Special Education: Preschool and Early Childhood Praxis 5691

language patterns

7 yrs. old

MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories

8 months to 2 years 6 months; forms for parental checklist

Prelinguistic

9-18 months bring attention to objects non-verbally by pointing or touching

42-48 mos Phonology

Use of cluster reduction decreases

What is the definition of family?

"A group of people who are important to each other and offer each other love and support, especially in times of crisis."

What is the Code of Ethics (of the National Association for the Education of Young Children)?

"Above all, we shall not harm children. We shall not participate in practices that are disrespectful, exploitative, intimidating, psychologically damaging, or physically harmful to children."

What is the definition of culture?

"Culture refers to many different factors that shape one's sense of group identity, including: race, ethnicity, religion, geographical location, income status, gender, sexual orientation, disability status, and occupation."

Developmental sequence for gross motor control:

- Head: lifting head in prone and supine - Shoulder: prone propping and reaching - Trunk: rolling over and sitting - Hip: creeping and crawling - Legs, knees, feet: cruising, walking, running, etc.

The most basic level of play is

Solitary play

36-42 mos Phonology

Use of reduplication, syllable deletion, assimilation, and FCD is less common

Sensory-integration

Use of sensory information to address tactile, vestibular, and proprioceptive senses

Regarding the knowledge of human development, *professionals* must have knowledge to be competent in _______ (name four):

- Communicating with parents - Assessing children's progress - Planning appropriate activities - Eligibility for special services

Developmental sequence for fine*motor control:

- Eye movement (tracking) - Reaching - Grasping -- with whole fist -- with all fingers-thumb opposing -- with thumb and index finger (progressively smaller objects)

What three crucial processes occur during fetal development?

- Fertilized egg (embryo) attaches to wall of *uterus* and is protected by *amniotic fluid.* - Embryo/fetus is nurtured by *placenta* (conduit between mother and fetus). - *Umbilical cord* is part of placenta that serves as primary means of exchange of nutrients and oxygen.

the best explanation of what norm-referenced test results shows?

"They show how your child compares to children of the same age and grade in school districts throughout the state."

protective factor

"a characteristic at the biological, psychological, family, or community (including peers and culture) level that is associated with a lower likelihood of problem outcomes or that reduces the negative impact of a risk factor on problem outcomes."

specific learning disability

"a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations." This disability category includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia and developmental aphasia (a type of language disorder). Nearly half of all disabled children are labeled in the category of SLD.

Other Health Impairment

"having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that— (a) is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis [a kidney disorder], rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia, and Tourette syndrome; and (b) adversely affects a child's educational performance." Conditions not listed can be included.

intellectual disability under IDEA

"significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently [at the same time] with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance." There are two key components within this definition: a student's IQ and his or her capability to function independently, usually referred to as adaptive behavior.

Formal operations stage:

(11 years to adulthood) The stage of adaptability, flexibility, and abstraction.

Preoperational stage:

(2 to 7 years) Characterized by rapid intellectual development. Child uses language to express ideas and begins to understand time, size, etc.

Concrete operations stage:

(7 to 11 years) The first stage of logic and uses real objects in problem solving. It is during this period that children can classify, sort, and organize facts about their world to use in problem solving.

Sensorimotor stage:

(Infancy to 18 months) Child integrates gross and fine motor development with the senses of sight and hearing. Child learns cause and effect through repetition, demonstrates object permanence and shows attachment.

Joshua enjoys riding the tricycle but refuses to participate in art activities for more than one minute at a time. The teacher makes access to the tricycle dependent on longer involvement during art time. The teacher's action is an example of the use of....

(The Premark principle)

What are the three aspects of language?

- Form (structure of language) - Content (the child's knowledge of the words and the interrelationship between words) - Use (pragmatics)

What are some challenges for Natural Environments?

- General educators must be prepared to work with children with disabilities and specialists must be prepared to work outside of a specialized setting. - The quality of the intervention depends on the expertise of the persons delivering the interventions. - Children with disabilities present a remarkably diverse and challenging array of risk factors and developmental disabilities that require specialized services. - Funding is needed to provide a continuum of services. - Few natural environments of high quality are available.

What is Inclusion?

- Greater placement in regular classrooms with non-disabled peers. - A continuum of services should be available.

What four dimensions should professionals provide psychological support for families?

- *Concrete Assistance* (helping parents identify basic needs and providing referrals to obtain resources for such items as decent housing, childcare, or transportation). - *Emotional Support* (encouraging, eliciting, listening to, and thinking about parents' descriptions of their experiences, including showing respect for parents' concerns and suggesting solutions that might alleviate fears). - *Developmental Guidance* (providing information about age-appropriate behaviors, interests, concerns, and conflicts, and suggesting positive parental responses). - Referral to a specially-trained mental health professional for *psychotherapy* (for complicated emotional needs).

What environmental influences during prenatal development are of primary concern?

- *Teratogens* (drugs, alcohol, radiation, bacteria) - *Maternal condition* (age, nutrition, infection, disease) - *Genetic makeup* - *Social habits and psychological status of the mother.*

What are the main principles of Personalization?

- A child's abilities/needs are unique and specific to that individual. - Each child's success is dependent on the quality of interaction, therapy, and education provided. - A full spectrum of services and placement options are needed to appropriately serve each child's needs. - The focus of intervention must be on achieving goals and maximizing all learning opportunities. - Family values, priorities, and needs must be honored, and the primacy of parent decisions respected. - Comprehensive care requires full community commitment.

How can educators encourage family empowerment?

- Assume that families are competent or capable of becoming competent, - Create opportunities for families to display competence, - Enable families to develop a sense of personal control.

Why is Cultural Sensitivity so challenging?

