Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System
What is parasympathetic division?
(resting) *brings body to homeostasis, conserving energy, and replenishing nutrients *"crainosaeral" system *"feed- and- breed" system
What is sympathetic division?
*Activated in emergency, exercise, excitement (EEE) situations =stress *"thoracolumbar" system *"fight- or - flight" system
What are the components o the autonomic reflex arc?
*Sensory neurons in the walls of the internal organs that (constantly monitor internal conditions) {start with receptor} *interneurons- within CNS (process the incoming information and initate the response) *motor neurons (deliver the command to the effector)
What is autonomic motor neurons?
*Two neurons exit CNS *regulate activity of the cardiac and smooth muscles, and glands by releasing Ach or NE and causing their excitation or inhibition
What are the two types of preganglionic neuron?
*long preganglionic neuron - autonomic ganglion (near or within the effector) *Short, branching preganglionic neuron - Autonomic ganglion (close to the vertebral column) - Due to the multiple branches, many structures can be activated simultaneously = mass activation
What is somatic motor pathway?
*motor neuron exits CNS *regulates activity of skeletal muscles by releasing Ach and stimulating contraction
What is the process of regulating the ANS?
1. Cerebrum Cortex: Conscious activities in the cerebrum affect hypothalamus 2. Hypothalamus: Integration and command cent for autonomic functions (president) 3. Brainstem: Contains major ANS reflex centers (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive) {governor) 4. Spinal cord: Contains ANS reflex centers for defecation and urination {governor}
What are the two neurons exiting the CNS?
1. Preganglionic neuron (myelinated) 2. Postganglionic neuron (unmyelinated)
What are the functions of the hypothalamus in the regulations of the ANS process?
1. affected by activities in the cortex, by sensory processing in the thalamus and emotional states in the limbic system 2. it communicates with brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
What is the Autonomic Nervous system divided into?
1. parasympathetic division 2. sympathetic division
What is in the somatic motor pathway?
1. spinal cord 2. neuron (release ACH) 3. skeletal muscle
What is in the process of autonomic motor neurons?
1. spinal cord 2. preganglionic neuron 3.autonomic ganglion (ACH or NE) 4. Postganglionic neuron 5. smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
What is the major difference in the single neurons between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
A. Somatic motor pathway B. Autonomic motor neurons
What are autonomic (visceral) reflexes?
The activity of ANS is based on the reflexes to regulate our visceral functions
What is dual innervation?
an arrangement that both divisions innervate most organs in
What are under sympathetic control?
blood vessels sweat glands hair muscles
Bases on the conditions and body's need what can each division do?
can strengthen or weaken organ's stimulation
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
includes processes that are perceived or controlled consciously
What is autonomic motor?
involuntarily controlled effectors: cardiac and smooth muscles, glands
What does the terminal ganglion do?
lower heart rate
What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
maintains homeostasis by regulating various internal processes, making adjustments according to our needs (stressful vs. resting conditions)
What is the Somatic motor?
output that is consciously controlled; effector: skeletal muscle
What is a reflex in the ANS?
rapid, preprogrammed, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands to certain stimulus
What is the somatic sensory?
sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors (ex: eyes, skin, ears)
What is autonomic (visceral) sensory
sensory input that is not consciously perceived (from that internal organs)
What is the Somatic NS composed of?
somatic sensory somatic motor
What is Autonomic tone?
the normal rate of activity that results from the balance of stimulation by the two divisions with the antagonistic effect.