SPC 2608 - Final Exam

presenting visual aids

- display visual aids where listeners can see them - avoid passing visual aids among the audience - display visual aids only while discussing them - explain visual aids clearly and concisely - talk to your audience, not your visual aid - practice with your visual aid - check the room and equipment

control over ideas not words

- don't focus on the words of the speech, focus on remembering the ideas - don't focus on what you are going to say exactly, but focus on the main concept

less is more

- don't overdo it - keep it clean and consistent - don't over-elaborate

strategies for informative speaking

- don't overestimate what the audience knows - relate the subject directly to the audience - don't be too technical - avoid abstractions

preparing and displaying visual aids

- prepare visual aids well in advance - keep visual aids simple - make sure visual aids are large enough - use a limited amount of text - use fonts effectively - use color effectively - use images strategically

organizational patterns

- speeches about processes - chronological order - spatial order - topical order

generate emotional appeal

- use emotional language - develop vivid examples - speak with sincerity and conviction

using evidence in persuasive speeches

- use specific evidence - use novel evidence - use evidence from credible sources - make clear the point of your evidence

videos as visual aids

- capture audience's attention - make sure the clip is not too long - the video is cued exactly where you want it to start - edit the video to blend if necessary - beware of low resolution

monroe's motivative sequence

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action; the five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

pause

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

speech to gain passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

cliche

a trite or overused expression

dialect

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

chart

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

graph

a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

presentation technology

allows you to integrate a variety of visual aids in the same talk

similie

an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as", between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

metaphor

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

object

anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form

using language appropriately

appropriateness to the occasion; appropriateness to the audience; appropriateness to the topic; appropriateness to the speaker

vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

nonverbal communication

communication-based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

connotative

emotion

speaking outline

follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline; make sure the outline is legible; keep the outline as brief as possible; give yourself cues for delivering the speech

practicing speech delivery

go through preparation outline aloud; prepare your speaking outline; practice the speech aloud using the speaking outline; polish and refine delivery; give dress rehearsal speech

using language vividly

imagery; rhythm

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors avoid the generic "he"; avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women; avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender; use names that groups use to identify themselves

3 kinds of visual aids

objects and models, photographs and drawings, graphs

conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

good speech delivery

speaker's voice and body

preparation outline

state the specific purpose of your speech; identify the central idea; label the introduction, body, and conclusion; use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation

pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic; the two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character

terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

need

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy; is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

volume

the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

ethos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

pathos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

burden of proof

the obligation of facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

plan

the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy; if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

practicality

the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more problems?

imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

denotative

understand

using language clearly

use familiar words; choose concrete words

pie graph

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

line graph

a graph that uses one or more lines to show change in statistics over time or space

bar graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

speaking outline

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of the speech

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

font

a complete set of type of the same design

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of the speech