SOWK 722: Midterm
What BAC (blood alcohol content) is the legal limit for driving?
.08
Alcohol makes its way into the bloodstream via:
Absorption
Among inhalants, the most toxic is (1) ....
Volatile Solvents
Binge drinking is defined as (different for men and women):
(1) 5 or more drinks for men at one sitting (2) 4 or more drinks for women at one sitting
Marijuana has been illegal in the U.S. since:
1937
When drugs are taken orally the effects are delayed for approximately _____ minutes.
20-30 minutes
Post-acute withdrawal symptoms (PAWS) following detoxification and abstinence from opioid or other drug addictions can persist for...
3 to 6 months or longer after detoxification
Marijuana in the urine of a regular user is detectable for:
3-6 weeks
After 4 drinks in 1 hour --- all traces of alcohol will be gone in (how many hours)?
4 hours
Fermentation is a naturally occurring process that produces
Alcohol
What were the results of Prohibition? Did drinking increase/decrease during and after?
Although alcohol prohibition from 1920-1933 resulted in more criminal problems, note that alcohol consumption greatly decreased as did liver and other medical problems from it's use.
The emotional center of the brain that is activated when a person with an addiction sees a person, place or thing that reminds them of their addiction is called the ______________________.
Amygdala
Misperceiving a rope as threatening snake under the influence of a psychic drug would be an example of:
An illusion (mistake perceptions of real stimuli)
Naloxone
An opioid antagonist drug that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose.
Hashish is made from:
Cannabis resin
Long-term use of stimulants (e.g. nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) has the most significant impact on which part of the body?
Cardiovascular system
What is 1 statements that are true about cirrhosis?
Cirrhosis is caused by the toxic effects of alcohol, free radicals, and acetaldehyde.
What is 1 way to speed up the absorption rate of alcohol?
Drinking on an empty stomach.
What is naloxone?
Drug that is an opioid antagonist that can be used to prevent an opioid overdose
How long can withdraw symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone persist?
For 14 days or more after detoxification
Withdrawal Symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids (such as, methadone) can persist for....?
For 14 days or more after detoxification.
There are several routes of administering (ROA) drugs. Some routes reach the brain faster than others. Which of the following sequences correctly lists the ROA from fastest to slowest for getting drugs to the brain?
Inhaling, injecting, mucous membrane absorption, and oral ingestion
The old brain is:
Instinctual, more powerful and works faster than the new brain which covers it.
Stimulants force the release of which of the following neurotransmitters to infuse the body with lots of extra energy before the body needs it?
Serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine
What condition found in a drug addict is not found in a compulsive gambler?
Tissue dependence
True or false: Less than 10% of the population consumes 50% of all the alcohol
True
True or false: Less than 15% of alcohol related health care spending is on rehabilitation and treatment.
True
True or false: Major alcohol withdrawal symptoms can develop within as short time as 7 consecutive weeks of heavy drinking.
True
True or false: Marijuana is addictive and induces compulsive use.
True
True or false: Most alcohol is removed from the body through the metabolism.
True
True or false: The higher the BAC, the higher the risk of injury from a fall.
True
When drinking the same amount of alcohol, women have higher blood alcohol levels than men because:
Women have lower levels of a particular stomach enzyme.
What is allodynia?
a painful response to a normally pain-free stimulus, often as a result of long-term opiate/opioid use
"Intoxicated" refers to alcohol's effect on the:
brain
Two people have the same blood alcohol concentration. The one showing less impairment is likely to be a ...
heavy drinker
Statistically, within the U.S. population, the proportion of drinkers...
increases as income increases
All psychoactive drugs have effects in the brain because....
they act like or disrupt natural brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters.
The liver is the primary location:
where drugs are metabolized and usually deactivated.
Functions of the: old brain
(1) Basic emotions (anger, fear, hunger, lust); (2) imprinting of survival memories; (3) regulating respiration, heartbeat, and body temperature (4) Drugs affect both the "old" brain that controls emotions and instinct, as well as reasoning and decision-making in the new brain
What are the 3 major classes of depressants?
(1) alcohol; (2) opiates; (3) heroin
Psychoactive drugs have which of the following effects on the nervous system?
-Act on the nervous system to alter consciousness -modify perceptions -change moods.
