Sociology Unit 2

what question do we ask when we are talking about Social Interaction

"What is it that holds society together?"

Explain "Disengagement Theory" ...

"as people get older they gradually withdraw from society and participating in it"

what is "anticipatory socialization"?

"learning of expectations for a role a person expects to enter in the future"

Explain George Mead's explanation of Socialization?

"taking the role of the other" --> Role Taking role taking = source of self awareness our identity emerges from roles that we play

Talk about "Risky Shift" (what scientist is associated with this? he's a pothead)

(James Stoner) people have a tendency to take more risks when they are in a group

what is "Collective Consciousness"

(scientist = Durkheim) --> "common beliefs in a society that give people sense of belonging and moral obligation to its demands and values"

What is the "BirdCage Example"? (what scientist?)

(scientist = Marilyn Frye) o "if you look closely at 1 wire in a cage, you cannot see the other wires. only when you step back and see the whole cage do you understand why the bird does not escape" • Society is a network of wires (both Micro & Macro)

Explain "In" Groups and "Out" Groups

(scientist = W.I. Thomas) groups have a tendency to look at ourselves as "we" so that makes everyone else "them." It is the formation of cliques, fraternities etc.

what are the 6 characteristics of Ideal Bureaucracy?

-- 1) Division of Labor and Job specialization -- 2) Hierarchy of Authority (chain of command) -- 3) Rules and Regulations (regarding every possible situation) -- 4) Impersonal Relationships (instrumental not expressive) -- 5) Career Ladders (benefits, opportunity to move up) -- 6) Efficiency (instumental interaction > emotional)

explain the "Social Construction of Reality"

---> our perception of what is real is determined by a subjective meaning attributed to an experience ---> Symbolic Interaction Theory ---> there is no "reality" it is just a collection of things we impose meaning on

what does "Gemeinschaft" mean?

--> "community" --> sense of "we" feeling (strong community/family bonds) --> small relatively simple social institutions with moderate division of labor

What's a Functionalist view of Socialization?

--> "integrates people into society because it is the mechanism through which we internalize social roles and the values of society" --> socialization is what provides stability to society. CONFORMITY = STABILITY

what does "Gesellschaft" mean?

--> "society" --> work roles are as important as family roles (secondary relationships) --> cohesion comes from an elaborate division of labor less loyal to the whole society

What's a Conflict Theorists view of Socialization?

--> conformity reinforces inequality in society --> the people with power decide culture --> when we conform we give more power to the ruling class

what is the Functionalist view of Aging?

--> elderly withdrawal from society creates a smooth transition from one generation to the next --> diminished utility of elderly justifies their limited earning power

what is the Social Conflict Theorists view of aging?

--> focuses on competition of scarce resources between age groups --> taking away youth and elderly from labor market minimizes competition -takes away the power of youth and elderly

what is Symbolic Interactionists view of aging?

--> focuses on meanings associated w/ certain age groups (how does this explain ranking?) --> definitions of aging are SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED

What's a Symbolic Interactionists view of Socialization?

--> identity is a result of social interaction (we form it based on others opinions) ---> we are a product of other people

what is a Postindustrial Society?

--> information based societies where technology plays the most important role --> Education is the most important institution --> workers without highly technical skills don't fit

what is "Organic Solidarity"?

--> people play a variety of roles (role differentiation) --> roles are not similar but they are still interlinked --> different roles are necessary b/c of social complexity (leads to division of labor/specialization)

What is the main difference between Social Learning Theory & Psychoanalytic Theory?

-Social Learning Theory takes place on EXTERNAL/SOCIAL level -Psychoanalytic Theory takes place on INTERNAL/UNCONSCIOUS level

What are the 3 stages of Moral Development?

1) "Preconventional State" --> children learn right and wrong from obediences and punishment 2) "Conventional State" (Adolescence) --> develop moral judgment in terms of cultural norms 3) "Postconventional State" --> people can consider abstract ethical questions

what are the 2 problems of Bureaucracies?

