SOP exam 2

Which of the following is a reason why introspection can be misleading?

We don't always know or have conscious access to the reasons for our actions

Self-Deprecation

implying that we're not as good as other people by building others up or bringing ourselves down

Outgroup homogeneity

"they are all alike, we are all different"

Sherif- Robber's Cave study

-Boys at summer cant randomly assigned to two groups and had competition -Derogated other group, praised on group -Eliminating competition didn't reduce prejudice

Collective guilt

-Can reduce prejudice -Thinking about white advantages leads to more guilt than thinking about black advantages -When combined with efficacy--> antidiscrimination behaviors

Social learning perspective

-Children learn social attitudes from others -More parents are prejudice, more child become prejudice -Other factors come into play as children get older

Baumesiter study

-Depletion study -cookies & radishes -Participants who ate radishes gave up sooner than those who ate chocolate

Avoiding feelings of collective guilt

-Derogate victims -Moral disengagement -Motivated forgetting

Modern Racism

-Don't share racist views in public -Attribute views to things other than prejudice -Make self seem colorblind -More subtle

Self esteem in college students

-Drops during first year but increases after that

Concealing identities

-Health conditions -sexual orientation -religion -can result in lower self esteem and increased distress

Self Discrepancy theory

-Peoples specific emotional reaction to a discrepancy depends which self guide they do not meet Actual-Ideal= Sad Actual-ought=anxious Actual-feared=relief

Which self is most salient?

-Relevance in context -Distinctiveness in context -Important traits -how people refer to us

Mischel& Baker

-Self control and delayed gratification -eating marshmallow or waiting and get 2

Self serving bias

-Self serving attributions -Better than average -Unrealistic optimism -notice our own behaviors

Recategorization

-Shift boundary between us and them (reduce bias) -common ingroup identity model (one big social group) -Superordinate goals

Implicit attitudes

-Sometimes not aware of our views (unconscious) -Access them by IAT and priming techniques -Affect discriminatory behaviors- police shooter biases

Resisting Stereotypes

-We can reduce reliance of them by responding 'no' -training necessary

Self evaluation maintenance model

-We distance ourselves from those who perform better than us and move closer to others who perform worse than us -in domains that matter to us -protects self esteem -helps maintain positive self view

Gender and self esteem

-Women usually have lower self esteem than met -Except in countries with equality, they are equal -decline at 65 y/o

Glass ceiling

-barrier that prevents women from reaching high level positions in the workplaces

Positive self views

-motivated to view ourselves positively -more powerful that desire to be accurate

social influence toward stereotyping

-our groups attitudes strongly influence our own -changing perceptions of group attitudes can change own attitudes

Discrepancy

-our view of ourselves includes how well our actual self matches our self guides -A mismatch between our actual self and a self guide -motivates change

Schmitt, Silvia, Branscombe

-people believe their performance would be compared to another person or compared between gender -Other person: liked poor performing person more than high -Other gender: liked high performing same gender person more than poor performing same gender person

Contact Hypothesis

-prejudice reduced when there is more contact between groups -Realize similarities -reduces us vs. them -Quality of interaction matters

The self from other's perspective

-sometimes others are more accurate -we can learn about ourselves by taking other's perspective -more likely to make dispositional traits about ourselves after

Stereotype threat

-the fear of confirming other negative stereotypes about ones group -makes it difficult for people to perform up to their potential

Possible selves

-the self we may be in the future -engage in activities that allow us to achieve positive possible future selves -avoid negative and feared possible selves

Social comparison theory

-there is no way we can measure our success or failure so we compare ourselves to others to help evaluate

Independent self construal

-think of selves as individuals -Western culture

Interdependent self construal

-think of selves in relation to other people -Eastern culture

Better than average effect

-view ourselves as above average on almost all traits -but we can't all be above average

Basking in reflected glory

-when a member of our social group does well, we feel good about ourselves and reflect their success onto ourselves

Accuracy of introspection

-when behavior is based on deliberate though rather than automatic -must take in factors that affect feelings

How to increase self control

1. Rest between tasks 2. think abstractly about goals 3. shorter self control task 4. self regulation training

Way to enhance self presentation

1. Self promoting 2. Self verification perspective 3. Ingratiation 4. Self deprecation

According to the theory of planned behavior, what type of process precedes the decision to engage in a particular behavior

A rational behavior

Is self serving bias good or bad?

Adaptive- motivates us to achieve, helps us feel good and less depressed -mostly good

Which of the following is usually true of a persuasive communicator?

An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator.

