SPANISH FINAL

The Past Perfect rules

*the past perfect is often used with the word ya to indicate thatan action, event or state had already occured before another. ya is placed before haber* Examples: Ella ya había salido cuando llamaron. She had already left when they called. Cuando llegué, Raúl had already gone to bed. *The past perfect is often used in conjunction with antes de + infinitive to describe when the actions occured. Ex- Antes de este año, nunca había estudiado química. Before this year, I had never studied chemistry. *The Past Perfect when talking about two actions in the past and you want to indicate which one happened first, you use the pluscuamperfecto for the action that happened first and the preterite that happened afterword. Ex- Juan se había ido, cuando llegúe a la fiesta. Juan had already left, when you arrived.

The Past Perfect (Preterite endings) for the second action that comes afterward.

AR yo estudié tú estudiaste él/ella/ud estudió nosotros estudiamos uds/ellos/ellas estudiaron ER/IR yo viví tú viviste él/ella/uds vivió nosotros vivimos uds/ellos/ellas vivieron car gar zar rules* car- qué gar- gué zar- cé

The Past Perfect (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto del indicativo) sentence examples

Antes de 2012, había vivido en la paz. Before 2012, I had lived in La Paz. Cuando llegamos, Luis ya había salido When I had arrived, Raúl had already gone to bed.

Future perfect uses

The phrases para + {time expression} are used with the future perfect to talk about what will have happened by some future in time. Ex- Para el lunes, habré hecho todas las preparaciones. By monday, I will have made all the preperations. Dentro de uño, habré renunciado a mi trabajo. Within a year, I will have resigned from my job.

Present Perfect Subjunctive Rules

The same conditions trigger the use of present subjunctive apply to present perfect subjunctive Present subjunctive- Espero que duermas bien I hope that you sleep well. Vs.. Present Perfect subjunctive- Espero que hayas dormido bien I hope that you have slept well. Present Subjunctive- No creo que aumente de peso. I dont think he will gain weight. Vs.. Past Perfect subjunctive- No creo que haya aumentado de peso. I dont think he has gained weight. *The action expressed by the present perfect subjunctive is seen as occurring before the action expressed in the main clause. Ex-action expressed by the present perfect subjunctive is see as occuring before the action expressed in the main clause. Ex-Me alegro de que uestedes se hayan reído tanto esta tarde. Im glad that you have laughed so much this afternoon.

The Present Perfect (el préterito perfecto) sentence examples

Tú no has aumentado de peso You havent gained weight. yo ya he leído esos libros Ive already read those books. ¿Ha asistido Juanjo a la clase de yoga? Has Juan attented Yoga class? Hemos conocido a la instructora We have met the trainer.

Subjunctive acronym

WEIRDO W-wishes (Ojala, Desear) E- Emotions (me alegro de que, me molesta que) I- Impersonal Expressions (es necessario, es imposible, es importante) R- Reccomendations (reccomendar)(poder) D- Doubt/Denial (negar, no creer, dudar) O- Ojalá (Hopefully)

4.1 The future tense

a simple tense that consists of one word to talk about what you will do Future conjugations: yo estudiaré tu estudiarás ud/él/ella/ estudiará nosotros estudiaremos uds/ellos/ellas estudiarán all have a written ending accept nosotros* Future endings are the same for reggular and irregular verbs. For irregular verbs, add the endings to the irregular stem.

Irregular future stems

decir- diré (to say) hacer- haré (to do) poder- podré (to be able to) poner- pondré (to put/place) querer- querré (to want) saber- sabré (to know facts/information) salir- saldré (to leave) tener tendré (to have) venir vendré (to come)

3.1 The Present Perfect

el pretérito perfect) used to talk about what someone HAS/have/hasnt done* -what has occured* usually fefers to recent past* the form= haber + P.P* the form of haber cojugations: yo he tú has él/ella/usted ha uds/ellos/ellas han

Past participles

endings, ado, ido and irregulars "o" abrir- abierto (to open) decir- dicho (to say) leer- leído (to read) oír- oído (to hear) reído (to laugh) sonreír (to smile) traer (traído) to bring Describer- descrito (to describe) descrubrir- descrubierto (to discover) escribir- escrito (to write) hacer- hecho (to make) morir- muerto (to die) poner- puesto (to put/place) resolver- resuelto (to resolve) romper- roto (broken) ver- visto (to see) volver- vuelto (to live)

4.2 The Future Perfect (el futuro perfecto)

formed with the verb haber and the past participle. used to talk about what will have happened at some point in time. congugations: yo habré tú habrás él/ella/uds habrá nosotros habremos ud/ellos/ellas habrán

Future tense notes

future of hay (inf of haber) is always habrá (there will be) La proxíma semana habrá dos reuniones. Next week there wil be two reunions. Ex- Habrá muchos gerentes en la videoconferencia. There are many managers at the videoconference.

3.2 The Past Perfect (el préterito pluscuamperfecto del indicativo)

often used to talk about what someone HAD done of what HAD occured BEFORE another PAST action, event, or state. * uses the form haber + PP* the form haber is in the imperfect tense* congugation examples: cerrar yo había cerrado tú habías cerrado él/ella/ud había cerrado nosotros habíamos cerrado uds/ellos/ellas habían

3.3 The Present Perfect rules

the past participle does not change in form when it is part of the present perfect tense it only changes when it is used as an adjective.* the word no and any object or reflexive pronoun comes before haber* Ex-Yo no he comido la merienda. I havent eaten the snack. Ex-Susana ya se ha entrenado Susana has already practiced. Ex-haber + past participle NEVER seperate. Ex: Siempre hemos vivido en Bolivia. We have always lived in Bolivia. Ex-Clara ha abierto las ventanas Clara has opened the windows. Vs: Las ventanas están abiertos The windows are opened.

3.3 The Present Perfect Subjunctive (el pretérito del subjuntivo)

this is used to talk about what HAS HAPPENED (like the present perfect) also uses haber + PP conjugations: yo haya cerrado tu hayas usted/él/ella haya nosotros hayamos uds/ellos/ellas hayan

The conditional tense

used to express what you would do or what would happen under certain circumstances. congugations: yo vistaría tú vistarías él/ella/ud vistaría nosotros vistaríamos visitarían much like the future tense, endings are the same for all verbs, both regular and irregular verbs. For regular verbs, add the appropriate endings to the infinitive. (irregular verbs the same as future tense)

Future tense- additional use

used to talk about probability and or expressing conjecture. Ex- ¿Donde estarán mis llaves? I wonder where my keys are. Estarán en la cocina. Theyre probably in the kitchen. may also be used in the main clause of sentences in which the present subjunctive follows a conjunction of time such as cuando, despues (de) que, en cuanto and tan pronto. Ex- Cuando llegues a la oficina, hablaremos. When you arrive at the office, we will talk.