Prolonged use of strong stimulants (e.g. cocaine, methamphetamine) results in which of the following?
-Depletion of the body's energy resources -Cellular and organ damage -Paranoia
A key enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is ____________________________ and is located in the ___________________________ and the ____________________________.
A key enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE and is located in the STOMACH and the LIVER.
What is currently the most popular psychoactive substance worldwide?
Alcohol
The American drugs of choice are:
Alcohol and nicotine
What are the three major classes of depressants?
Alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics
The generally agreed-upon combination of factors that contribute to modern alcohol includes (1) ...
Desire for anxiety relief
Classification: of psychoactive drug....
Do they cross the blood brain barrier?
3 friends go out for a drink. Fred has a mixed drink with 82-prood whiskey. Sam has a 4-ounce glass of red wine. Dave has a 12-ounce can of light beer. Who will take the longest to metabolize a drink?
Fred, Sam, and Dave will all take the same amount of time.
In government surveys, a current drinker is defined as someone who:
Has had a drink in the past month
What constitutes a mild, moderate, versus severe substance use disorder according to the DSM-5?
How the addiction actually affects the life of the individual that is addicted.
Which statement is true regarding intravenous drug use (IVDU)?
Intravenous drug use is the most dangerous method because it by passes the body's natural defenses.
Why is intravenous drug use (IVDU) so dangerous?
Intravenous drug use is the most dangerous method because it by passes the body's natural defenses.
Hyperalgesia is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to _____________________ that is experienced during long-term use of opiates/opioids used to treat pain.
Painful stimuli
Consuming alcohol hen using cocaine results in.....?
Prolonging the effects of cocaine
Which chemicals are most responsible for the psychedelic effects of magic mushrooms?
Psilocin and psilocybin
Which form and method of using cocaine produced the most intense high?
Smoking crack cocaine
The brain's addiction pathway consists of two major circuits:
Survival/Reinforcement circuit in the old brain and the control circuit human neo or new brain.
Is synthetic marijuana more or less safe than plant-based marijuana? Describe why it is more/less safe.
Synthetic marijuana although legal is more dangerous than marijuana the synthetic chemicals are much more powerful than the THC present in marijuana.
The nervous system is divided into:
THE PNS AND CNS the peripheral and the central nervous systems (CNS). The peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic and autonomic systems.
Underage drinking represents a source of significant revenue for ....
The beverage industry
Amygdala
The emotional center of the brain that is activated when a person with an addiction sees a person, place, or thing that reminds him of their addiction (e.g. needle, slot machine, white powder )
Dopamine
The most crucial neurotransmitter involved in behavioral addiction, drug use, and drug abuse.
Social costs of alcohol use include (1):
Treatment for alcoholism
True or false: There is almost no limit to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop.
True
True or false: Texting while driving is considered 6 times more dangerous than driving while drunk.
True.
When drinking the same amount of alcohol, women have higher blood alcohol concentrations than men because women have less of what in their bodies?
Water
Allostasis
When the human body is continually challenged by the use of drugs that alter a body's natural balance, a "new normal" is created.
Which of the following best describes one of the health benefits of quitting smoking?
Within 20 min of quitting blood pressure, pulse rate, and temp. Of hands & feet drop to normal
Acute withdrawal from heroin is not as life-threatening as acute withdrawal from...
alcohol or sedative-hypnotics
Addictive behaviors alter brain chemistry similar to the ways....
psychoactive drugs do.
Death from depressants (e.g. opioids) overdose usually involves....
severe respiratory depression (the major cause of depressant drug overdose death)
Psychoactive drugs primarily affect:
the central nervous system
Which symptoms are indicative of what alcohol-related conditions, (symptoms: rapid pulse, sweating, increased body temp, hand tremors, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and nausea or vomiting).
(1) Moderate Alcohol withdrawal (2) hangover
The practical way to classify psychoactive substances is....
(1) Stimulants (2) Depressants (3)Psychedelics
What are the (4) factors that have led to increase in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among U.S. military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan?
(1) The stress of war and combat (2) The availability of script opiated (e.g. hydrocodone and oxycodone) (3) The availability of heroin (4) PTSD
The compulsion to use cocaine is due to these 4....