- Assumed similarity - Ethnocentrism/denigration of differences - Anxiety/tension - Prejudice - Stereotyping - Comfort with the familiar

What are the six current assumptions of the early childhood special education field?

- Attitude of Science - Personalization - Cultural Sensitivity - Family Empowerment - Collaboration - Ethical Conduct

What three goals should we have as professionals?

- Becoming the very best educator you can be. - Supporting others in providing quality services. - Maintaining high ethical standards.

What are some factors that pose a risk for secure attachment?

- Caregiver substance abuse - Child abuse - Neglect - Low SES - Infant prematurity - Absent father - Overcrowding

What are the three main patterns of development?

- Cephalo-Caudal (head to toe) - Proximal-Distal (inner to outer) - Refinement (increasing complexity)

What are some attributes of collaborative teaming?

- Common goal/set of goals. - Agreement on strategies for achieving each goal. - Commitment to meaningful interactions, individual skill development, and task completion. - Commitment to positive interdependence. - Commitment to a system of decision making and accountability.

What factors belong on the list of developmental influences?

- Heredity and Environment - Economic - Family Configuration - Childcare - Psychological Factors - Education of Parents and Child - Culture - Ethnicity - Technology

What are the three models for collaboration?

- Multidisciplinary (members work independently, meet to share goals and progress reports, and have little direct coordination of efforts) - Interdisciplinary (members may conduct assessments and plan goals together, but provide direct services independently) - Transdisciplinary (members share roles and combine their assessment and treatment tasks, so that one individual could provide all needed services)

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

- Ovum - Embryo - Fetus

What are the two types of changes that are required in the sequence of normal development in children as they grow older?

- Physical - Psychological

What are the implications for Personalization?

- Requires full funding. - Requires personnel training (highly qualified personnel). - Requires well-documented, evidence-based best practices. - Requires advocacy.

What major organ systems are developed during the embryonic and fetal stages?

- Respiratory - Cardiovascular - Renal - Gastrointestinal - Neurological - Integumentary - Musculoskeletal

What are the first four stages of the cognitive-developmental theory? (Piaget)

- Sensorimotor (infancy to 18 months) - Preoperational (2 to 7 years) - Concrete operations (7 to 11 years) - Formal operations (11 years to adulthood)

What are the five stages of the Stage Theory Response (Grief)?

- Shock, Disbelief, and Denial - Anger and Resentment - Bargaining - Depression and Discouragement - Acceptance

Use/pragmatics of language

- Speech acts - Conversational postulates - Presuppositions

0-8 mos Phonology

0-2 mos: vegetative sounds 2-4 mos: cooing, laughing 4-6 mos: quasi-resonant nuclei 6-10 mos: canonical, reduplicated babbling Jargon babble with intonation contours of language being learned

Waldorf Stages of Development

0-6, 7-14, 14-18

What are the five primary stages of growth (relative to early childhood development)?

1) Prenatal period 2) Neonatal period 3) Infancy period 4) Toddler stage 5) Early childhood stage

Humanistic model

1) Students' learning should be self-directed. 2) Schools should produce students who want and know how to learn.3) The only form of meaningful evaluation is self-evaluation. 4) Feelings, as well as knowledge, are important in the learning process. 5) Students learn best in a nonthreatening environment

Emerging Language

18-36 months o begin speaking o single words o two word utterances

Head Start formed in what year?

1965

The concept of inclusive programs for students with disabilities began in the early

1990s

stages of play - exploratory

2 to 10 months; manipulates single objects; often solitary with some joint action

List 5 developmental disorders related to early intervention

1. Abuse and Neglect 2. Maternal Depression 3. Autism 4. Late Talking 5. Premature Birth

List 5 biological disorders related to early intervention:

1. Down Syndrome 2. Hearing Impairment 3. Cleft Palate 4. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 5. Sensory Integration

Choice Theory/Control Theory (Glasser)

10 axioms, 7 caring habits, 7 deadly habits

"change in placement"

10 consecutive days

sleep for a 6 yr. old

10 hours

stages of play - functional play

10-18 months; pretends to use objects for typical functions (holding phone to ear, brushing hair, pushing truck and making engine noises); self as agent (child is making the action happen); joint action with adult is more varied (peek-a-boo, horsie rides, etc.)

respond to request for assessment

15 days

stages of play - symbolic play

16-18 months; demonstrates tool use (use stick to retrieve a toy); uses lifelike props for pretend play of daily activities (sleeping, eating, etc); begins to use one object to represent another (banana for phone); self as agent acts on self (combs his/her own hair); noninteractive parallel play (plays beside another person/child but not with them); also considered Westby's Stage 1 for 17-19 months

what year did the the federal government enact legislation changing the term mental retardation to intellectual disabilities in all federal law.

2012

personality patterns

3 yrs. old

developmental milestones - exp lang - 18 mos

3-15 words produced; may name objects

Part B ages

3-21

Developing Language

3-5 years o vocab exceeds 50 words o make sentences o MLU=more than 2 but less than 5 o language really begins to take off

According to IDEA, Developmental delays occur in children between the ages of:

3-9.

IEP must be written with how many days of when a child is found to have a disability?

30 days

How many times higher is the poverty rate for children in single mother families than that of two-parent families?

5 times.

behavior patterns

5 yrs. old

stages of play - object manipulation (nonfunctional)

5-12 months; combines two objects in playful way (banging, stacking, pushing, lining up, etc); often solitary with some joint action

Which law protects the rights of this child and requires the teacher to develop accommodations for this child based on the medical needs?

504

Normal babies can see, hear, smell, taste, and feel and integrate such sensory information by this age.

6 months

Middle Childhood

6-12

Evaluation report must be written within how many days of receipt of parental consent for testing?

