SPC 2608 - Final Exam
presenting visual aids
- display visual aids where listeners can see them - avoid passing visual aids among the audience - display visual aids only while discussing them - explain visual aids clearly and concisely - talk to your audience, not your visual aid - practice with your visual aid - check the room and equipment
control over ideas not words
- don't focus on the words of the speech, focus on remembering the ideas - don't focus on what you are going to say exactly, but focus on the main concept
less is more
- don't overdo it - keep it clean and consistent - don't over-elaborate
strategies for informative speaking
- don't overestimate what the audience knows - relate the subject directly to the audience - don't be too technical - avoid abstractions
preparing and displaying visual aids
- prepare visual aids well in advance - keep visual aids simple - make sure visual aids are large enough - use a limited amount of text - use fonts effectively - use color effectively - use images strategically
organizational patterns
- speeches about processes - chronological order - spatial order - topical order
generate emotional appeal
- use emotional language - develop vivid examples - speak with sincerity and conviction
using evidence in persuasive speeches
- use specific evidence - use novel evidence - use evidence from credible sources - make clear the point of your evidence
videos as visual aids
- capture audience's attention - make sure the clip is not too long - the video is cued exactly where you want it to start - edit the video to blend if necessary - beware of low resolution
monroe's motivative sequence
a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action; the five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
pause
a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
speech to gain passive agreement
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
speech to gain immediate action
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
question of policy
a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
cliche
a trite or overused expression
dialect
a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
chart
a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form
graph
a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns
presentation technology
allows you to integrate a variety of visual aids in the same talk
similie
an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as", between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
metaphor
an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
object
anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form
using language appropriately
appropriateness to the occasion; appropriateness to the audience; appropriateness to the topic; appropriateness to the speaker
vocal variety
changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
nonverbal communication
communication-based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
connotative
emotion
speaking outline
follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline; make sure the outline is legible; keep the outline as brief as possible; give yourself cues for delivering the speech
practicing speech delivery
go through preparation outline aloud; prepare your speaking outline; practice the speech aloud using the speaking outline; polish and refine delivery; give dress rehearsal speech
using language vividly
imagery; rhythm
inclusive language
language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors avoid the generic "he"; avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women; avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender; use names that groups use to identify themselves
3 kinds of visual aids
objects and models, photographs and drawings, graphs
conversational quality
presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
repetition
reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
alliteration
repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
good speech delivery
speaker's voice and body
preparation outline
state the specific purpose of your speech; identify the central idea; label the introduction, body, and conclusion; use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation
pronunciation
the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic; the two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character
terminal credibility
the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
initial credibility
the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
derived credibility
the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
need
the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy; is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
pitch
the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice
antithesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
denotative meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
volume
the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
ethos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
pathos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
burden of proof
the obligation of facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
rhythm
the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
articulation
the physical production of particular speech sounds
plan
the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy; if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
rate
the speed at which a person speaks
practicality
the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more problems?
imagery
the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
denotative
understand
using language clearly
use familiar words; choose concrete words
pie graph
a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
line graph
a graph that uses one or more lines to show change in statistics over time or space
bar graph
a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
speaking outline
a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of the speech
extemporaneous speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
font
a complete set of type of the same design
preparation outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of the speech