Sociology Unit III
Reciprocal roles
Corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses (ex parent -child , teacher-student)
Group control
Employ effective sanctions for conformity
Nurture
Environment and social learning
social structure
A network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction (Observable in the established pattern of social interaction/institutions)
status
A socially defined position in a group or society (a rank, occurs e within institutions)
Social institution
A system of statues, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more basic needs of society (education, economy, government)
Ethnomethodology
A technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms
Achieved status
Acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill,knowledge or ability
Ascribed status
Assigned according to standards beyond one's control (based on inherited traits or assigned when a person reaches a certain age)
factors in personality development
Birth order, parental characteristic ls, cultural environment, heredity
role conflict
Fulfilling the role expectations of one status's makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status
Nature
Hereditary, the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children
Tabula rasa
Individuals are born with a blank slate, without personality, humans can be molded into any type of character
Socialization
Interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs and behavior patterns in society
Aggregate
No shared expectations or no coming identity, lacks organization or lasting pattern of interaction
Role strain
Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status
The looking glass self
Others serve as mirrors reflecting ourselves back to us
Self
Our conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from other members is society
Master status
Plays the greatest role in shaping a persons life and determine their social identity (can be achieved or ascribed and may change throughout life)
Primary groups vs secondary
Primary are usually smaller and interact over a long period of time on a direct personal basis (informal) Secondary have interaction that is impersonal and temporary, importance in a persons function, and is organized around specific goals
Types of groups
Primary, secondary, reference, in-group, out group, electronic communities
Erving Goffman
Proposed dramaturgy, social interaction is like a drama being performed on stage, audience judging preformance to determine character
Group
Set of two or more people who interact on the Basis of shared expectations and posses some degree of common identity
Requirements of a group
Shared expectations, two or more people, common identity, interaction
agents of socialization
Specific individuals groups and institutions that provide situations in which socialization can occur
Difference between status and roles
Statuses are occupied roles are played
Personality
Sum total of behaviors, attitude, beliefs and values that are characteristics of an individual
Role
The actual behavior, the rights and obligations expected of someone occupying a particular status
Role set
The different roles attached to a single status, they will eventually confikct
Role expectations
The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role
How groups differ
Time, organization, size
Role taking theory
We take on or pretend to take on the roles of others, (prep, play, game)
agents of socialization in US
family, peer group, school, mass media
Two types of leaders
instrumental and expressive
role performance
people's actual role behavior
