SOCRATIC QUESTIONS EXAM 1

Beta oxidation is a cycle. At each turn it breaks down one ATP molecule but produces _________

1 Acetyl-Coa, 1 NADH, and 1 FADH2

One molecule of pyruvate has ______ carbons but __________ are released as CO2 in the intermediate step, and _______ are released in the citric acid cycle. From each pyruvate molecule, therefore, _________ carbons accumulate in the citric acid cycle.

3, 1, 2, 0

In beta oxidation, long fatty acids are mostly converted into _______ whereas short fatty acids are mostly converted into __________

Acetyl-Coa, Acetyl-Coa

In each cycle, the Na+/K+ ATPase ___________ a balance of ________________ the outer environment.

Adds, 1 positive charge

Gluconeogenesis allows for formation of glucose from _______________

All listed options except fatty acids

The intermediary metabolism takes place _____________

Between the entrance of nutrients in the cell and their use in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

Who is fastest at carrying particles across the membrane?

C- channel

In a peptide bond, the nitrogen of the amino group of one amino acid binds to the ____________ of another amino acid.

Carbon of the carboxyl group

A _________ can accelerate a chemical reaction without being consumed by it.

Catalyst

The membrane potential is the difference in ____________ between the two sides of the plasmatic membrane.

Charge

In allosteric modulation, if the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a ______________

Coenzyme

Imagine that you are living in a dark cave with food, flashlights, heat, ect but with no clock or communication device. After about a month, your circadian rhythm will ____________

Cycle about every 24hr

To make an amino acid, a keto acid receives a nitrogen that originates from _________

Dissolved ammonia or from the amino group of another amino acid

Glycogen is (most directly) formed from _____________

Glucose-6-phosphate

If you take an isotonic solution and double the amount of non-penetrating solute it contains, the solution should become ___________

Hypertonic

In a steady state, the physiological variable ______________

Is away from the set point, but stable as the body is spending energy to prevent extremes

A solute will diffuse faster in solution if ____________

It is added in a high concentration

When a tiny blood vessel adjusts its diameter in response to chemicals released by the surrounding tissue, this is called a ________

Local response

Most cytosols are poor in sodium and rich in potassium while the external environment next to the membrane is poor in potassium and rich in sodium. This is mostly because of _____________

Na+/K+ ATPase

Transporters are similar to ion channels in that they ___________

Only allow specific particles to pass through

Gluconeogenesis converts pyruvate directly into _____________

Oxaloacetate

Homeostasis is the state in which _________

Physiological variables are allowed to oscillate a little around a set point

John looked at Mary and she looked back at him, he smiled and she smiled back at him. This is a case of _____________

Positive feedback

The electrochemical gradient is mostly generated by _____________

Primary active transport

Control of the chemical reactions in the body is mostly exerted by ________

Proteins

An infection is known to be accompanied by a change in a physiological variable. A patient comes in with an infection and the exam shows the expected change in the variable. The doctor should _________.

Read about the cause for the change in the variable before taking action

Reflexes allow for ___________

Responses to stimuli without conscious processing

Where do we have significant carbohydrate reserves?

Skeletal muscle and liver

If your glycogen reserves are exhausted and you are consuming energy at a faster rate than you can extract from the fat under your skin, your body may _____________

Start to break down the proteins in the muscles

In a positive feedback system the process is __________ by __________

Stimulated, an increase in product

When you get nervous and your palms feel wet, the effectors are __________

Sweat glands in the skin of the palms

Sulphur bridges mostly help form the __________ structure of protein.

Tertiary

Charged particles have difficulty diffusing across the plasmatic membrane because __________

The interior of the membrane is nonpolar

What do triglycerides made by animals have in common?

Their fatty acids have even numbers of carbons

To make ATP from organic molecules other than carbohydrates, ___________.

They enter glycolysis, krebs, or oxidative phosphorylation in different places

Particles from the outside mostly enter the body tissues through the _________ pathway.

Transcellular

Sickle cell anemia is caused by ____________

a mutation in a single base pair in the DNA

An enzyme is a _________

a protein catalyst

Imagine that half of a colony of fruit flies that has been raised at 23C and you raise it at 29C for 50 generations. You then compare and see that the flies raised in 29C have longer wings. You then raise them for one more generation back at 23C and they still come out with longer wings. You repeat the experiment 3 times and get the same result. The longer wings at a higher temperature is most likely a case of _____________

adaptation

After proteolysis and deamination, a keto acid with 5 carbons is most likely to enter the citric acid cycle as ___________

alpha-ketoglutarate

In daily life, we tend to use our carbohydrate reserve first and we use it frequently. This is most likely because ________.

it can be quickly mobilized and recharged

Vitamins are essential nutrients that are _________________

organic molecules, needed in very small amounts

NAD+ is produced by __________

oxidative phosphorylation

An average human body (70kg) stores about 38,000 kcal in its ________

proteins

Peptides are most similar to __________

proteins

Eleven types of keto acids can be synthesized by humans from ______________

pyruvate or molecules of the citric acid cycle

Protein A is in solution and its functional binding site is 50% saturated with nearly equal numbers of ligand 1 and 2. When we add protein B to the solution, which has a high specificity to ligand 1, we should observe that:

the saturation of A decreased and the proportion of the sites bound to ligand 2 should increase

The most abundant inorganic material in the human body is _________

water