Special ed final

What is assistive technology, and in what ways can it help a child with a disability?

"any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of a child with a disability" - Ex: communication devices, vision aids, mobility devices - can help a child get around, communicate their needs, and learn

Identify the principles of effective communication

- Accept parents point of view: more likely to speak freely and openly - listen actively: comprehend, interpret, and respond - question freely: Open-ended - encourage: show instances of GOOD behavior and IMPROVEMENTS - stay focused: focus on education program and progress

What must an IEP be revised?

- At least once a year -- IEP must be revised when student needs change

In most states, what is the first step you take once you encounter a child with a behavior or learning problem that is not currently receiving special education services?

a pre-referral intervention: individualized intervention for a student experiencing academic or behavioral difficulties in the general education classroom before referring the student for formal testing and evaluation - RTI

What does functional assessment refer to?

a process that determines what in the environment is triggering the negative behaviors

How is an intellectual disability defined by IDEA?

a significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that ADVERSELY AFFECTS EDUCATION PERFORMANCE -- IQ ~70 --NOT sensory disabilities

what is an aura?

a warning sensation a short time before a seizure-- distinctive feelings, sights, sounds, tastes, and smells

What is required for all students with disabilities who school performance is adversely affected by the behavioral issue?

Behavior intervention plan (BIP)

how do IEPs of students with traumatic brain injury differ from other student's IEPs?

IEP goals and services may need to be reviewed and modified as often as every 30 days because of the dramatic changes in behavior and performance by some children during the early stages of recovery

What is meant by an annual goal on an IEP?

Measurable academic and functional goals designed to meet the child's needs that result from the child's disability in order to enable the child to be involved in and make progress in the general education curriculum, and meet each of the child's other education needs that result from the child's disability -- teachers CANNOT be prosecuted in court if a student doesn't meet goals

What should be the curriculum focus for students with emotional disabilities?

effective instruction in the personal, social, and academic skills required for success in school, community, and vocational settings

what are social stories

explain social situations and concepts and the expected behaviors of the people involved in a format understandable to an individual with autism. - use simple sentences and paragraphs, photos/drawings

What is the best way to effectively teach a student with an emotional or behavioral disorder?

explicit and systematic instruction

folklore of the blind

a collection of superstitions and myths equally divided between negative beliefs that blind people are either helpless and pathetic or evil and contagious and beliefs that blind people have special or even magical abilities and special powers of attention

What is self-determination?

a combination of skills, knowledge, and beliefs that enable a person to engage in self-regulated, autonomous behavior -- decision making, self-eval, problem solving, goal setting, self-management

Define pica

a form of self-injurious behavior in which the person ingests non-nutritive substances (dirt, rocks, etc.) by some people

why is it important to provide choice to students with severe disabilities

quality of life -- express preferences

if you are color blind, what colors are the most difficult to distinguish?

red/green

What is the fundamental, defining characteristic of students with learning disabilities?

severe low achievement despite generally effective instruction and intelligence in the normal range --this is the significant characteristic of learning disabilities-- achievement deficits despite average intelligence

what does a student with low vision use as a primary means of learning?

still vision- supplement with tactile and auditory input

What are the characteristics of Meniere's disease?

sudden and unpredictable attacks of vertigo, fluctuations in hearing and tinnitus

Explain school-wide positive behavior support

teach what to do

Define each of the five dimensions of language

- pragmatics: - phonology: - morphology: - syntax: - semantics:

what are two language disorders and how are they different from one another?

- receptive: difficulty understanding language - expressive: impairment with production of language

What are some advantages in using the response to intervention approach?

- reduction in the number of students referred for special education - reduction in the over-identification of minority students - increased likelihood that students are exposed to high quality instruction in the general education classroom

How do you determine if someone has an emotional disturbance?

