SPC2608: Final Exam

Monroe's Motivated Sequence Pattern

(1) Attention (2) Need (3) Satisfaction (4) Visualization (5) Action

How can speakers employ inclusive language?

(1) Avoid generic "he" (2) Avoid use of "man" when referring to both men and women (3) Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender (4) Use names that groups use to identify themselves

Three Elements of a Speech Title

(1) Brief (2) Attracts attention (3) Encapsulates the main thrust of the speech

Two Main Factors of Credibility

(1) Competence: how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge (2) Character: how an audience perceives a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for well-being

Six Guidelines for "Presenting" Visual Aids

(1) Display visual aids where listeners can see them (2) Avoid passing visual aids among the audience (3) Display visual aids only while discussing them (4) Explain visual aids clearly and concisely (5) Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid (6) Practice with your visual aids

Six Guidelines for Informative Speaking

(1) Don't overestimate what the audience knows (2) Relate the subject to the audience (3) Don't be too technical (4) Avoid abstractions (describe, compare, and contrast) (5) Personalize your ideas (6) Be creative

Two Criteria for Questions of Value

(1) Establish standards for the value judgment (2) Justify your claim(s)

Two Factors of Good Delivery

(1) Has a degree of formality (2) Possesses attributes of good conversation, such as directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and lively sense of communication

Three Criteria for an Informative Speech

(1) Is the information communicated accurately? (2) Is the information communicated clearly? (3) Is the information made meaningful and interesting to the audience?

Six Guidelines for "Preparing" Visual Aids

(1) Keep visual aids simple (2) Make sure visual aids are large enough (3) Use a limited amount of text (4) Use fonts effectively (5) Use color effectively (6) Use images strategically

How can you use images strategically?

(1) Make sure the images are large enough (2) Choose high-resolution images (3) Keep graphs and charts simple, including titles

Four Elements of the Speaker's Body

(1) Personal appearance (2) Movement (3) Gestures (4) Eye contact

Two Types of Online Speeches

(1) Recorded online speech: delivered, recorded, and then uploaded to the Internet (2) Real-time online speech: created specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered

Impromptu Speech

Delivered with little or no immediate preparation

Invalid Analogy

Fallacy where cases being compared are not essentially alike

What do concrete words do that abstract words do not?

They call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smells, and tastes, creating effective imagery

Informative Speeches about Objects

(1) Specific purpose focuses on one aspect of your visible, tangible, and stable subject (2) Can be organized in chronological, spatial, or topical orders

What are the three primary elements of delivery?

Enthusiasm, composure, and confidence

Four Factors of Effective Persuasion

(1) Speaker is perceived as having high credibility (2) Speaker wins over the audience with evidence (3) Speaker convinces the audience with reasoning (4) Speaker touches the audience's emotions with ideas and/or language

Informative Speeches about Events

(1) Specific purpose can recount history OR approach an event from a specific angle or combination of angles (2) Can be organized in chronological or topical orders

Informative Speeches about Concepts

(1) Specific purpose explains a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, etc. (2) Usually organized in topical order

Informative Speeches about Processes

(1) Specific purpose explains a process so that listeners will understand it better OR so that listeners can perform the process themselves (2) Usually organized in chronological order (can be organized topically if focusing on the major principles of a process)

How can speakers appeal to emotions?

(1) Use emotional language (2) Develop vivid examples (3) Speak with sincerity and conviction

Eight Elements of the Speaker's Voice

(1) Volume (2) Pitch (3) Rate (4) Pauses (5) Vocal variety (6) Pronunciation (7) Articulation (8) Dialect

Nonverbal Communication

Based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than the use of words

Vocalized Pauses

Pauses that occur when a speaker fills the silence between words (ex. "um")

Questions of Fact

Questions about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Questions of Policy

Questions about whether specific courses of action should or should not be taken

Questions of Value

Questions about worth, rightness, morality, and so forth

Concrete Words

Refer to tangible objects versus ideas or concepts

Speech titles can be _________, _________, or ____________

Straightforward; figurative; questions

How are connectives labeled on a preparation outline?