1) Alienation 2) Ritualism

*Reader 1* -- what are the 3 main points regarding transformation leaving college?

1) Anticipating Change (its the next life stage) 2) Affirming who I really am 3) Creating the person I want to be

what are the 4 types of Preindustrial societies?

1) Foraging Societies (hunting and gathering/nomadic) ----> family = central unit, role differentiation based on gender 2) Pastoral Societies (domestication of animals) ----> nomadic. more class/role differentiation 3) Horticultural Societies (tools to cultivate ground) ----> role differentiation, religion, less nomadic 4) Agricultural Societies (US south precivil war) ----> caste system, farming,

Explain George Mead's "Childhood Socialization" process...

1) Imitation Stage --> "children copy behavior of others around them" 2) Play Stage --> "children take on roles of significant others in their environment" 3) Game Stage --> "multiple roles at same time" begin to understand how they fit into society

what are the 3 types of Organizations?

1) Normative Organizations 2) Coercive Organizations 3) Utilitarian Organizations

what are 3 types of societies in general?

1) Preindustrial 2) Industrial 3) Postindustrial

What are the 4 consequences of Socialization?

1) Socialization establishes self concepts - self concept = how we think of ourselves as a result of socialization experiences 2) socialization also allows for the ability to see oneself through the perspective of another (role-taking) 3) socialization creates the tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways - brings order & predictability to society 4)Socialization makes people bearers of culture - we create/pass expectations on to others

what are the 4 Principles of "Mcdonaldization" ?

1) efficiency 2) calculability (emphasis on quantitative parts) 3) predictability 4) control

name 5 agents of socialization...

1) media 2) family 3) religion 4) sports teams 5) education

what scientist talks about "Primary & Secondary" Groups

Charles Cooley of Chicago

what's the difference between "Role Conflict" and "Role Strain"

Conflict --> different roles having contrasting expectations Strain --> 1 role having contrasting expectations

what is a Functionalist take on Organizations?

Eufunctions contribute to the overall unity and it is the purpose of bureaucracy to perform these functions. (efficiency, control, impersonal relations etc.) Dysfunctions take away from unity

what kind of needs to Primary Groups provide?

Expressive Needs

Define "Formal Organization"

Formal Organization is a large secondary group formed in order to complete a task or achieve a goal

Disengagement theory deals with which Theoretical Explanation of aging?

Functionalism

what scientist is associated with "Ethnomethodology"

Garfinkel

what scientists talks about "Dyads & Tryads" (Group Size Effects)

George Simmel

what is a Conflict Theorist's take on Organizations?

Hierarchical structure present in most organizations makes conflict inevitable

What does the "pickle process" explain?

How we all go through similar, but very unique socialization processes b/c no two people have an identical background/social experiences

what scientist talked about "Group Think"

I.L. Janis

Define a persons "Identity"

Identity = how we define ourselves (social & personal) --> we see ourselves as others see us

what kind of needs to Secondary Groups provide?

Instrumental Needs

Explain "internalization" when talking about socialization process?

Internalization = behaviors & assumptions are learned so much that they are no longer questioned

What scientist talks about Moral Development in children?

Lawrence Kohlberg

What are Durkheim's 2 types of social solidarity?

Mechanic & Organic solidarity

What is my personal Role Set?

Michael the partier, Michael the Christian, Michael the boyfriend, Michael the musician etc.

who did the "small world" experiment?

Milgram

which has a division of labor? Mechanical or Organic solidarity?

Organic Solidarity has division of labor

what observation method did they use in reader 3: Code of the Street?

Participant Observation

Define a persons "Personality"

Personality = persons consistent pattern of behavior, feelings, & beliefs

What is the foundation of society?

Social Interaction

what's the difference between Statuses and Roles?