60 days

SBE/Standards-Based Education

A Nation at Risk, Goals 2000: The Educate America Act; The NCLB Act of 2001

Basic principles for response cost include:

A behavior management technique that consists of stating the cost for a specific misbehavior before it occurs, implementing the penalty every time the misbehavior occurs and combining this with a reward or praising plan to teach or strengthen desired behaviors.

Jan is a child with a visual impairment, what would be the best way for Jan's parents to assess her reacreation and leisure

A checklist from the expanded core curriculum

Jan is a child with a visual impairment. Which of the following is the best way for Jan's parents to assess her recreation and leisure skills?

A checklist from the expanded core curriculum

Exceptionality is best defined as:

A condition that requires individualized instruction, additional educational support or services and encompasses physical, mental and/or emotional conditions including gifted or talented abilities.

Establishing a discrepancy between Cognitive Ability (IQ) and Academic Achievement:

A discrepancy formula is used, and is used to document a SLD (Specific Learning Disability).

Deafness

A hearing loss above 90 decibels

The Slingerland Method

A highly structured, multi-sensory teaching method used for group instruction of students with specific learning disabilities is:

Referral

A lead agency or EIS provider receives a referral and then has 45 days for screening (if applicable), initial evaluation, initial assessments (of the child and family), and the initial IFSP meeting to be completed. (parental consent MUST be obtained before proceeding after referral)

Discrete Trial Analysis

A method of teaching new skills through small tasks in a structured, repetitive manner. used to teach students with autism where targeted skills are broken down into smaller, more manageable tasks.

Cognitive behavioral management

A method of training students to recognize and replace destructive thought patterns with constructive thought patterns

Which of the following is an example of an informal assessment?

A portfolio

Applied Behavior Analysis

A practice of learning theory that involves understanding what leads to new skills. This approach is often effective for children who have autism.

Progress on improving attitudes toward people with disabilities has been spurred by the movement of using "people first" language, which is demonstrated by saying

A preschool girl with autism

Functional Behavioral Asessement

A problem-solving process for addressing a student's problem behavior using a variety of techniques and strategies. The process of gathering and analyzing information about a student's behavior and accompanying circumstances in order to determine the purpose or intent of the actions. This investigation is designed to help educators determine the appropriateness of the student's present educational placement and services, and whether changes would help the student to display more acceptable behavior; identify positive interventions that would reduce the undesirable behaviors; and identify appropriate behaviors to be substituted in the place of the inappropriate ones.

Manifestation determination

A process that determines whether a problem behavior is attributable to a student's disability, The purpose of this review is to determine whether or not the child's behavior that led to the disciplinary infraction is linked to his or her disability.

Functional behavioral assessment

A process which describes a student's disruptive behaviors, looks for the reasons behind the behaviors and offers interventions that teach new behaviors to replace the undesired ones. Seeks the "why" to provide behavior interventions.

Describe the *embryonic stage:*

From conception to 8 weeks... Most structural development occurs (brain, heart, spinal cord, extremities, etc.)...

Cerebral Palsy:

A term that refers to several different disorders of posture and movement. Children who have cerebral palsy have damage to the area of their brain that controls muscle tone. The parts of the body that are affected by abnormal muscle tone depend on where the brain damage occurs.

Practical skills

Activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone.

A young student shows a special interest in balloons. The teacher then uses balloons in various activities throughout the day to target skills by having the student request balloons, follow directions in painting balloons, use words relating to balloons, and play games with balloons. The teacher's approach best exemplifies...

Activity-based intervention

A federal law that was passed in 1988, called The Technology Assistance Act for Individuals with Disabilities, supports programs for assistive technology for individuals with disabilities of

All ages

Intellectual functioning

Also called intelligence—refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem solving, and so on.

Augmentative communication

An approach that encompasses many different methods to build or augment communication. Adapting existing vocal or gestural abilities and static symbols or icons and using technological devices for speech and language are all examples

When a young child consistently fails to utilize the expected developmental speech sounds and repeatedly demonstrates problems with pronounciation, the child MOST probably has

An articulation disorder

Prenatal period:

From conception to birth, includes embryonic and fetal stages of pregnancy. Rapid growth occurs.

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

An educational right of children with disabilities in the United States that is guaranteed by the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

Neonatal period:

From birth to 30 days of age, includes the transition from fetal dependence to independence. *Average size is 7-7.5 lbs, 18-21" long, and head circumference of 12-15".

Performance-based assessment

Analyzes data that reflects how a student understands and applies knowledge. Use data from measurable tasks that the students perform that are both meaningful and engaging to students.

A teacher plans to introduce a new mathematics concept in a first-grade general education classroom that includes two students with developmental delays. What is most likely to provide the teacher with appropriate data to differentiate instruction for the students?

Analyzing each students performance on previously taught concepts to identify possible strengths and weaknesses

Which of the following steps allows the team to determine whether the student is meeting the goals set forth?

Annual review

Separation anxiety usually begins around the age of:

Around 9 months of age, peaks around 12 months of age and disappears around 24 months of age.

assimilation

Assimilation takes new information or experiences and incorporates them into our existing ideas. Jill is a four-year-old child. Her mother has taught her how to brush her hair. Today, her mother gave her a new brush and told Jill it was for her hair. Jill immediately began to brush her hair.

Emotional Development: At 4 years old, a child should be able to......

Attribute "happiness" to getting what they want (even if they have to break rules to get it).

How can the SLP check on cognitive status of the infant?

Auditory & Visual Stimulus Test, Attention to stimulus

A student who has difficulty remembering simple directions that are provided by the teacher throughout a lesson is likely to have which of the following types of problems?