Encouraging majority members to think about the advantages they have enjoyed as a result of their majority status increases their ________ guilt, which, in turn ________ racism.

Collective; reduces

one approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model

Common ingroup identity

cross race identification

Difficulty identifying faces of people who are a different race than us

Which of the following is NOT a way that we resist persuasion attempts?

Ego-depletion

Some people feel that certain groups of people have some underlying, biologically-based features that distinguish that group from other groups. These supposed distinguishing features are known as ______

Essences

Which attitudinal factor describes the extent of how strongly an individual feels about an issue?

Extremity

Stereotyping

Generalized beliefs about social groups and the traits or characteristics they are believed to share -Cognition

Minimal groups

Groups that are arbitrary and have no meaning

Research shows that, on average, ________________

Men have higher self-esteem than women

Prejudice

Negative emotion responses to or dislike of others based on group membership -Affect

Due to the fact that we can define ourselves differently at any time, we have many selves. Can we say that one of these selves is the "true" self?

No, because all selves can be accurate, depending on the context and comparative dimension.

According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and _____

Out attitudes toward a particular behavior

Self guides

Possible selves -Ideal -Ought -Feared

How do we measure self esteem?

Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale -domain -implicit

What is the most common method used to measure personal self-esteem as an overall assessment of self-evaluation?

Rosenberg scale

Sociometer theory

Self esteem is an internal cue that monitors our social standing

What helps maintain positive self view?

Self evaluation maintenance model

How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?

They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up

Discrimination

Treating others differently based on group membership -Behavior

When are women more likely to gain access to high-status positions?

When companies are in a time of crisis

Self handicapping

actions people take to handicap their own performance in order to build an excuse for anticipated failure; may try to sabotage performance in order to preserve self esteem

ingratiation

attempting to convey to others that we like them by flattering or praising them

Self Promoting

attempting to present our positive characteristics to other people

Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by ________

blocking women's progress in the workplace

According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's _______

capacity to process information and level of motivation

Glass cliff effect

choosing women for leadership positions after some sort of crisis that makes the position risky or likely to be a failure

IntErgroup comparison

compare our group to other groups -social identity

IntrAgroup comparison

compare ourselves to other people who are members of our groups -personal identity

Downward social comparison

comparing yourself with someone less capable -feels better

upward social comparison

comparing yourself with someone more capable -feels bad

Realistic conflict theory

competition between groups causes negative views

LaPiere's research with the Chinese couple pointed out the _______

difficulty of predicting actual behavior from reported attitudes

Research on self-control has demonstrated that engaging in self-regulation______

depletes our energy and provides us with limited ability to maintain self-control at a later time

We form attitudes via classical conditioning by ___________

developing associations

Ego depletion

diminished ability to exert self control after we have previously done so -self control is like a muscle

Comparing yourself to someone less competent than you is called _________________, whereas comparing yourself to someone more competent than you is called _________________

downward social comparison; upward social comparison

Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the _____

focus is on a conscious decision-making process

One result of tokenism is that it ________

helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair

The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that

increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups

Threats to self esteem

increased ingroup identification -increase in nationalism after 9/11

We hold values similar to, and identify with, _______

members of our reference groups

Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by _______

modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more consistent with each other

In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student ________ in the ________ condition than in the ________ condition.

more negatively; complaint; responsibility

antipathy

negative attitudes

Who do we compare ourselves to?

people who are similar -in the same domain or social group

Personal-versus-social identity continuum

perceive ourselves as unique individuals at the personal level and as social group members at the social level

Ingratiation involves __________, whereas self-deprecation involves __________.

praising another person or using flattering language; lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities

Identity Fusion

see the self strongly as part of a group -more willing to go to extreme lengths to protect ingroup

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as ________.

self efficacy

Positive self-talk such as "I am a lovable person" tends to

sometimes decrease happiness for people with low self-esteem

Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as ________ training and has the effect of ________ stereotype activation.

stereotype negation; reducing

Subtype

subset of stereotype inconsistent group members

Actual self

the person you are right now

Ought self

the self it is your duty to be

Ideal self

the self it is your goal to be

Feared self

the self you fear becoming

Introspection

thinking about what makes us who we are -we dont always have conscious access to the reasons for our behavior -bad at affective forecasting

Social identity theory

we perceive ourselves and identity as members of a social group -motivated to see our social group positively -other members of our group can make us feel positive when they perform well Ex: fsu football team

Self verification perspective

we want others to agree with our views of ourselves

Tokenism

when a few members of a marginalized group are admitted to some role