Everyone from then on saw him as crazy and eccentric and eventually he came to think of himself in this way too. The initial mistake at the party is an example of
Correct answer: primary deviance.
________ measures income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale on which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality.
GNI coefficient
Which is a step in conducting research?
Hypothesis and theory Collecting Data Constructing a model None of the above Correct answer: All of the above
The caste system is the most extreme system of social stratification.
Incorrect answer: False
The first step in conducting research is
Selecting a research problem
An educator is disgusted with teaching methods that lead students to simply gain a credential rather than actually learn about the world. She decides to start a charter school that employs innovative teaching methods, doesn't give students grades, and encourages creative thinking over rote learning. How would Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance classify this educator?
as a rebel
A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either academic cheating or underage drinking and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?
social control theory
The upper class represents just 1 percent of the U.S. population, but it has more wealth than the entire bottom 90 percent.
Correct answer: True
Mechanical solidarity was the ultimate type of solidarity to achieve according to Durkheim.
Correct answer: False
No harm can come to participants as a result of completing a questionnaire.
Correct answer: False
Popular is culture that is associated with lower class status.
Correct answer: False
Secondary groups are made up of family, friends, and significant others.
Correct answer: False
There have been many societies throughout history with no social stratification.
Correct answer: False
Xenocentrism involves a belief or attitude that one's own culture is better than all others.
Correct answer: False
_____ is the common behavioral expectations of general society.
Correct answer: Generalized Other
Which of the 3 paradigms speak about a society beyond capitalism?
Correct answer: Historical Materialism
Sociologically, what is the difference between a group and a crowd?
Correct answer: Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations.
A(n)_____ is a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject, and it is a way of conducting surveys on a topic.
Correct answer: Interview
Which of the following is one of the functions of symbolic culture?
Correct answer: It enables people to communicate.
Why would a company outsource or contract out labor it might otherwise employ its own staff to perform?
Correct answer: It is cheaper.
Why is it beneficial for sociologists to experience culture shock?
Correct answer: It makes us realize we lack an understanding of our surroundings so we can perceive what is right in front of us.
Dr. Smith starts a new research in Sociology of Higher Education about student's retention. First Dr. Smith read many books and articles to discover what is known about the topic and what should be explored next. Dr. Smith then identifies the theories and concepts which will help him to develop a method that will be used to collect data. Dr. Smith started their _____________ .
Correct answer: Literature review
Why did C. Wright Mills think that it is important for everyone, even people who will never take a sociology class, to develop a sociological imagination?
Correct answer: Many people are unaware of the connections between their own lives and the larger course of history.
______ is a technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together.
Correct answer: Meta-analysis
________ are characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships.
Correct answer: Primary groups
The ________ is a process used by scientists to find the answer to a question or problem.
Correct answer: Scientific Method
Dr. Smith want to understand how the New York Times present and analyze poverty in America. She is using articles published in the New York Times from 2010 to 2020. This is an example of _______________.
Correct answer: Secondary Data Analysis
What is the internalization of society's norms and expectations where individuals behave according to the accepted rules of society?
Correct answer: Social Control
A_____collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire.
Correct answer: Survey
Which is true about the Tuskegee Experiment?
Correct answer: The men were told they would get burial insurance
Ethnography and participant observation are often used interchangeably.
Correct answer: True
A reality television show called Wife Swap exchanged the mothers from two very different families and filmed the result as the participants were exposed to radically different ways of life. Although the television network was simply trying to be entertaining, the show also demonstrates the sociological principle of
Correct answer: culture shock.
Validity is defined as:
Correct answer: how well the study measures what it was designed to measure.
According to Marx, the primary tool for the oppression of the lower social classes in modern society is
Correct answer: industrial capitalism.
What is it an example of when the children of working-class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field?
Correct answer: intergenerational mobility
Social mobility that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime is called ________ mobility.
Correct answer: intragenerational
A characteristic of primary groups is that they
Correct answer: involve a strong sense of belonging.
What ideas did Harriet Martineau support that were radical for her time?
Correct answer: labor unions and the abolition of slavery
Sociology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior from ________ to ________.
Correct answer: large-scale institutions; individual interactions
Metaphorically, what part of sociology is most like a zoom lens on a camera? qualitative research
Correct answer: microsociology
On any given day, you probably depend on many strangers to provide electricity, water, natural gas, weather forecasts, and other services. According to Émile Durkheim, this interdependence gives rise to
Correct answer: organic solidarity.
As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?
Correct answer: peers
People are more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds similar to their own because
Correct answer: people have greater access to individuals like themselves.
If someone makes money exclusively by selling their own labor, then they must be a member of what social group?
Correct answer: proletariat
According to Émile Durkheim, what was the basis for the bonds created through mechanical solidarity in traditional societies?
Correct answer: shared traditions and similar experiences
Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?
Correct answer: shared values
In 2007, the richest 1% of the American population owned 35% of the country's wealth, and the bottom 80% of the population owned 14%. Karl Marx would call this
Correct answer: social inequality.
What school of social theory believes that society is a stable system of structures that contribute to the equilibrium of the whole?
Correct answer: structural functionalism
Which of the following theories views society as a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together?
Correct answer: structural functionalism
A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a
Correct answer: subculture.
Every four years, when it is time to elect a new president, we pay much attention to surveys, which we usually call "polls." Political pollsters typically ask approximately one thousand people, of the 300 million people in the United States, who they plan to vote for. They use that information to predict how the election will turn out. Who is the sample for a presidential poll?
Correct answer: the 1,000 people asked whom they will vote for
What is the sociological imagination?
Correct answer: the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces
What does the nature vs. nurture debate help us understand?
Correct answer: the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning
Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents?
Correct answer: the family
____ is defined as a person's distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction.
Self
What is a part of culture?
Signs Gestures Sanctions Norms Correct answer: All of the Above