- screening tests - direct observation - functional behavior assessment

what clause appears in both the IDEA definition of orthopedic impairment and other health impairments?

adversely affects academic performance

What is the ultimate goal of No Child Left Behind?

all children would be proficient in reading and math by 2014 and taught by qualified teachers highly trained in their subjects

Why does hearing loss sometimes go undetected in young children?

all infants do the same thing- babble, coo, and smile- so you wont know there is a hearing loss

What is the role of the cones of the eye?

definition of color and detail necessary for tasks like reading

identify the term that refers to tailoring teaching environments, curricula, and instructional practices to create appropriately varied learning experiences for students with different needs, interests, readiness, and learning profiles

differentiation

Define and provide an example for the four basic kinds of speech-sound errors

distortions: sounds more like the intended phoneme than another speech sound substitutions: substitute one sound for another omissions: may omit certain sounds, drop consonants from the ends of words additions: addition of extra sounds

what are some factors that can improve functioning of children with autism in general education classes?

- EIBI - parent training - one on one support - visual supports - technology --- NOT segregated classes

IDEA requires an IEP for students with disabilities between what ages?

- IEP goals are required for EVERY area of functioning affected by a disability - ages 3 to 21

How do you determine the least restrictive environment for a child? Once the LRE is determined, is this decision permanent for the student?

- LRE: setting that is the most similar to a regular classroom and meets the child's special education needs -- LRE: educated with non-disabled peers to the maximum extent possible - it is not permanent

What are the requirements for a nondiscriminatory evaluation?

- Nonbiased, multi-factored methods of evaluation - all tests must be administered in the child's native language - Identification and placement decisions cannot be made on the basis of a single test score -- need MULTIPLE tests

what are SIA's? Why do teachers use them as motivation for teaching a wide range of academic, social, and functional skills?

- SIA- special interest areas - teachers can use them as motivation for teaching a wide range of skills by incorporating what they like i.e. captain america

what is self-monitoring? How might this benefit a student with ADHD?

- a procedure in which a person observes his behavior systematically and records the occurrence (or not) of a specific behavior

What are some examples of screening tests used to evaluate emotional and behavior disorders?

- child behavioral checklist - behavioral and emotional rating scale - systematic screening for behavioral disorders

What are the initial reactions of parents who learn that their child has a disability?

- confronting, adjusting, accepting, or adapting - 1st: experience a period of emotional crisis characterized by shock, denial, and disbelief - 2nd: alternating feelings of anger, guilt, depression, shame, lowered self-esteem, rejection, and over protectiveness - 3rd: accept and adapt to child's disability

define assistive technology? What does the term not include?

- does NOT include surgically implanted medical device - device or service that assists a child with disabilities and improves functional capabilities

What should be emphasized in a curriculum for students with significant disabilities?

- functionality and age appropriateness - activities thought to be prerequisites for higher level skills

explain the genetic component of autism

- having one child with autism increases the chances of having another child with autism - identify if gene is passed down or gene mutations occur within the child - multiple genetic factors are likely to be present

according to recent research, what are the possible causes of autism

- neuropathology (abnormal prenatal and post-nata brain development or structure) - genetics - environmental factors (air pollution and toxic chemicals)

An IEP team is composed of what individuals?

- parents of the child - at least 1 regular ed teacher - at least one special ed teacher - a representative of the local agency - someone who can interpret the implications (ex. school psychologist) - the child, when appropriate

provide one example for each of the five dimensions of language

- phonology: pear v. bear - morphology: free morphemes- base and ball- and bound morphemes- s - syntax: help my chicken eat and help me eat my chicken - semantics: vocab - pragmatics: using language, changing language, and following rules

what is hydrocephalus? How is this treated, and what must teachers be aware of when having students with hydrocephalus in their classroom?

- the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in tissues surrounding the brain - treated by surgical insertion of a shunt (valve that diverts fluid away from the brain and into the blood stream) - teachers should be aware that blockage or disconnection or infection of the shunt may result in intracranial pressure -- drowsiness, vomiting, headache, irritability, seizure

despite significant statistics on head injuries, why is the number of children receiving special education services under the category of TBI relatively small?

