Sociology Module 6
"People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit? A. Differential association B. Feminist C. Labeling D. Rational choice
A
. The stage of a social movement in which the context for the movement is set is the ___________ stage. . . A. . preliminary . . B. . institutionalized . . C. . fragmentation . . D. . popularization
A
. The theory of social change that assumes that change is inevitable because of inequality in society is: . . A. . Conflict . . B. . Functionalist . . C. . Systems . . D. . Symbolic interactionist
A
. Which of the following is not true about social movements? . . A. . The are usually begun by individuals within the power structure. . . B. . They are most common in industrial or postindustrial societies. . . C. . They often stimulate counter movements. . . D. . They are focused on common interests
A
1. "Control is concentrated in the hands of the privileged, and the masses have little influence." This statement most closely reflects: A. Power elite theory B. Symbolic interaction theory C. Pluralist perspective D. Functionalist perspective
A
1. Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the micro-level? A. Husbands and wives often argue about the division of labor within the household. B. Counties pass laws that regulate how long one's grass can be before imposing a fine. C. Large organizations such as Disney have complex power hierarchies. D. Interest groups attempt to influence the political process in a variety of ways.
A
1. To be deviant, a person must: A. Not conform to one of society's norms B. Break a law C. Be a sick, twisted individual D. All of the above
A
A belief that becomes a reality is: A. Self-fulfilling prophecy B. Strain C. Labeling D. Anomie
A
A system of planned organizational change in which workers in the company are involved in the decision-making process to change the internal dynamics of a company to make it more efficient is a: . A. . Human relation approach . B. . Closed system model . C. . Social exchange approach . D. . None of the above
A
According to the text, which of the following models for planning organizational change combine both internal processes and the external environment? . . A. . Open systems models . . B. . Human relations models . . C. . Theory Y . . D. . Theory X
A
By using ___________, a more accurate picture of crime may be seen. A. triangulation of multiple data sources B. self-reported surveys C. Uniform Crime Reports D. victimization surveys
A
Crimes against the company are more likely to occur when: A. The company is large B. Employees are mentally stimulated by their jobs C. Employees have strong loyalty toward the company D. Employees are adequately compensated
A
How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance? A. Individuals are not labeled as "deviant" unless they commit secondary deviance. B. Individuals do not begin to take on a deviant identity until they commit primary deviance. C. Primary deviance is the violation of a norm, but secondary deviance is a violation of a law. D. Both A and B
A
Juan Carlos originally hoped to purchase a home. However, because he could not earn enough money to ever afford one, he decided that a home was no longer important. Instead, he found happiness through quitting his job, moving into a shack in the woods, and enjoying the solitude. Merton would classify Juan Carlos's adaptation to strain as: A. Retreatism B. Rebellion C. Conformity D. Innovation
A
Recidivism is: A. Returning to prison after already serving a prior term B. The conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups C. The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection" D. A theory that attempts to explain deviance
A
Thomas, a revolutionary sociologist, is organizing a social movement in Kentucky. Unfortunately, his social movement lacks a clear leadership structure, division of labor, or sense of group action. Thomas's social movement is best classified as: . . A. . Mass behavior . . B. . Fad behavior . . C. . Crowd behavior . . D. . A lynch mob
A
To be deviant, a person must: A. Not conform to one of society's norms B. Break a law C. Be a sick, twisted individual D. All of the above
A
To study why women kill their abusive husbands, Robin plans to look at the positive and negative sanctions they weighed when deciding to do so. Which theory is Robin most likely using? A. Rational choice B. Differential association C. Feminist D. Labeling
A
Ulla wants to study the way that groups of individuals react to a terrorist attack in their area. She feels that their confusion following the attack will lead to the development of new definitions of acceptable behavior. Which theory is Ulla most likely using? . . A. . Emergent norm theory . . B. . Minimax strategy theory . . C. . Conflict theory . . D. . Value added theory
A
Which of the choices below is not true about terrorists? A. They generally act alone. B. They are highly committed to their cause. C. They often feel that they are victims of more powerful forces. D. All of the above choices are true.
A
Which of the following assumptions do sociologists make about social change? . . A. . Some change can be controlled. . . B. . Change is gradual. . . C. . Change in one level affect only that level. . . D. . Both A and B
A
Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the meso-level? A. States make decisions about which corporations receive tax breaks. B. Parents often spank their children to control their behavior. C. Husbands and wives often argue about the division of labor within the household. D. Global treaties influence the autonomy of the countries involved.