Auditory memory problems

13 categories under IDEA of disabilities

Autism Deaf-Blindness Deafness Emotional Disturbance Hearing Impairment Intellectual Disability Multiple Disabilities Orthopedic Impairment Other Health Impairments Specific Learning Disability Speech or Language Impairment Traumatic Brain Injury Visual Impairment

Developmental Milestones

Average age at which children acquire skills.

18-24 mos Semantics

Average expressive vocabulary size: 200-300 words at 24 mos Understand single words for objects out of sight Understand two-words relations similar to those expressed Prevalent relations expressed: agent-action, agent-object, action-object, action-location, entity location, possessor-possession, demonstrative-entity, attribute-entity

12-18 mos Semantics

Average expressive vocabulary size: 50-100 words at 18 most Semantic roles expressed in one-word speech include: agent, action object, location, possession, rejection, disappearance, nonexistence, denial Words are understood outside of routine games; still need contextual support for lexical comprehension

24-30 mos Phonology

Awareness of rhyme emerges

The behavior theory regarding speech and language development holds that:

Children imitate models; language is learned through operant conditioning - modeling and reinforcement.

An example of a study skills that is necessary for all students with disabilities is

Behavior self-management

Maturation across developmental domains is characterized by:

Behavioral markers or key milestones.

What is involved in active listening?

Being attentive to the speaker on multiple levels: hearing, interpreting, sorting, and analyzing.

Child Find is a component of IDEA that requires states to identify, locate and evaluate all children with disabilities who are in need of early intervention or special education services between the ages of:

Birth to 21

Part C ages

Birth to 3

Infant/Toddler Development Assessment (IDA)

Birth to 3 years; assessess 8 skills of development; results scored in age equivalency

Early Childhood

Birth-Six

Criterion-referenced test

Brigance Inventory of Early Development II

Identify which of the following court cases focused on the schools responsibility to provide medical services to students with disabilities if the situation does not require a physicians care

Brown

18-24 mos Syntax

Brown's Stage I: Basic Semantic Roles and Relations Two-word utterances emerge Word order is consistent Utterances are "telegraphic" with few grammatical markers

24-30 mos Syntax

Brown's Stage II: Grammatical Morphemes Early emerging acquisition: -ing in, on , plural /s/ Use of no, not, can't, don't as negation between subject and verb Questions formed with rising intonation only Sentences with semi-auxiliaries gonna, wanna, gotta, hafta, appear

30-36 mos Syntax

Brown's Stage III: Modulation of Simple Sentences Present tense auxiliaries appear Be verbs used inconsistently Overgeneralized past-tense forms appear

36-42 mos Syntax

Brown's Stage IV: Emergence of Embedded Sentences First complex sentence forms appear Auxillary verbs are placed correctly in questions and negatives Irregular past tense, articles (a, the), possessive ('s) acquired

42-48 mos Syntax

Brown's Stage Late IV- Early V Early emerging complex sentence types, including: -Full prepositional clauses -Wh- clauses -Simple infinitives -Conjoined

48-60 mos Syntax

Brown's Stage V Later developing morphemes acquired, including: -Be verbs -Regular past -Third person /s/ Past tense auxiliaries used Later developing complex sentences used, including: -Relative clauses (right branching) -Infinitive clauses with different subjects -Gerund clauses -wh- infinitive clauses Basic sentence forms acquired

Tests for motor abilities

Bruininks Orseretsky, Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Peabody Developmental, Test of Gross Motor Development, 2nd. ed.

education of the individual

Bruner, Piaget, Kohlberg

18-24 mos Phonology

By 24 mos, 9-10 initial and 5-6 final consonants are used Speech is 50% intelligible 70% of consonants are correct CVC and two-syllable words emerge

Describe the *fetal stage:*

From 8 weeks to birth... Maturation of body systems...

complications from LBW & prematurity

CP, ASD, Lung problems, vision impairments, global developmental delay, feeding problems

Standardized tests

Can also determine limitations in adaptive behavior.

Qualitative research

Can provide additional, and sometimes critical, information as to what interventions can and should be used for struggling students. Provides documentation regarding how research-based practices work. Qualitative research rounds out the picture or provides more detailed information and examples related to implementation issues.

Emotional Development: At 7-8 months old, a child should be able to......

Categorize emotions.

Which of the following is a recommended method for teaching students with disabilities about employement and life skills in the area of vocational skills training?

Community based instruction

Assessment for determination of need

Conducted if found eligible after comprehensive evaluation. Refers to procedures that are used throughout the time a child is in early intervention to: identify a child's unique strengths and needs, and determine what services are necessary to meet those needs.

An "applied and integrated curriculum" connects:

Connects academic and vocational learning.

Holly is a 3 year old child with a hearing loss whose father often plays games with her. Her father pours eight ounces of juice into a tall thin glass. He asks Holly which container has the most juice and Holly says the tall thin glass. Holly is showing she has not yet acquired which ability closely associated with Piaget?

Conservation

Recommended methods of intervention for aggressive behavior include:

Consistency in discipline is very important and sometimes expulsion is necessary for students who demonstrate chronic, uncontrollable behavior; however, behavioral management and medication are effective intervention methods that can effectively reduce the behavior.

For students in special education, the IEP team must consider the most appropriate option for delivery of educational services such as a general education class, or a resource room. These options are called

Continuum of educational placements

Special education teachers are expected to hold highly qualified status when teaching

Core academic subjects .Alternate achievement standard .Multiple subjects

"They show how your child's individual performance and effort during the entire learning process."

Criterion-referenced

Differential reinforcement:

Decrease inappropriate behavior by ignoring it and providing reinforcement for positive behavior.

Early indicators of intellectual disability

Delay in reaching developmental milestones such as sitting up and talking. Difficulty remembering things Trouble comprehending accepted social behaviors and/or understanding the consequences to actions. Poor problem-solving skills

Speech and language disorders.