Statuses = OCCUPIED -- Roles = ACTED/PLAYED

what is the first "agent of socialization" that we encounter?

The Family

Explain Social Learning Theory...

[External & Social Explanation] (scientist = Jean Piaget) • formation of identity is learned through EXTERNAL social stimuli o identity = result of modeling oneself in response to the expectations of others

Explain Psychoanalytic Theory...

[Internal & Unconscious Explanation] (scientist = Sigmund Freud) **human psyche has 3 parts** • Id → deep inner drives & impulses (sexual) • Superego → standards of society (culture) - ordered society requires people to suppress their inner urges (SuperEgo) - Id is in permanent conflict with superego • Ego → reason & common sense

what are Preindustrial societies?

a society that uses land as the main source of survival

what was Milgrim's Obedience Study?

administering electrical shocks to individuals to see if they would inflict pain against their will just to follow orders

What is "Age Prejudice" and "Age Discrimination?" aka: Ageism

age prejudice --> negative attitudes toward an entire age group age discrimination --> unequal treatment of individuals because of their age

what is a "Utilitarian Organization"?

an organization that people join in order to gain some reward or privilege

what does "Social Exchange" mean?

are interactions are determined by the rewards or punishment we receive from them if our actions bring us "social profit" then we continue them

what kind of "conflict" are conflict theorists talking about when they describe organizations?

between men and women, between bosses and subordinates, between racial groups etc.

what is a Conflict theorists view of black culture in "Code of the Street" ?

black society has formed because of economic disadvantages and their rejection by the ruling class

Define "Status Set"

complete set of statuses for one person at a given time

What is a Conflict Theorists view of institutions?

conflict is inevitable...institutions do not provide for members equally -- different groups have varying levels of power within institutions

what is "Definition of the Situation"

first we observe our surroundings and then we formulate our beliefs and perceptions of the situation accordingly

what are "Expressive Needs"

groups giving emotional support, intimacy & companionship

what are "secondary groups"?

groups that are much larger in number, less intimate and don't have as much of an emotional impact on the individual ---> secondary groups can become primary groups at any time

what are "Reference Groups"?

groups used as a standard for evaluating yourself (basically are role models)

what does "Group Think" mean?

groups want to reach a consensus opinion even if it is not the best one

what are "primary groups"?

groups where you have face to face contact and consistent interaction with (family, gangs, friends etc.)

Define "Status"

having an established position of value within social structure

what's an example of role modeling?

imitating a person you admire in a particular role example: Scot Metzger trying to throw a football like me sophmore year

what is "imprinting"

imprinting is attaching ourselves to the first living thing we see

what is "Argyris Theory "?

increased involvement of the self in organizations is a well of "actualizing" the self because of the influences of the organizations

What is "Social Organization"?

is the order established in social groups at any level

what does it mean that human interaction takes place within a "consensus"?

it is presumed within society that certain norms are to be followed and expectancies to be shared by everyone

How does diversity influence socialization?

nobody goes through the same socialization process because of the different backgrounds everyone comes from

Explain the idea behind "Bureaucracy's Other Face"

not all Bureaucracy's are "Ideal," there are norms and expectations of normal "every-day" bureaucracy's as well. like you can't rat out your employee for not working hard

what are the 4 stages of Children Cognitive Development?

o ***1) Sensorimotor State -"children experience the world only through their senses" o ***2) Preoperational State -"children begin to use language and other symbols" o ***3) Concrete Operational State - "learn logical principles regarding the concrete world" o ***4) Formal Operational State - "children are able to think abstractly and imagine alternatives to the present reality"

what is "triadic segregation"?

owhen 2 people pair off & leave a 3rd to form a dyad

what is an "age cohert"?

people in the same generation that share the same life experiences (ex: like going through WWII)

Talk about Impression Management and Dramaturgy

playing a "con-game" controlling how other people view you by presenting differing "selves" in different situations

name examples of an "achieved status

police officer, pharmacist, professor (other occupations etc...)