A
Which of the following statements is true about charismatic leaders? A. They are effective during transitional periods but are often replaced by rational-legal leaders once affairs of state become stable. B. They are granted authority positions because they have proper training or have proven their merit. C. They are usually members of a royal family, whose authority is granted based on tradition. D. Their leadership structure is usually bureaucratic and rule-bound.
A
Which of the following types of authority is most typical of modern nation-states? A. Rational-legal authority B. Traditional authority C. Irrational authority D. Charismatic authority
A
Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically? A. Conflict B. Labeling C. Structural-functionalist D. Strain
A
because he was gay. The killing of Matthew Shepard is a form of: A.Crowd behavior B.Mass behavior C.Riot behavior D.Both A and B
A
"Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as deviant." This statement most closely reflects: A. Strain theory B. Labeling theory C. Differential association theory D. Rational choice theory
B
"People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit? A. Feminist B. Differential association C. Labeling D. Rational choice
B
"Power is distributed among various groups so that no one group rules." This statement is most likely to be made by a(n): A. Conflict theorist B. Pluralist theorist C. Elite theorist D. Feminist theorist
B
. According to Ogburn, the findings of stem cell research are: . . A. . Innovations . . B. . Discoveries . . C. . Inventions
B
. Justin Bieber clothing and Jelly Bands are examples of: . . A. . Mobs . . B. . Fads . . C. . Crowd behavior . . D. . Fashions
B
A group seeking change can attempt to set up a situation in which desired behavior is rewarded." This statement most closely reflects: . . A. . Symbolic interaction theory . . B. . Rational choice theory . . C. . Functionalist theory . . D. . Conflict theory
B
According to Weber, governments are given legitimate power when: A. They are able to oppress all opposition to their rule B. Citizens acknowledge that the government has the right to exercise power over them C. They coerce the people into submission D. Other countries recognize their power as legitimate
B
An analysis of the payoffs in favor of change and the forces rewarding the status quo is known as a: . . A. . Cyclical analysis . . B. . Force-field analysis . . C. . Stress-strain analysis . . D. . Symbolic interactionist analysis
B
Countries such as Sweden and Great Britain that have incorporated some democratic socialist ideas into their governmental policies are sometimes called: A. Planned democracies B. Welfare states C. Nationalist states D. Liberal democracies
B
For the first time ever, Carson smoked marijuana just to experience it. People observing Carson doing this see this as a one-time behavior. According to labeling theory, Carson committed: A. Negative sanctions B. Primary deviance C. Secondary deviance D. Positive sanctions
B
Jimmy's gang is warring with Francisco's gang. To keep Francisco from attacking, Jimmy has bought an assault rifle. This is an example of: A. Anomie B. Deterrence C. Democracy D. Culture of poverty
B
Khayyam is examining the evolution of the various tribes of people in Malawi, a small country in Africa. Khayyam believes that each of the societies will have become more advanced over the last 300 years, but each will have done so in their own way. Which perspective is Khayyam likely taking? . . A. . The world systems perspective . . B. . The multilinear social evolutionary perspective . . C. . The cyclical perspective . . D. . The unilinear social evolutionary perspective
B
Maria's group formed to move for greater student rights. At this point, the interest in the group seems to be waning and Maria has been unable to raise the necessary funds to keep the group going. It appears that the group is dissolving. Which stage is the group likely in? . . A. . Preliminary . . B. . Fragmentation . . C. . Popularization . . D. . Institutionalized
B
Racketeering is: A. Returning to prison after already serving a prior term B. The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection" C. The conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups D. An act that marks an offender as deviant
B
Smiles, frowns, and hugs are all examples of: A. Informal internal controls B. Informal external controls C. Formal external controls D. Formal internal controls
B
Which of the following countries is considered a core nation by world systems theorists? . . A. . Philippines . . B. . France . . C. . Saudi Arabia . . D. . Mexico
B
Which of the following is an effective alternative to prison? A. Shock probation B. Building social capital C. Harsher sentencing D. Both A and B
B
Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime? A. Chemical offenses B. Murder C. Political disenfranchisement D. Prostitution
B
Which of the following is incorrect? A. People with certain characteristics are more likely to be defined as deviant. B. Deviants always purposely and knowingly break the law. C. Deviance is socially constructed. D. Deviance is not related to "human nature."
B
Which of the following statements about terrorism is false? . . A. . Terrorism can create jobs. . . B. . Modern terrorist organizations are national governments (e.g., Afghanistan, Iran, North Korea). . . C. . Terrorism can create a recession. . . D. . Terrorism has been decreasing in frequency over the past 3 years.