Developmental articulation disorder, developmental expressive language disorder and developmental receptive language disorder.

Three syndromes that are major causes of deaf/blindness are:

Down, Trisomy 13, and Usher.

Emergent Literacy

Early literate behaviors and experiences- Being read to, observing adults read, learn to read signs and environmental print, experiment with writing, watch others write, and learn to talk to communicate.

GOALS 2000

Educate America Act of 2004

What is the most important goal for educators when collaborating with families of students?

Ensuring that students are successful and learn

One of the MOST influential factors in the development of a childs social-emotional domain is the

Environment

Maternal infection during pregnancy, pre-maturity, trauma, brain injury and prenatal exposure to drugs are examples of:

Environmental causes of intellectual disabilities

Typically results in developtmental delay (IDEA)

Examples of these conditions include chromosomal abnormalities; genetic or congenital disorders; severe sensory impairments, including hearing and vision; inborn errors of metabolism; disorders reflecting disturbance of the development of the nervous system; congenital infections; disorders secondary to exposure to toxic substances, including fetal alcohol syndrome; and severe attachment disorders.

At-Risk:

Exceed the norms in several areas or the range of normalcy in a few areas.

Emotional Development: At 6-7 years old, a child should be able to......

Experience complex emotional responses to breaking rules... empathize with victim and attribute "willpower" to denial of "happiness" when achieving that would result in breaking a rule.

Two very distrinct methods of instruction that may be used with students who have disabilities are ___________ instruction and ___________instruction.

Explicit and implicit

Range of Reaction

Extent to which children achieve potential.

Family stress theory

Families first experience grief and stress, and then they develop coping processes and find the resources they need to help their child.

8-12 mos Phonology

First 50 words -Most often have CV shape -Use same consonants used in early babbling -Use of reduplication, syllable deletion, assimilation, and FCD is common -Words are selected or avoided for expression based on favored sounds

The children with Specific Learning Disabilities Act was written in 1969.

First legislation protecting the educational rights of children with special needs and learning disabilities was drafted in which of the following years?

Psychoeducational model

Focuses on how teachers must understand the causes of negative behavior and how to help the student acquire self control through reflection and planning

24-30 mos Pragmatics

Frequency of topic continuations increase, mostly through repetition "Please" used for polite requests New intents include: -Symbolic play -Talk about absent objects -Misrepresenting reality (lies, teases) Narratives are "heap stories", primarily labels and descriptions

18-24 mos Pragmatics

Frequency of word use increases over preverbal communication New intents include: -Requesting information -Answering questions -Acknowledging Frequency of communicative acts 7.5/min of free play

Toddler stage:

From 1 year to 3 years of age. Weight is 4 times birth weight, and height is 32-33 inches. Dentition is almost complete. Food preferences clear, but appetite inconsistent.

Early childhood stage:

From 3 years to 6 years of age. Children begin steady linear growth. Brain is 90% of total, and children begin to lose baby teeth.

Infancy period:

From 30 days to 12 months of age, is a time of rapid physical growth. Will triple birth weight and be 1.5 times birth height by one year old. Tooth eruption occurs, meal patterns are established, and infant sleeps 12 hours a day.

Elements of BIP

Gather background data, conduct FBA, causal manifest determination

One step in the placement process would be a comprehensive evaluation for the purpose of

Gathering information to make critical decisions about the child's program.

The ultimate goal of teaching self-care skills for a student with a disability is to become indepentent in her own care. To perform at this level, students must learn the necessary skills and then __________across settings.

Generalize

Transition

Going from one type of special education to the next kind ie from early intervention to preschool to school to the world

Diana v. State Board of Education (1970), Larry P. v. Riles (1972), and Lau v. Nichols (1974), influenced the drafting of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and addressed the issue of

Helped establish the principle of nondiscriminatory assessment of students from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Typical play development at the age of 15 months.

Helping with dressing is

Interactionist

High/Scope, School for Constructive Play, Piaget-Derived Curriculum, Young Thinkers

48-60 mos Pragmatics

Hints that do not mention the intention in the request ("Those smell good!") emerge Ability to address specific requests for clarification increases Narratives are "chains" with some plot, but no high point or resolution

What population is the fastest growing minority and has the highest rates of poverty, highest rates of school dropouts, and are educated in the most highly segregated schools?

Hispanic Americans.

Who tend to be overrepresented in special education?

Hispanics, African Americans, and American Indians.

Typical play development at the age of 9 months

Holding and drinking from a bottle is

What are Natural Environments?

Homes... Daycare centers... Preschools... (regular settings) *Specialized Services are critical.*

Perceptual motor

How the muscles coordinate their movements with the information that is received through the environment by the senses

8-12 mos Pragmatics

Illocutionary intents expressed with gestures and vocalizations: -Requesting objects and actions -Refusing -Commenting -Communicative games Frequency of communicative acts 2.5/min of free play

Which of the following best characterizes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Impulsive, forgetful, moody and restless to the point of disruption. Additionally children with ADHD may be unpredictable and may be unable to follow through with tasks.

Which of the following best describes characteristics of autism?

Inability to communicate and interact socially. Additionally, a child with autism may prefer to be alone, may avoid eye contact, exhibit unusual attachment to objects, make repetitive motions, show unusual reactions to physical sensations, have impulsive behavior without a sense of danger, cry and have temper tantrums for no apparent reason and/or have very high or very low activity levels.

Which of the following best describes characteristics of hearing impairment?

Inability to follow instructions, seeming distracted or confused, asking for information to be repeated, mispronunciation of words. Additionally, the student may turn their ear toward a sound or may favor one ear over the other.

emotional disturbance

Includes deficits in three specific areas, namely emotional development, behavioral development, and cognitive development.