Explain "social control"...

process by which people and groups are forced to conform to dominant social expectations

Explain the **Socialization Process**

process by which people learn the expectations of society (learn their roles, develop identity & personality)

what is a "Social Networks"?

set of links between individuals, groups or other social units

name examples of "ascribed statuses"

sex, race, social class, nationality, (other qualities received at birth etc...)

what is the idea behind "Game Theory"?

similiar idea to social exchange. social interaction is nothing more than a game, a strategy of rewards and punishments

What is "Ethnomethodology"?

studying human interaction by breaking social norms and observing how they react

Explain Charles Cooley's explanation of Socialization?

symbolic interaction --> "LOOKING GLASS THEORY" when we look at someone we use them as a mirror for ourself our conception of self arises through considering our relationships to others 1) how we appear to others 2) how we think others judge us 3) how this makes us feel

remember "Proxemic Communication" & "Tactile Communication"

tactile communication is influenced by gender

what is a "Master Status"?

the dominant status that overrides other features of an person's identity (example: being in a wheelchair)

define "Group Size Effects"

the effects that group number has on the group's behavior

what is the problems caused by status inconsistency?

the frustration of having different levels of worth and value depending on the situation you are in --> ex: someone trained as lawyer and working as a cab driver

what was Asch's Conformity Experiment?

the line test saying which line is the logest and people would always say what the rest of the group said, even if it was wrong

what is "resocialization"?

the process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced -can come from institutions like prison, hospitals, monasteries etc.

what is a Symbolic Interactionist's take on Organizations?

the self develops as a product of the social interaction that takes place within these organizations

what is the point of socialization?

to figure out social expectations

what is an Industrial Society?

uses machines and services to produce goods and services --> highly differentiated labor force --> economy, work & politics are most import institutions --> families dependent on wages

talk about *Reader 2* : The presentation of self in everyday life

we are constantly trying to put forward a certain impression or "self" in order to get something from others. deals with how people try to manage the impression that others have on them ---> has an acting example at the end

what is "attribution theory"? what problem can it cause?

we make inferences about others personality. sometimes they can be wrong (Attribution error)

what is "Stockholm Syndorome"?

when a captured person begins to identify with their captor

what is "Mechanical Solidarity"?

when individuals play similar roles in society and share the same beliefs/values - (example: native americans) --> lacks the diversity present in white institutions nowadays

what is "Ouchi's Theory"?

when we interact with members on a "primary" level we limit dysfunction within an organization

what is "Alienation"?

where strict rules have a negative effect on the cohesion of an organization and hurts the productivity

what characteristics must groups posses?

• 1) Interact • 2) Share values and norms • 3) have a subjective awareness of themselves as "we" (social unit)

What are the Functionalist's requirements of Institutions (5 of them)

• 1) Socialization of New Members (ex: family & education) • 2) Production/Distribution of Goods/Services (ex: economy, famiy etc.) • 3) Replacement of society's members must have means of replacing members who die/leave • 4) Maintenance of stability & existence (ex: gov & police contribute to stability) • 5) Provide members with sense of purpose (ex: education, religion, family etc.)

Explain microanalysis vs macroanalysis...

• Macroanalysis --> the broadest view of society, studies large patterns of social interaction • Microanalysis --> study the smallest most immediately visible parts of society --> look at how people/individuals interact

*note*

• humans have strong need for affiliation o we want to be with other humans

What is an agent of Socialization?

• people or sources that pass on social expectations (everyone is an agent of socialization, even when we are acting "normal" we are communicating expectations)

What is "Age Stratification?"

• refers to the hierarchical ranking of different age groups in society age is a major source of inequality within society

Explain the nature-nurture controversy...

• what a person becomes is more from personal experiences than innate traits • nature provides the stage for what is possible while nurture provides the actual drama of what we become

Define a person's "Role"

•expected behavior of a person associated with a given status