The connective's label is placed in brackets, followed by the italicized connective (i.e. connectives are not included in the outline's system of symbolization and indentation)

Denotative Meaning

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Connotative Meaning

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Visual Environment

The on-screen elements seen by the audience during an online speech

What is the special nature of the online environment?

The online environment entails a remote audience, factors of technology, and unique forms of interference

Rhythm

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

Visual Framework

The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

Specific Purpose Statements for Questions of Fact

The speaker draws a conclusion from the known facts and tries to convert listeners to his/her point of view

Tip for Presentation Technology

Use presentations to your greatest advantage: look for spots in your speech where slides will genuinely enhance your message

How do listeners process persuasive messages?

Via a mental dialogue, a give-and-take between speaker and listener

Four Common Rhythm Techniques

(1) Parallelism: similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences (2) Repetition: reiterating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses (3) Alliteration: repeating the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words (4) Antithesis: juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

Five Steps for Speech Delivery

(1) Present the preparation outline aloud (2) Prepare your speaking outline (3) Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline (4) Polish and refine delivery (5) Give your speech a "dress rehearsal," practicing under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class

Four Methods of Reasoning

(1) Reasoning from specific instances: moves from particular instances to general conclusions (2) Reasoning from principle: moves from general principle to specific conclusion (3) Causal reasoning: seeks to establish relationships between causes and effects (4) Analogical reasoning: compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for one is also true for the second

Five Elements of the Visual Environment

(1) Setting (2) Lighting (3) Framing (4) Eye contact (5) Personal appearance

Three Types of Credibility

(1) Initial credibility: before a speaker begins their speech (2) Derived credibility: produced by everything a speaker says (3) Terminal credibility: solidified at speaker's conclusion

What are the six elements of the persuasive code of ethics?

(1) Make sure goals are ethically sound (2) Study topic thoroughly so as to not mislead audience (3) Learn all sides of an issue (4) Be honest and present evidence accurately (5) Build speech on logic before appealing to emotions (6) Use appropriate, inclusive language

Three Criteria for Questions of Policy

(1) Need: is there a serious problem that requires a change from current policy? (i.e. burden of proof) (2) Plan: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? (3) Practicality: will the speaker's plan solve the problem or create new and more serious problems?

Six Types of Visual Aids

(1) Objects and models (2) Photographs and drawings (3) Graphs, including line, pie, and bar (4) Charts (5) Video (6) Speaker's body

Speaking Outline

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

Preparation Outline

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points (in the body), subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

Main Guideline for Preparation Outlines

All points at the same level on a preparation outline should immediately support the point that is just above and one notch left

How can you adjust pacing in an online speech?

Alter what appears on the audience's screen, and do not become bogged down in unnecessary details/digressions

Four Considerations for Appropriate Language

Appropriateness to the occasion, audience, topic, and speaker

Specific Purpose Statements for Questions of Policy

Argue whether a course of action should or shouldn't be taken, either gaining passive agreement or demanding immediate action

Speech delivery is an _____, not a science.

Art

On a preparation outline, how are the main points arranged?

As they are the most important ideas, they are farthest left

On a preparation outline, how are the subpoints and sub-subpoints arranged?

As they descend in level of importance, they are farther right than the main points

Good speech delivery does not do what?

Call attention to itself

Extemporaneous Speech

Carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Vocal Variety

Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expression

Specific Purpose Statements for Questions of Value

Demands a value judgment about an idea or course of action

Eye Contact

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person, maintained throughout a speech

Bandwagon

Fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is good, correct, or desirable

Appeal to Novelty

Fallacy that assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Appeal to Tradition

Fallacy that assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Slippery Slope

Fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Ad Hominem

Fallacy that attacks a person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Either-Or (False Dilemma)

Fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Red Herring

Fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Hasty Generalization

Fallacy that jumps from a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

False Cause (post hoc, ergo propter hoc: "after this, because of this")

Fallacy that mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

What is the main difference between impromptu and extemporaneous speeches?

Greater preparation goes into extemporaneous speeches

The study of body motions as a mode of communication is called what?

Kinesics

Inclusive Language

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

Pauses

Momentary breaks in the vocal delivery of a speech

Four Qualifications of Evidence

Must be specific, novel, credible, and clear