B
"Deviance serves vital social functions." This statement most closely reflects: A. Feminist theory B. Symbolic interaction theory C. Structural-functional theory D. Conflict theory
C
. According to the text, lynching, killings, and hate crimes are all examples of: . . A. . Fads . . B. . Riots . . C. . Mobs . . D. . Demonstrations
C
. Which of the following is a proactive social movement? . . A. . A group that is against gay marriage . . B. . A group that lobbies for men to earn a "family wage" . . C. . A group promoting gay marriage . . D. . A group that supports stay-at-home mothers
C
. Worldwide networks of labor resources and production processes that create a product are called: . . A. . International markets . . B. . International chains . . C. . Commodity chains . . D. . Channels of productivity
C
According to ___________, the U.S. flag has become a sacred icon. A. symbolic interactionists B. rational choice theorists C. exchange theorists D. structural-functionalists
C
According to evolutionary theory, societies typically move through stages in which order? . . A. . Horticultural, hunting and gathering, agrarian, industrial . . B. . Agrarian, hunting and gathering, horticultural, industrial . . C. . Hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, industrial . . D. . Hunting and gathering, agrarian, horticultural, industrial
C
According to the text, in which of the following countries is it a violation of the law to fail to vote? A. The United States B. Canada C. Australia D. None of the above
C
According to the text, which country accounts for 48 percent of world military spending? A. Great Britain B. Iran C. The United States D. North Korea
C
According to your text, which of the following types of authority is passed on through the generations? A. Rational-legal authority B. Royal authority C. Traditional authority D. Charismatic authority
C
All of the following individuals are considered charismatic leaders except: A. Jesus B. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. C. Captain Jack Sparrow (the pirate) D. Adolf Hitler
C
Carlin wants to study the civil rights movement in the United States. His hypothesis is that the movement has actually been a series of slow, small changes that have helped society run more smoothly. Carlin is most likely using a ________ perspective. . . A. . world systems . . B. . symbolic interactionist . . C. . functionalist . . D. . conflict
C
In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, voter turnout was: A. 51 percent B. 42 percent C. 62 percent D. 85 percent
C
The forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society are considered ________. A. stigmas B. deviant norms C. crimes D. recidivism
C
The self-fulfilling prophesy is associated with: A. Differential association theory B. Strain theory C. Labeling theory D. Social control theory
C
The spread of a new finding from one place to another is known as: . . A. . Discovery . . B. . Innovation . . C. . Diffusion . . D. . Invention .
C
Which of the following economic systems stress individual planning and private ownership of property? A. Open systems B. Market systems C. Centralized systems D. Planned systems
C
Which of the following facts are untrue regarding hate crimes? A. Most are directed against property, not people B. Most are due to racial bias C. Most are due to homophobia D. Both A and B
C
Which of the following is not a necessary element for collective behavior to occur, according to value-added theory? . . A. . Structural strain . . B. . The spread of a generalized belief . . C. . Strong social controls . . D. . Structural conduciveness
C
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics shared by "ideal-type" democracies? A. Civil liberties are guaranteed B. Constitutional limits are placed on governmental powers C. They are usually headed by military juntas D. Citizens participate in selecting the government
C
Which of the following statements about rumors is false? . . A. . Rumors involve unsupported or unproven reports about something. . . B. . Rumors may spread locally or spread more widely because of technology such as the Internet. . . C. . Rumors are a form of mass behavior. . . D. . Rumors are a form of crowd behavior.
