SPC 2608 Final Exam

Methods of delivery

Manuscript - Manuscript speeches are often used in situations that require absolute accuracy of wording or that impose strict time limits upon the speaker. Memory - When delivering a speech from memory, the speaker should learn it so thoroughly that she or he can concentrate on communicating with the audience rather than on remembering specific words. Impromptu - Impromptu speeches are presented with little or no immediate preparation. Extemporaneous - Extemporaneous speeches are carefully prepared and practiced in advance.

Causes of poor listening

Not concentrating Listening too hard Jumping to conclusions Focusing on delivery, appearance

Aspects of Speaker's Body

Personal Appearance Movement Gestures Eye contact

Target audience

Portion of audience speaker most wants to persuade

Plagiarism

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.

Derived Credibility

Produced by everything a speaker says and does during the speech.

Speakers can improve their speech delivery by following a five-step method:

1. Go over preparation outline aloud. 2. Prepare a speaking *notecard. 3. Practice the speech aloud (using only the speaking *notecard). 4. Polish and refine the delivery. 5. Give the speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face during the actual speech.

Speech to gain passive audience

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Fallacy

An error in reasoning

Types of listening

Appreciative: Listening for pleasure, enjoyment Empathic: Listening to provide emotional support for speaker Comprehensive: Listening to understand message Critical: Listening to evaluate message

Pathos

Aristotle's name for emotional appeal

Ethos

Aristotle's name for for ethics

Logos

Aristotle's name for logical appeals (evidence & reasoning)

Forms of Speech Organization

Chronological Order - follow a time pattern or demonstrate how to do something. Spatial Order - following a directional pattern Causal Order - to show a cause effect relationship. The first main point causes the second to effect. Problem-Solution - Two main points...first shows the existence and seriousness of a problem. Second presents a workable solution to the problem. Topical order - break the speech topic into sub-points. You can make any of the five orders you want

Most Important Factors of Credibility:

Competence and Character

Persuasion

Creating, reinforcing, changing people's beliefs or actions

Preparing and Managing a Q & A:

Formulate answers to possible questions Practice delivering the answers Approach questions with a positive attitude Answers should be directed to the entire audience, not just to the questioner Answer questions honestly and straightforwardly

What are tips the book uses to describe how to give a good delivery for your first speech?

Gain Speaking Experience Prepare, Prepare, Prepare Think Positively Use Visualization Nervousness Is Not Visible Don't Expect Perfection

Identify the steps of Monroe's motivated sequence

Gain the Attention of the audience Relate to audience, make startling statement, arouse curiosity, tell dramatic story. Identify Need for a change Illustrate with strong supporting materials Satisfaction Provide a solution Provide Visualization Use vivid imagery Call to Action Say exactly what you want the audience to do, and how to do it

List and explain the types of plagiarism

Global: Stealing from single source, passing off as one's own Patchwork: Stealing ideas, language from two or three sources, passing off as one's own Incremental: Failing to give credit for parts borrowed from other sources.

Types of Fallacies

Hasty Generalization - a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases, or on the basis of atypical cases. Bandwagon - Assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. Red Herring - Fallacy introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion. Slippery Slope - Assumes taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second step and so on down the slope to disaster. Either-or - A false dilemma, forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Hearing Vs. Listening

Hearing: Vibration of sound waves on eardrums. Listening: Paying close attention to what we hear.

Kinesics

Study of body motions as mode of communication

First step in good listening

Take listening seriously

Credibility

The audience's attitude toward or perception of the speaker.

Terminal Credibility

The audience's perception of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Initial Credibility

The audience's perception of the speaker before the speech begins.

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with the issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Burden of proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Nonverbal Communication

The speaker's use of voice and body to convey the message expressed by words.

Visualization

Using vivid imagery to show your listeners how they will profit from your policy. Make them see how much better conditions will be once the plan is adopted.

Aspects of the speaker's voice

Volume: loudness or softness of a speaker's voice Pitch: the highness or lowness of voice Rate: speed at which person speaks Pauses: momentary break in vocal delivery Vocal variety: variations in the rate, pitch, volume, and timing of a speaker's voice; When speaker says "uh," "er," "um," etc. Pronunciation: Accepted standard of sound, rhythm in given language Articulation: Physical production of speech sounds Dialect: Variety of language distinguished by accent, grammar, vocabulary