~SPC2608~Final Exam: chpts 11-19
Bandwagon
A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
Appeal to Novelty
A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
Appeal to Tradition
A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
Slippery Slope
A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
Reflective-Thinking Method
A five step method for directing discussion in a problem solving small group
Pie Graph
A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
Bar Graph
A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
Consensus
A group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group
Implied Leader
A group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality
Emergent Leader
A group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations
Dyad
A group of two people
Brainstorming
A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts
Comparative Advantages Order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
Problem-Solution Order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
Problem-Cause-Solution Order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
Pause
A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
Vocalized Pause
A pause that occurs when a speakers fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as, "uh", "er", and "um".
Antithesis
A person or thing that is complete opposites
Speech to Gain Immediate Action
A persuasive speech in which the speaker' goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
Speech to Gain Passive Agreement
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.
Symposium
A public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic
Question of Fact
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
Question of Value
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
Question of Policy
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
Hidden Agenda
A set of unstated individual goals that many conflict with the goals of the group as a whole
Problem-Solving Small Group
A small Group formed to solve a particular problem
Impromptu Speech
A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
Informative Speech
A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
Oral Report
A speech presenting the findings, conclusion, or decisions of a small group
Acceptance Speech
A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
Speech of Introduction
A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
Manuscript Speech
A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.
Commemorative Speech
A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea
Speech of Presentation
A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
Contrast
A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, idea, etc.
Comparison
A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
Descriptions
A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness
Panel Discussion
A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience
Process
A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product
Creating Common Ground
A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
Cliche
A trite or overused expression
Dialect
A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
Chart
A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form
Graph
A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns
Chapter 11
Outline the Speech
Conversational Quality
Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.
Analogical Reasoning
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
Reasoning from Principle
Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
Reasoning from Specific Instances
Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
Casual Reasoning
Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
Repetition
Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
Alliteration
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
Procedural Needs
Routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group
Chapter 19
Speaking in Small Groups
Chapter 18
Speaking on Special Occasions
Chapter 15
Speaking to Inform
Chapter 16
Speaking to Persuade
Criteria
Standards on which a judgemnt or decision can be based
Task Needs
Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task
Evidence
Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
Leadership
The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals for the group
Pronunciation
The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.
Credibility
The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character
Terminal Credibility
The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
Initial Credibility
The credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak
Derived Credibility
The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
Need
The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy. Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy
Pitch
The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.
Denotative Meaning
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.
Volume
The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.
Connotative Meaning
The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.
Mental dialogue with the audience
The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
Logos
The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning
Ethos
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
Pathos
The name used by Artistole for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
Burden of Proof
The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
Rhythm
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.
Visual Framework (PowerPoint)
The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.
Articulation
The physical production of particular speech sounds.
Target Audience
The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
Persuasion
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
Reasoning
The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
Plan
The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy. If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
Parallelism
The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.
Rate
The speed at which a person speaks.
Kinesics
The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.
Practicality
The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy. Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
Generic "he"
The use of "he" to refer to both men and women
Imagery
The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.
Personalize
To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
Chapter 12
Using Language
Chapter 14
Using Visual Aids
Abstract Words
Words that refer to ideas or concepts
Concrete Words
Words that refer to tangible objects
Red Herring
A fallacy that introduced an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
Ad Hominem
A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
Either-or
A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
Concept
A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like
Speaking Outline (notecard)
A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.
Extemporaneous Speech
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
Small Group
A collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose
Font
A complete set of type of the same design
Monotone
A constant pitch or tone of voice.
Preparation Outline
A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
Hasty Generalization
A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
False Cause
A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
Invalid Analogy
An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
Fallacy
An error in reasoning
Simile
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
Metaphor
An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
Event
Anything that happens or is regarded as happening
Object
Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form
Vocal Variety
Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
Inflections
Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.
Nonverbal Communication
Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.
Maintenance Needs
Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group
Chapter 13
Delivery
Eye Contact
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
Delivery Cues
Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.
Clutter
Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.
Inclusive Language
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.
Chapter 17
Methods of Persuasion
Gestures
Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