- the majority are mild and don't adversely affect educational performance to the point of need special education services - human brain naturally compensates and recovers - served under another disability category

What does the law stipulate about the least restrictive environment?

- to the MAXIMUM EXTENT POSSIBLE, children with disabilities, are educated with children who are not disabled - only use separate settings when the nature or severity of the disability interferes with education in general ed classroom

what group is most likely to be identified as gifted and talented? What is primarily to blame for the underrepresentation of students from culturally diverse groups in gifted and talented programs?

- white, males - low rates of referrals because of educators low expectations and the use of culturally biased tests and instruments

What areas are defined as major life activities in the Americans with Disabilities Act?

1. Employment 2. Public entities (including public transportation) 3. Public accommodations and commercial facilities 4. Telecommunications -- leisure time is NOT included

what are the major principles of the Individuals with Disabilities Act? (6 of them)

1. Zero-reject 2. non-discriminatory identification and evaluation 3. free, appropriate public education 4. least restrictive learning environment -- may change over time 5. procedural safeguards 6. parent participation and shared decision making -- does NOT include gifted and talented

What are ten guidelines for communicating with parents and families?

1. don't assume that you know more about the child, their needs, and how those needs should be met 2. junk the jargon 3. don't let assumptions and generalizations about parents and families guide your efforts 4. be sensitive and responsive to culture and background 5. don't be defensive or intimidated 6. refer families to other professionals when needed 7. help parents strive for realistic optimism 8. start with something parents can be successful with 9. respect parents right to say no 10. don't be afraid to say I don't know

What is the visual acuity of someone considered legally blind?

20/200

How is intellectual disability defined by an IQ test?

50-55 to 70: mild impairment 35-40 to 50-55: moderate impairment 20-25 to 35-40: severe impairment below 20-25: profound impairment

in the U.S. who are the majority of people with hearing loss?

65 years of age and older

What is the IDEA definition of autism?

A DEVELOPMENTAL disorder affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age 3, that ADVERSELY AFFECTS a child's educational performance

what are similarities and differences between students with Asperger syndrome and students with autism?

Asperger's: don't have deficits in language and intellectual functioning -- 'high functioning autism' -- most distinctive feature is impairment in social areas

what teaching method is supported by scientifically validated research?

ABA

What is the language of the deaf culture in the U.S. and Canada?

American sign language

Why is it that you should never rely on written messages as the sole method of communication with parents? What percentage of 'parents rights' materials is written for parents understanding?

Parent's backgrounds and educational levels might make it hard to understand: if parents have to spend a great deal of time trying to understand the written messages from the school, they might view the messages as a nuisance and be discouraged from active involvement in their child's education

What academic area is most problematic for students with learning disabilities?

Reading

What is learned helplessness?

an individual's expectation of failure, regardless of his efforts, based on experiences of repeated failure -- set low personal standards and don't even try

explain total communication

an approach to educating deaf students that combines oral speech, sign language, and finger spelling

what is glaucoma?

abnormally high pressure within the eye caused by disturbances or blockages of fluid that normally circulate within the eye

What are some advantages and disadvantages of labeling students with disabilities?

advantages: recognize meaningful differences, access to accommodations, help practitioners and professionals communicate, funding and resources disadvantages: think only in terms of deficits, stigma, low expectations, lower self-esteem

what condition accounts for more hospitalizations than any other childhood disease and is the leading cause of absenteeism in school?

asthma (a chronic lung disease characterized by episodic bouts of wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing)

what are the elements of positive behavioral support?

begins with a functional assessment of the problem, results guide the development of positive behavioral support plans

researchers have consistently found a higher than usual incidence of ______ problems among students with learning disabilities

behavior

What can infants who can hear do at 1 month?

can discriminate speech sounds

what is the most common cause of spinal cord injuries?