(1) hereditary predisposition (2) altered brain chemistry (3) craving for the high (4) desire to avoid the crash
The "newer" brain:
Gives humans more conscious awareness.
In government surveys, a heavy drinker is defined as:
Having 5 or more drinks on at least 5 occasions in the past month.
In government surveys, a binge drinker is defined as:
Having had 5 or more drinks on one occasion in the last month.
The synergistic effect of drugs refers to:
The combination of 2 or more depressant drugs which magnifies their effect on the CNS.
The synergistic effect of drugs refers to:
The combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS.
Tolerance can be explained because of the down regulation of neurotransmitters:
The more often the cell's receptor sites are exposed to a drug the more they retreat into the cell wall effectively reducing the number of receptor sites and making it less sensitive to the substance. This causes a need to increase in the amount of the drug to produce the same effect; but will also accelerate down regulation.
What was the primary medical purpose for the development and use of opiate drugs?
To treat pain
True or False: A sign of addiction is -- There is continued use despite experiencing physical or psychological problems and consequences.
True
True or False: An individual would still be legally drunk 6 hours after consuming 10 drinks in the span of 1 hour.
True
True or False: Distilled Liquor has a HIGHER content than fermented beverages.
True
True or False: In regards to the 'activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system,' (1) it prevents the development of addictive behavior and (2) It releases a surge of pleasure that encourages repetition of behaviors intended primarily for survival.
True
True or False: The use of plant-based psychoactive substances...About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal.
True
True or False: When a person has developed tolerance to caffeine and they then subsequent withdrawal from the caffeine it results in physical pain, extreme fatigue and depression.
True
True or false: A heavy drinker may function better than a less experienced drinker because the heavy drinker has developed a tolerance for alcohol.
True
True or false: Acute withdrawal from heroin is not as life threatening as acute withdrawal from alcohol or sedative hypnotics.
True
True or false: Alcohol addiction is defined as a compulsive to drink alcohol and an inability to stop drinking once your start.
True
True or false: Allodynia is a painful response to normally pain-free stimulus asa result of long-term opiate/opioid use
True
True or false: Although alcohol is absorbed at different rates, metabolism occurs relatively defined continuous rate.
True
True or false: Heavy prolonged use of stimulants can induce a schizophrenic like psychosis.
True
True or false: Heroin was first developed to be a non-addictive medical alternative to morphine.
True
True or false: Sedative hypnotics are synthetic.
True
True or false: The sense of relaxation (and well-being) that smokers receive from a cigarette is actually the sensation of the withdrawal symptoms being subdued.
True
True or false: There is increasing evidence that the use of some psychedelic drugs under medically monitored conditions may effectively treat some addictions.
True
Itchy skin is one of the symptoms of .....
chronic opioid use
Uppers (stimulants) are classified by:
their primary physiological effects starting with an increase in stimulation to the central nervous system. This produces an increase in alertness, blood pressure, heart rate, and energized muscles; but the effects of uppers also include insomnia and decreased appetite.
What is alcohol dehydrogenase?
A key enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is alcohol dehydrogenase and is located in the stomach and the liver.
Non-psychoactive drugs:
A substance that does not affect the brain or cause changes to mental processes. Examples include non-psychoactive hemp (for snorting), diet pills, and antibiotics.
What is the most prolific neurotransmitter in the body as it relates to addiction?
Dopamine
True or false: Methamphetamine and cocaine are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world.
FALSE - Caffeine and tobacco
What organ is LEAST affected by moderate amounts of alcohol?
Heart and lungs
High-dose alcohol affects the CNS by _____________________ its function. At higher blood alcohol levels, this leads to ______________________ heart rate and breathing.
High-dose alcohol affects the CNS by DECREASING its function. At higher blood alcohol levels, this leads to DECREASED heart rate and breathing.
True or False: A person's level of emotional and physical stress can increase the ability of psychoactive drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier.
True
True or False: Nomophobia is the fear of being without one's cell phone.
True
True or False: People's expectations of alcohol's effects can help explain drinking motives.
True
True or False: The CNS is composed of the spinal cord and the brain.
True
True or False: The physical, mental, and emotional effects a person experiences from taking psychoactive drugs are caused by the modification or mimicking of the neurotransmitter's function.
True
True or false: When other depressants are used, the danger of overdose is greatly increased because metabolism of alcohol takes precedence over metabolism of other substances.