Executive functioning

Includes impulse control, attention, transitioning, planning, organizing, and initiating tasks.

examples of assessment

Infant/Toddler Developmental Assessment (IDA), Developmental Profile-3 (DP-3), Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5), Receptive and Expressive Emergent Language-3 (REEL-3), MacArthur Communicative Developmental Inventories, feeding assessment

If a student with a disability requires special services, in order to access and benefit from an education, even through those services are expensive, which of the following legal cases supports this student's right to obtain these services?

Mills v Board of Education

Used to evaluate a student's own performances & progress individually--most often to collect data by the preschool teachers & more appropriate for program planning. Ex.--> observations, journals, written drafts, and conversations...

Informal assessment

One of the essential ingredients in providing an appropriate program for children wtih special needs is for the school to emphasize

Interagency collaboration

Social skills

Interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (i.e., wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized.

Who developed the cognitive-developmental approach which recognizes a fixed sequence in which thinking processes emerge?

Jean Piaget.

48-60 mos Semantics

Knowledge of letter names and sounds emerges Knowledge of numbers and counting emerges Use of conjunctions where, so, because, if

Bloom's taxonomy

Knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation

Conceptual skills

Language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction.

Nativist theories hold that language is:

Language is innate or produced by biology.

Conceptual deficits, memory deficits, behavior deficits, visual perceptive and auditory perceptive deficits, and spatial/body awareness deficits are all characteristics of:

Learning disabilities

Students with ___________ are most likely to have academic gaps between their acheivement and abilities in the areas of reading, writing and math.

Learning disabilities

phonological awareness continuum

Listening and rhyming, Alliteration Sentence Segmentation Syllables Onset and Rime Phonemes (Phonemic Awareness)

12-18 mos Pragmatics

Locutionary intents express same functions with words that were expressed before with preverbal means

Intellectual disabilities are classified as:

Mild, moderate, severe or profound

A middle school student with an emotional disability demonstrates disruptive behaviors in the general education setting but is placed in this inclusive setting the majority of the day. According to research, a key factor in controlling this students behavior is

Modeling

36-42 mos Pragmatics

More flexibility in requesting, including: -Permission derivities (Can you...?) -Indirect requests (Would you...?) Direct requests decrease in frequency, as indirect requests increase Narratives are "primitive", with theme and some temporal

Visual impairments can result in:

Motor, cognitive and/or social developmental delays.

Two of the MOST important trends in the area of early childhood education are

Natural environments and parent involvement

42-48 mos Pragmatics

New functions emerge, including: -Reporting on past events -Reasoning -Predicting -Expressing empathy -Creating imaginary roles and props -Maintaining interactions

The Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 states:

No qualified handicapped individuals should be excluded (solely be reason of his/her handicap) from participation in, be denied benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

enforces section 504

Office of Civil Rights

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of Dyslexia?

Omitting words, difficulty memorizing content, difficulty in following instructions, and difficulty in reading. The characteristics vary at different ages and levels of maturity; however, common characteristics in children with dyslexia include reading, spelling and comprehension skills that fall below expectations; difficulty recalling words; errors in reading, writing and spelling including reversals, substitutions, additions and omissions. Often have average or above average intelligence and are frequently very creative and skilled with hands-on activities.

Implementation of early invention programs

One of 6 major provisions of IDEA mandated to schools.

Occupational therapy addresses issues relating to:

Oral motor function, visual perception, sensory awareness/processing, fine motor skills and skills relating to self-care and pre-vocational tasks.

What are the normal measurements for a child in the 6 years stage?

Other: Brain is 90% adult growth; may begin to lose primary teeth.

What best describes the impact of the Project Head Start program on parenting practices?

Parents realized the importance of reading to their child at least several times a week.

0-8 mos Pragmatics

Perlocutionary: caregivers attribute intent to child's actions

What aspect(s) of the FIS model can be used to assist in the assessment of the infant with feeding problems?

Physical (growth and maturation) / social (zone of proximal development)

5 Developmental Areas that services are designed to identify

Physical development, cognitive development, communication, social or emotional development, and adaptive development

Cognitive Development Theory

Piaget is associated with...

symbolic function

Piaget: Develops between the ages of 2 and 4, children master the ability to picture, remember, understand, and replicate objects in their minds that are not immediately in front of them. In other words, children can create mental images of objects and store them in their minds for later use.

Chromosomal abnormalities causing MR

Prader-Willi, Down Syndrome

Victor Lowenfeld's stage of art for preschoolers

Preschematic

Emotional Development: At 2-3 years old, a child should be able to......

Produce defiant behavior as an expression of individuality and autonomy... Attribute emotion (happiness/sadness) to getting what they want.

What is non-contingent helping?

Providing services or support for families while expecting no proactive behavior on the part of families.

Andy is an 8-year-old student with EBD. Andy is disruptive in the general education classroom, so the IEP team is recommending that he be placed in a self-contained classroom. Which of the following steps must be taken before determining that a self-contained classroom would be the least restrictive environment for Andy?

Providing supplementary aids, services, and behavioral accommodations demonstrates that all attempts have been made to accommodate the student and make the general education environment the least restrictive environment.

Effective early childhood educators must ______ and preserve diversity, _______ shared beliefs and traditions, and ______ that which is distinctive in the many groups that make up this nation.

RESPECT, CELEBRATE, and HONOR.

Range of Normalcy

Range within it is typical for children to acquire skills.

Emotional Development: At 2 years old, a child should be able to......

Realize that the emotions of others have consequences for them... Regulate others with their emotions (sadness works best).

In testing or assessments, the term "validity" refers to:

Refers to the ability of the measurement to measure what it claims to measure

Which of the following best describes the main accomplishment of a typical baby during the first six weeks after birth?