car accidents (38%), falls, violence, and sports

what factors contribute to the problems that deaf students often experience in education and adjustment?

caused by inadequate development of a first language as well as the mismatch between the demands of spoken and written language and the students ability to understand and communicate in English

what is the most prevalent physical disability among school aged children

cerebral palsy

What is a resource teacher? What is their role?

certified special educators whose primary goal is providing intensive, individualized instruction on academic skills, social skills, and learning strategies -- students come to resource room for one or two periods a day to receive specialized instruction -- work with gen ed teachers to plan a program in gen ed classroom

Define phonological awareness

conscious understanding and knowledge that language is made up of sounds

What are functional academic skills?

content that increases a student's independence, self-direction, health and fitness -- everyday knowledge --public transportation, shopping, ATM, cooking

what kind of recreation and leisure activities should you encourage in a student with severe disabilities? Why is this now considered extremely important part of their curriculum?

helps interact socially and maintain physical health and motor skills and become more involved in community activities

how children with physical disabilities think about themselves and the degree to which others accept them often are affected by what variable?

how visible it is

why do children who are blind often have more difficulty than sighted children on cognitive tasks?

impaired or absent vision makes it difficult to see (literally and cognitively) the connections between experiences

What is the benefit in using Active Student Response activities in the classroom? What are some examples of active student response activities?

lessons in which students participate produce more learning and less misbehavior - ex: guided notes, response cards, choral responding, white boards

how can a student with a hearing loss qualify for special education services?

loss of hearing - permanent or fluctuating - that adversely affects a child's educational performance, but not included under deafness

Which gender is more likely to have externalizing disorders?

males

What is considered the 'king-pin' behavior of students with emotional disabilities?

noncompliance -- not following direction within a reasonable amount of time

What is the IDEA definition of emotional disturbance, and why is it considered vague?

one or more of 5 characteristics displayed over a long period of time and to a marked degree that ADVERSELY AFFECTS EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE: 1. inability to learn not explained by other factors 2. inability to build/maintain satisfactory relationships 3. inappropriate feelings/behaviors under normal circumstances 4. general pervasive mood of depression or unhappiness 5. tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with peer and school problems -- vague because some terms are vague (disorder, inappropriate), cultural definitions, diff expectations

What co-teaching model would be best if you wanted to lower the student-teacher ratio?

parallel teaching

List environmental causes of intellectual disabilities?

poverty, minimal opportunities to develop early language, child abuse or neglect, chronic social or sensory deprivation --poor environment early in child's life

define visual acuity

the ability to clearly distinguish forms or discriminate details at a specific distance

what is a closed head injury and what are some possible causes?

the brain slams against the inside of the cranium; caused by the head hitting a stationary object or hit by an object - car and bicycle accidents, falls, sports

as a child with hearing loss gets older, what does the achievement gap usually do? why is this?

the gap increases; fall a little more behind each year - gap widens as they get older

Define aphasia

the loss of speech functions; often, but not always refers to inability to speak because of brain lesions

What is emphasized in the IDEA definition of visual impairment?

the relationship between vision and learning-- ADVERSELY AFFECT educational performance

define residual hearing

the remaining hearing, however slight, of a person who is deaf

What is echolalia? Provide an example.

the repetition of what other people have said as if echoing them - ex: 7 y.o. with autism repeats phrases he heard on TV

What is respite care?

the temporary care of an individual with disabilities by a non-family member (provides additional support)

why is the number of students with visual impairments larger than the number reported in IDEA?

they are counted under other disabilities such as deaf blindness or multiple disabilities

What are some ways you can increase participation and engage as many students as possible in a lesson?

through individualizing instruction

the increase in the number of obese children has caused an increase in what disorder among children?

type 2 diabetes

RTI

universal screening and research based intervention before special education assessment

when is a child with a communication disorder eligible for special education services?

when the communication disorder affects learning or educational performance