SPC2608: Final Exam
Monroe's Motivated Sequence Pattern
(1) Attention (2) Need (3) Satisfaction (4) Visualization (5) Action
How can speakers employ inclusive language?
(1) Avoid generic "he" (2) Avoid use of "man" when referring to both men and women (3) Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender (4) Use names that groups use to identify themselves
Three Elements of a Speech Title
(1) Brief (2) Attracts attention (3) Encapsulates the main thrust of the speech
Two Main Factors of Credibility
(1) Competence: how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge (2) Character: how an audience perceives a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for well-being
Six Guidelines for "Presenting" Visual Aids
(1) Display visual aids where listeners can see them (2) Avoid passing visual aids among the audience (3) Display visual aids only while discussing them (4) Explain visual aids clearly and concisely (5) Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid (6) Practice with your visual aids
Six Guidelines for Informative Speaking
(1) Don't overestimate what the audience knows (2) Relate the subject to the audience (3) Don't be too technical (4) Avoid abstractions (describe, compare, and contrast) (5) Personalize your ideas (6) Be creative
Two Criteria for Questions of Value
(1) Establish standards for the value judgment (2) Justify your claim(s)
Two Factors of Good Delivery
(1) Has a degree of formality (2) Possesses attributes of good conversation, such as directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and lively sense of communication
Three Criteria for an Informative Speech
(1) Is the information communicated accurately? (2) Is the information communicated clearly? (3) Is the information made meaningful and interesting to the audience?
Six Guidelines for "Preparing" Visual Aids
(1) Keep visual aids simple (2) Make sure visual aids are large enough (3) Use a limited amount of text (4) Use fonts effectively (5) Use color effectively (6) Use images strategically
How can you use images strategically?
(1) Make sure the images are large enough (2) Choose high-resolution images (3) Keep graphs and charts simple, including titles
Four Elements of the Speaker's Body
(1) Personal appearance (2) Movement (3) Gestures (4) Eye contact
Two Types of Online Speeches
(1) Recorded online speech: delivered, recorded, and then uploaded to the Internet (2) Real-time online speech: created specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered
Impromptu Speech
Delivered with little or no immediate preparation
Invalid Analogy
Fallacy where cases being compared are not essentially alike
What do concrete words do that abstract words do not?
They call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smells, and tastes, creating effective imagery
Informative Speeches about Objects
(1) Specific purpose focuses on one aspect of your visible, tangible, and stable subject (2) Can be organized in chronological, spatial, or topical orders
What are the three primary elements of delivery?
Enthusiasm, composure, and confidence
Four Factors of Effective Persuasion
(1) Speaker is perceived as having high credibility (2) Speaker wins over the audience with evidence (3) Speaker convinces the audience with reasoning (4) Speaker touches the audience's emotions with ideas and/or language
Informative Speeches about Events
(1) Specific purpose can recount history OR approach an event from a specific angle or combination of angles (2) Can be organized in chronological or topical orders
Informative Speeches about Concepts
(1) Specific purpose explains a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, etc. (2) Usually organized in topical order
Informative Speeches about Processes
(1) Specific purpose explains a process so that listeners will understand it better OR so that listeners can perform the process themselves (2) Usually organized in chronological order (can be organized topically if focusing on the major principles of a process)
How can speakers appeal to emotions?
(1) Use emotional language (2) Develop vivid examples (3) Speak with sincerity and conviction
Eight Elements of the Speaker's Voice
(1) Volume (2) Pitch (3) Rate (4) Pauses (5) Vocal variety (6) Pronunciation (7) Articulation (8) Dialect
Nonverbal Communication
Based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than the use of words
Vocalized Pauses
Pauses that occur when a speaker fills the silence between words (ex. "um")
Questions of Fact
Questions about the truth or falsity of an assertion
Questions of Policy
Questions about whether specific courses of action should or should not be taken
Questions of Value
Questions about worth, rightness, morality, and so forth
Concrete Words
Refer to tangible objects versus ideas or concepts
Speech titles can be _________, _________, or ____________
Straightforward; figurative; questions
How are connectives labeled on a preparation outline?