True
True or false: When smoking cessation is part of a drug treatment program, the chances of recovery from alcohol and other drug addiction greatly increase.
True
True or false: death from depressants (e.g. opioids) overdose usually involves respiratory depression
True
True or false: of all the stimulants the strings physical and mental dependency develops from nicotine in tobacco.
True
Which part of the body does long-term use of stimulants (e.g. nicotine, cocaine, meth) have the most significant impact?
cardiovascular system
The somatic nervous system (SNS) is:
the portion of the Peripheral Nervous System responsible for voluntary body movement. -All five senses are controlled by the somatic nervous system.
What are the routes of administration - rank by order of how quickly they get to the brain?
(1) Inhalation - 7-10 seconds (2) Injection - IV (intravenous) 15-30 seconds - IM (intramuscular) 3-5 minutes - Subcutaneous 3-5 minutes (3) Mucous membrane absorption - Snorting (insufflation) 3-5 minutes - Under tongue (sublingually) 3-5 minutes - Gums/cheek (buccally) 3-5 minutes - Suppository 10-15 minutes (4) Oral ingestion - esophagus to stomach to small intestine then absorbed to capillaries which carry it to liver where it is metabolized then pumped to heart and rest of the body 20-30 minutes (5) Contact absorption - 1-2 days
What are the (4) common changes in the brain of a person who is addicted to alcohol or other drugs?
(1) The reward/control circuits of the addiction pathway are hijacked by changes in the brain chemistry altered by substance abuse; (2) The "go" circuit becomes overactive and drives compulsive substance use; (3) The "stop" circuit does not function properly and is overridden by the "go" switch; (4) Drug cravings hijack survival mechanisms in the old brain and override rational actions of the new brain
What are (3) physical and chemical changes in the body are signs that are indicate addiction to alcohol or other drugs?
(1) The user develops tolerance and needs more of the drug to feel a effect; (2) The user develops tissue dependence and needs to use the drug just to feel normal; (3) After not using the drug for a period of time, the person experiences withdrawal symptoms.
A practical way to classify psychoactive substances:
(1) stimulants (2) depressants (alcohol) (3) psychedelics.
Alcohol use plays a significant role in these (2) deaths ...
(1) suicide (2) drownings
What is the correctly ordered progression for levels of alcohol use?
(AESHAA) (1) Abstention (2) Experimentation (3) Social/recreational (4) habituation (5) abuse (6) Addiction
Describe the processes of the old brain vs new brain (neo or prefrontal cortex):
-Old brain: present in all mammals (old brain overrides new brain during times of stress) / And a new brain (pre-frontol cortex) -Both brain chemistry and the structural differences in the brain help determine our sensitivity to environmental stressors, drugs, and inheritable characteristics. -Drugs affect both the "old" brain that controls emotions and instinct, as well as reasoning and decision-making in the new brain.
True or False: Human beings have naturally occurring (endogenous) opioids, which cause many of the same effect as those caused by opioid drugs (exogenous opioids).
True
True or False: Racism was a major factor at work behind concerns from marijuana's initial introduction to the U.S.
True
True or False: Regardless of which method a person uses to consume a psychoactive drug, the drug reached the brain though the bloodstream.
True
True or False: Regardless of which method a person uses to consume a psychoactive drug, the drug reaches the brain through the bloodstream.
True
True or False: The historical and moral conflict between doing what an individual wants to do (primal urges) versus what he should do (common sense, reason) is mirrored in the conflict that arrises between the old brain and the new brain when addictive drugs and behaviors are involved.
True
True or false: Benzos sedative-hyptonics generally have a higher margin of overdose safety than other drugs in this depressant category.
True
True or false: Blackouts are cause by an alcohol-induced electrochemical disruption of the brain.
True
True or false: Compulsive behaviors (e.g. binge eating, anorexia, bulimia, gambling, sex, internet) affect many of the same areas of the brain that are influenced by psychoactive drugs.
True
True or false: Drug tolerance develops in part due to the increased efficiency of the liver in processing drug that is used regularly.
True
True or false: Drugs work by influencing existing neurotransmitters, exciting neurological pathways, and receptor sites in the CNS, including the addiction pathway.