C
Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically? A. Labeling B. Strain C. Conflict D. Structural-functionalist
C
_______ is defined as the violation of social norms. A. Stigma B. Crime C. Deviance D. Recidivism
C
_______________ refers to the social institution that determines and exercises power relations in society. A. Congress B. Law enforcement C. Politics D. Economics
C
__________________ theorists believe political systems serve important purposes in society. A. Conflict B. Pluralist C. Functional D. Power-elite
C
____________________ theorists think underlying social problems cause disruptions to the system, including war, terrorism, and revolution. A. Pluralist B. Conflict C. Functional D. Elite
C
. Bai-lin is studying a group of anarchists who are working to try to eliminate all government and government control as a whole from the United States, and encourage everyone to rule himself or herself instead. The group Bai-lin is studying is likely a part of a(n): . . A. . Resistance movement . . B. . Social reform movement . . C. . Expressive movement . . D. . Revolutionary movement
D
. Variations or alterations in the behavior patterns, culture, and structure of society are known as: . . A. . Cyclical theories . . B. . Strain . . C. . Stress . . D. . Social change
D
. Which of the following is an example of a crowd behavior? . . A. . Rumors . . B. . Fashions . . C. . Fads . . D. . Panics
D
1. The U.S. prison system was originally designed to: A. Provide revenge and retribution against perpetrators of crimes B. Deter deviance C. Rehabilitate offenders D. All of the above
D
A justification to invade Iraq was "to bring democracy to the Iraqi people." This is an example of a(n) ________ justification for war. A. expansionist B. religious C. economic D. ideological
D
According to ___________, the U.S. flag has become a sacred icon. A. symbolic interactionists B. structural-functionalists C. rational choice theorists D. exchange theorists
D
According to power elite theorists: A. It is primarily through interest groups that we influence decision-making processes B. Politics involves negotiation and compromise between competing groups C. Multiple power centers offer the best chance to maintain democratic forms of government D. It is inevitable that a small group will rule societies
D
According to social control theory, which of the following actions might influence a person to conform? A. Disapproving nods B. Laws C. A conscious that explains right from wrong D. All of the above
D
According to the data presented in the text, the United States has more crime than: A. Japan B. Germany C. Australia D. All of the above
D
According to the text, which of the following is not a typical function of meso-level political institutions? A. To maintain social control B. To protect citizens of the groups C. To serve as an arbiter in disputes D. To socialize new citizens
D
According to world systems theory, what type of nation provides raw materials and cheap labor for production? . . A. . Core nations . . B. . Semi-periphery nations . . C. . Periphery nations . . D. . Both B and C
D
According to your text, the oldest warring parties are: A. United States and Iraq B. Columbia and the National Liberation Army C. Sudan and Darfur Rebels D. The Israelis and Palestinians
D
Anomie and strain are associated with the: A. Symbolic interactionist perspective B. Feminist perspective C. Conflict perspective D. Structural-functionalist perspective
D
Casey could not believe that her friends were continuing on to college after high school. She found it much more important to try to overthrow the current government, and she planned to chain herself to the capital building and stage a hunger strike until her demands were met. Merton would argue that Casey was coping with strain through: A. Innovation B. Retreatism C. Ritualism D. Rebellion
D
Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely using? A. Strain B. Structural-functionalist C. Symbolic interactionist D. Feminist
D
Juan Carlos originally hoped to purchase a home. However, because he could not earn enough money to ever afford one, he decided that a home was no longer important. Instead, he found happiness through quitting his job, moving into a shack in the woods, and enjoying the solitude. Merton would classify Juan Carlos's adaptation to strain as: A. Rebellion B. Innovation C. Conformity D. Retreatism
D
Kina is a 17-year-old young woman. Her parents describe her as sweet, kind, and responsible. They say she is this way because they encouraged her to attend church, study hard, and believe that "nice girls finish first." To which theory of deviance do Kina's parents most likely subscribe? A. Labeling theory B. Differential association theory C. Conflict theory D. Social control theory
D
Organized crime is more prevalent among: A. Men B. Elites C. Whites D. Marginalized ethnic groups
D
Susan would love to be a lawyer but cannot afford to go to law school. Her boyfriend suggested that she steal from her grandmother's estate in order to finance her education, but she refuses. Instead, she took a two-year course and became a librarian. Merton would classify Susan's actions as: A. Retreatism B. Conformity C. Innovation D. Ritualism
D
Which of the following economic systems involve state-based planning and control of property? A. Non-Western systems B. Open systems C. Market systems D. Centralized systems
D
Which of the following individuals is credited with the most often used definition of power? A. Auguste Comte B. Karl Marx C. Émile Durkheim D. Max Weber
D
Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime? A. Chemical offenses B. Prostitution C. Political disenfranchisement D. Murder
D
Which of the following social scientists distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate power? A. Wilfred Pareto B. Robert Michaels C. C. Wright Mills D. Max Weber
D
Which of the following types of authority is held by an individual with extraordinary personal characteristics? A. Traditional authority B. Irrational authority C. Charismatic authority D. Rational-legal authority
D
Which of the following types of authority is held by leaders that have the expertise to carry out the duties of their positions? A. Charismatic authority B. Irrational authority C. Traditional authority D. Rational-legal authority
D
White-collar crime is: A. Less visible than violent crimes B. More costly than violent crimes C. More deadly than violent crimes D. All of the above
D
Your boss pressuring you to donate to the company charity when you have never supported the charity before is a: . . A. . Stigma . . B. . Symbolic change . . C. . Strain . . D. . Stress
D
Zhen Wu lives in a rapidly changing society. Technology is changing more quickly than most people can keep up, and the government was recently overthrown. Zhen Wu as well as his family, friends, and neighbors experience a host of new opportunities, excitement, and anxiety. Which of the following is most likely to be the result of these changes? A. Strain B. Restitution C. Communism D. Anomie
D