The connective's label is placed in brackets, followed by the italicized connective (i.e. connectives are not included in the outline's system of symbolization and indentation)
Denotative Meaning
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
Connotative Meaning
The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
Visual Environment
The on-screen elements seen by the audience during an online speech
What is the special nature of the online environment?
The online environment entails a remote audience, factors of technology, and unique forms of interference
Rhythm
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
Visual Framework
The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas
Specific Purpose Statements for Questions of Fact
The speaker draws a conclusion from the known facts and tries to convert listeners to his/her point of view
Tip for Presentation Technology
Use presentations to your greatest advantage: look for spots in your speech where slides will genuinely enhance your message
How do listeners process persuasive messages?
Via a mental dialogue, a give-and-take between speaker and listener
Four Common Rhythm Techniques
(1) Parallelism: similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences (2) Repetition: reiterating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses (3) Alliteration: repeating the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words (4) Antithesis: juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
Five Steps for Speech Delivery
(1) Present the preparation outline aloud (2) Prepare your speaking outline (3) Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline (4) Polish and refine delivery (5) Give your speech a "dress rehearsal," practicing under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class
Four Methods of Reasoning
(1) Reasoning from specific instances: moves from particular instances to general conclusions (2) Reasoning from principle: moves from general principle to specific conclusion (3) Causal reasoning: seeks to establish relationships between causes and effects (4) Analogical reasoning: compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for one is also true for the second
Five Elements of the Visual Environment
(1) Setting (2) Lighting (3) Framing (4) Eye contact (5) Personal appearance
Three Types of Credibility
(1) Initial credibility: before a speaker begins their speech (2) Derived credibility: produced by everything a speaker says (3) Terminal credibility: solidified at speaker's conclusion
What are the six elements of the persuasive code of ethics?
(1) Make sure goals are ethically sound (2) Study topic thoroughly so as to not mislead audience (3) Learn all sides of an issue (4) Be honest and present evidence accurately (5) Build speech on logic before appealing to emotions (6) Use appropriate, inclusive language
Three Criteria for Questions of Policy
(1) Need: is there a serious problem that requires a change from current policy? (i.e. burden of proof) (2) Plan: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? (3) Practicality: will the speaker's plan solve the problem or create new and more serious problems?
Six Types of Visual Aids
(1) Objects and models (2) Photographs and drawings (3) Graphs, including line, pie, and bar (4) Charts (5) Video (6) Speaker's body
Speaking Outline
A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
Preparation Outline
A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points (in the body), subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
Main Guideline for Preparation Outlines
All points at the same level on a preparation outline should immediately support the point that is just above and one notch left
How can you adjust pacing in an online speech?
Alter what appears on the audience's screen, and do not become bogged down in unnecessary details/digressions
Four Considerations for Appropriate Language
Appropriateness to the occasion, audience, topic, and speaker
Specific Purpose Statements for Questions of Policy
Argue whether a course of action should or shouldn't be taken, either gaining passive agreement or demanding immediate action
Speech delivery is an _____, not a science.
Art
On a preparation outline, how are the main points arranged?
As they are the most important ideas, they are farthest left
On a preparation outline, how are the subpoints and sub-subpoints arranged?
As they descend in level of importance, they are farther right than the main points
Good speech delivery does not do what?
Call attention to itself
Extemporaneous Speech
Carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
Vocal Variety
Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expression
Specific Purpose Statements for Questions of Value
Demands a value judgment about an idea or course of action
Eye Contact
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person, maintained throughout a speech
Bandwagon
Fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is good, correct, or desirable
Appeal to Novelty
Fallacy that assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
Appeal to Tradition
Fallacy that assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
Slippery Slope
Fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
Ad Hominem
Fallacy that attacks a person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
Either-Or (False Dilemma)
Fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
Red Herring
Fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
Hasty Generalization
Fallacy that jumps from a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
False Cause (post hoc, ergo propter hoc: "after this, because of this")
Fallacy that mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
What is the main difference between impromptu and extemporaneous speeches?
Greater preparation goes into extemporaneous speeches
The study of body motions as a mode of communication is called what?
Kinesics
Inclusive Language
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
Pauses
Momentary breaks in the vocal delivery of a speech
Four Qualifications of Evidence
Must be specific, novel, credible, and clear