Reflexes increase in efficiency and complexity

What best describes the main accomplishment of a typical baby during the first six weeks after birth?

Reflexes increase in efficiency and complexity.

Emotional Development: At 18 months old, a child should be able to......

Regulate emotions or impulses.

Elaine is 3 years old. She exhibits age-appropriate motor skills, but her parents express concern that she does not answer questions verbally; she only points and nods or shakes her head. Which of the following actions is a preschool teacher's best initial response to the situation?

Screening Elaine for receptive and expressive language skills. A screening will provide information to determine if an additional evaluation is needed and is the first step in the evaluation process.

What is included in attachment theory?

Secure relationships between infant and caregiver are the basis for emotional maturation. Sensitivity and responsiveness of caregiver build attachment. Bowlby

Typical play development at the age of 12 months includes:

Self-feeding using fingers

36-42 mos Semantics

Semantic relations between adjacent and conjoined sentences include: additive, temporal, causal, contrastive Understanding of basic color words Use and understanding of basic kinship terms

Developmental disabilities

Severe chronic disabilities that can be cognitive or physical or both.

Screenings—

Should be used to identify children who require further evaluation to determine whether they are in need of additional support or early intervention The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children, before their third birthday, receive developmental screening from their physicians at least three times.

What is legally required to initiate a formal evaluation for a student suspected of having a specific learning disability?

Signed parental permission

Developmental Delay:

Significant delays in acquisition of skills in one or more areas of development.

cooing

Sounds that are acoustically similar to back vowels and consonant-vowel (CV) and vowel-consonant (VC) syllables containing back vowels and back consonants (velars, uvulars). 2-3 months. The syllable sequences produced at this stage are considered primitive because of the irregular timing in the opening and closure of the consonantal and vocalic segements.

Federal law requires a transition plan as a component of a student's program in special education. It is appropriate for the school district to request that the _______assist with the development of the plan and the services to the student.

Special education director

48-60 mos Phonology

Speech is 100% intelligible Ability to segment words into syllables emerges Use of most simplification processes stops; errors on /s/ /r/ /l/ th may persist

30-36 mos Phonology

Speech is 75% intelligible at 36 mos

Medical/Neurological Symptoms:

Speech, vision, hearing and other sensory impairment, decreased motor coordination, difficulty breathing, dizziness, headaches, impaired balance, loss of intellectual capacities, partial to full paralysis, reduced body strength, seizures, sleep disorders, and speech problems.

Which of the following is the most common related service added to students IEPs?

Speech-language therapy

must be submitted to Dept. of Ed. every year

State Performance Plan

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

States that parents have a right to inspect their child's school records AND to request correction of information they believe is inaccurate; also addresses the school's disclosure of educational records.

Under No Child Left Behind:

Students with disabilities are to be included in the state accountability reports and the data has to be disaggregated for students with disabilities

Modifications are:

Substantial changes to expectations for children with disabilities including changes in instructional level, content, performance criteria, test formats and alternate assessments. Substantial changes that are made regarding the expectations of what a child should demonstrate. May include changes in the instructional level, content and performance criteria. Sometimes test formats are altered or alternate assessments are given. Modifications are defined in the IEP and must be employed in the classroom.

Used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic achievement at the conclusion of a defined instructional period—typically at the end of a project, unit, course, semester, or school year...

Summative assessment

When reading aloud, a student neglects to pronounce word endings. Which of the following types of words sorts would be used to help a student become more fluent in this skill?

Syllables and affixes, such as saying words formed by adding -ing or -ed

When reading aloud, a student neglects to pronounce word endings. What types of word sorts would be used to help a student become fluent in this skill?

Syllables and affixes, such as saying words formed by adding -ing or -ed.

Genetic Abnormalities and Syndromes causing MR

Tay Sachs, tuberous sclerosis, Rett syndrome

Which of the following is most likely to help a 3-year-old preschool student with a mild intellectual disability develop literacy skills?

Teaching the student how to do a picture walk through a book as a prereading activity to reinforce comprehension skills. hands-on activities are a multisensory way of teaching preschoolers the alphabet and numbers.

Phasic Bite Reflex (until ~3.5 months)

Teeth or gums are stimulated, via bottle or nipple in the mouth, a rhythmic bite-and -release pattern that can be observed as a series of small jaw openings and closings.

Is applied by making a desired activity available to a student possibly on the completion of an undesired (or less desired) activity...

The Premark Principle

The procedural safeguards notice must be given to parents when:

The child is first referred for an evaluation, when the parent is invited to the meeting, when the child is reevaluated, when the parent requests a due process hearing and when school authorities decide to take certain disciplinary actions.

Adaptive behavior

The collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives.

Social-Emotional, Adaptive, Cognitive, Communication, Physical

The five domains of learning

Conception and Birth

The greatest risk for developing a severe disability occurs between these two stages.

The method of reading instruction that is based on decoding skills with the emphasis of word families is called:

The linguistic approach (teaches reading and decoding skills emphasizing use of word families).

Pre-referral

The purpose is to ensure your child tries reasonable accommodations and modifications before she's referred for special education assessment.

Procedural safeguard under (IDEA)

The rights of parents, which include the right to participate in all meetings, examine all educational records, and receive written notice regarding placement.

At least 90 days before the child turns three

The time frame in which a conference needs to be scheduled to discuss a child transitioning out of early intervention services?

standard deviation

The variability from the mean. To calculate, you find the difference of each score from the mean, square each difference, average the squares and then take the square root.

Cooperative Learning

Think-Pair-Share, Three-Step Interview, Simple Jigsaw, Numbered Heads Together

Language patterns

This aspect of development is determined before age 7.

Personality

This aspect of development is determined by age 3.