True
True or false: One reason why abusing pressurized inhalants is dangerous is because inhaling them directly from their containers can freeze lung tissue.
True
True or false: Opiates block the release of substance P, which is the name of the neurotransmitter that transmits pain messages from nerve cell to nerve cell.
True
True or false: Some people measure their self-esteem by the activity of their cell phone.
True
True or false: Stimulant drugs including coke and meth force the release of dopamine. This surge of dopamine causes paranoia and hyper-activity.
True
True or false: Susceptibility to blackouts and brownouts is also a marker for susceptibility to alcoholism.
True
True or false: Synesthesia is defined as the crossing of senses such as visual input becomes sound.
True
True or false: The inability to resist an impulse that is originally pleasurable but ends up becoming harmful is called an: impulse-control disorder,
True
True or false: The physical, mental, and emotional effects a person experiences from taking psychoactive drugs are caused by the modification or mimicking of the neurotransmitter's function
True
True or false: The potency of drugs today is due to technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing methods.
True
What are the (3) major classes of depressants?
(1) Alcohol (2) opiates (3) sedative-hypnotics
Psychoactive drugs have the following (4) effects on the nervous system
(1) Alter information sent to the brain from the environment; (2) disrupt messages sent from the CNS to parts of the body: (3) disrupt thinking; (4) Alter the way in which neurotransmitters normally function.
Prolonged use of stimulants (e.g. cocaine, meth) results in (3)...?
(1) Depletion of the body's energy sources (2) cellular and organ damage (3) Paranoia
Alcohol related health care costs include (3):
(1) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (2) Brief interventions (3) Injury Treatment
Marijuana withdrawal has been associated with the following (4) symptoms:
(1) Inability to concentrate and marijuana cravings (2) Chills, aches, and sweating (3) Sleep disturbances and slight tremors (4) Decreased appetite and stomach pain
Naltrexone is prescribed for which of the following uses...
(1) To break the cycle of addiction to opioids and prevent addiction; (2) to break the addiction to alcohol and reduce alcoholic cravings; (3) To break the cycle of cocaine addiction and reduce craving for cocaine; (4) To support smoking cessation and break nicotine addiction.
Naltrexone (NOT NALOXONE) is prescribed for these (4) uses:
(1) To break the cycle of addiction to opioids and prevent relapse (2) To break addiction to alcohol and reduce alcoholic cravings (3) To break the cycle of cocaine and reduce cravings (4) To support smoking cessation and break nicotine addiction
Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drug;s effects. Which symptoms would be expected from opiate withdrawal (3 symptoms)?
(1) bone, joint, and muscular pain (2) insomnia and anxiety (3) high blood pressure, rapid pulse, and tachycardia
What are (4) physical reaction to stimulant use?
(1) tachycardia (2) weight loss (3) blood vessel constriction (4) elevated blood pressure
According to the authors of, Uppers, Downers, and All Arounders, a psychoactive drug is defined as:
Any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the CNS.
The Harrison Act
Defined some drugs as controlled and available only for medical purposes
Following Prohibition, per capita consumption:
Rapidly increased by 50%
True or False: Intravenous drug use is the most dangerous method because it bypasses the body's natural defenses
True
True or false: Human beings have naturally occurring (endogenous) opioids, which cause many of the same effects as those caused by taking opioid drugs (exogenous opioids).
True
True or false: Human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs, behavioral addictions, and mental illness, to induce an altered state of consciousness.
True
True or false: In recent decades, policy decision regarding drugs and alcohol have been based on the political climate rather than on the effects of drugs on the individual and society.
True
True or false: The reasons for compulsive behaviors are identical to those for compulsive drug use.
True
True or false: The refinement of carbohydrates has resulted in the same types of effects on obesity that refinement of cocaine has had on cocaine addiction.
True
True or false: The ruling classes, governments, industry, and criminal orgs have controlled the trade of psychoactive drugs.
True
True or false: Tolerance of LSD develops quickly, within days of daily use.
True
True or false: Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines.
True
True or false: Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerant for another depressant, such as benzos.
True
True or false: Treatment for addiction to opiates requires a physiological and psychological process
True
True or false: Treatment for addiction to opiates requires a physiological and psychological process.
True
True or false: Using a needle continuously to inject drugs in the same blood vessels traumatizes theme causing them to become unusable for injection.
True