Behavior patterns

This aspect of development is determined by age 5.

30-36 mos Semantics

Use and understanding of "why" questions Understanding and use of basic spatial terms (in, on, under, ect.)

Tinker v. Des Moines

Tinker won; students retain their constitutional right of freedom of speech while in public schools

Criterion referenced tests

To determine students' mastery of skills at given performance levels and allow the teacher to determine a child's functional performance level on given tasks specific to an educational task.

The Education of All Handicapped children Act was enlarged & modified in 1900 to include which of the following?

To include a broader range of disabilities qualifying for services

The purpose of Early Intervention

To lessen the effects of the disability or delay

30-36 mos Pragmatics

Topic continuation nears 50% Topics are continued by adding new information Some requests for clarification provided Use of language in play increases Narratives are "sequences", with theme but no plot

Typical play development at the age of 6 months.

Transferring toys from one hand to the other

True or False: The brains of infants and very young children are influenced by their experiences and are resilient to injury.

True.

True or False: Educational success correlates highly with income.

True. To conclude that education underachievement and other social problems are caused by racial characteristics would be inaccurate and inappropriate.

Erickson's Psychosocial Developmental Stages for Preschoolers

Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame; Initiative v. Guilt; Industry v. Inferioriy

What interactive behaviors should parents learn? (5)

Turn-taking Imitation Building anticipatory sets Joint attentional activities Look for evidence of intentional behaviors

By the age of 6 months a baby typically uses hands for support in sitting, rolls from his/her back to tummy and accepts his/her entire weight with his/her legs while standing with support. These are typical signs of:

Typical physical development.

24-30 mos Semantics

Understanding and use of questions about object (what?), people (who?), basic events (what [x] doing? where [x] going?)

8-12 mos Semantics

Understanding of 3-50 words First words used for names of familiar people and objects; communicative games and routines; to talk about appearance, disappearance, recurrence

Aptitude is best defined as:

Undeveloped potential or ability

Ecological model

Urie Bronfenbrenner. development was affected by everything in their surrounding environment. He divided the person's environment into five different levels: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem

42-48 mos Semantics

Use and understanding of "when" and "how" questions Understanding of words for basic shapes (circle, square, triangle) Use and understanding of basic size vocabulary (big, small) Use of conjunctions and, because, to conjoin sentences

Cued speech is a method of communication that is most effective for students:

Used by some students who have hearing impairments. Its purpose is to reduce uncertainty that is sometimes associated with lip reading. There is some controversy regarding whether students with hearing impairment should be taught to rely on oral communication methods or sign language.

Quantitative research

Used to compare the effectiveness of different instructional practices. Provides a means to accumulate a convergence or body of support for research-based practices for students at risk for failure and for students who have learning disabilities.

Comprehensive evaluation

Used to find out the nature and extent of the child's abilities, delays or difficulties, and to determine whether a child is eligible for early intervention services. Looks at all areas of development as required by federal law. Best way to evaluate because many aspects of a young child's abilities and functioning are interrelated. May also include information from other sources, such as reviews of a child's medical and developmental history, and interviews with parents, other primary caregivers and medical providers.

Reliability in testing or assessment refers to:

Used when referring to the repeatability and accuracy of a measurement.

acquisition stage of learning

Using the skill under structured and repetitive conditions

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Utilizes two, well-researched learning theories. These are: 1) classical conditioning and 2) operant conditioning. Students learn by making simple associations between cause and effect. If they respond correctly for that step, they are immediately rewarded.

education of the group

Vygotsky and Dewey

Socio-Cultural Theory

Vygotsky is associated with...

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS)

Was designed to assess intellectual disability in personal, social, and adaptive functioning of disabled and nondisabled persons from birth to adulthood

Behavioral Learning Theory

Watson and Skinner are associated with...

What are the normal measurements for a child in the 12 months stage?

Weight: 3x birth weight Height: 1.5x birth height Other: Primary tooth eruption; three routine meals a day.

What are the normal measurements for a child in the 36 months stage?

Weight: 4x birth weight Height: 50% adult height Other: Inconsistent sleep habits

What are the normal measurements for a child in the neonatal stage?

Weight: 7-7.5 lbs. Height: 18-21" Head circumference: 12-15" Other: Gain an ounce a day, eat frequently in small amounts.

Judgment-based assessment

a clinically based approach to collect information from multiple sources to evaluate the child

What is consensus building?

Where each professional is flexible and willing to share roles as well as information.

Able to follow along actively when solving problems as a whole class using manipulatives but not when using number lines. Which of the following best demonstrates adjusting instruction based on individual need?

Work with students in ability-based groups

Dyspraxia

a form of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. It may also affect speech. may present with difficulties with self-care, writing, typing, riding a bike and play as well as other educational and recreational activities

access

a means of providing a wide range of activities and environments for every child by offering multiple ways to promote learning and development

whole-language instruction

a method of teaching children to read by recognizing words as whole pieces of language. Proponents of the whole language philosophy believe that language should not be broken down into letters and combinations of letters and "decoded." Instead, they believe that language is a complete system of making meaning, with words functioning in relation to each other in context.

Dynamic Assessment

a type of assessment that identifies a child's ability to learn during an instruction period that actively involves the child

Family-based assessment

a type of assessment used to identify family strengths and concerns for the benefit of setting up plans, resources, and interventions for the family

Curriculum-based assessment

a type of criterion-referenced test used to evaluate a child's skils according to the curriculum presented

What does SLP NICU intervention consists of?

a. Communication b. Feeding and Swallowing c. Parent/caregiver Education and counseling

What elements might be involved in the initial assessment for NICU patients?

a. Feeding and Oral Motor Development b. Hearing Conservation and Aural Habilitation c. Child Behavior and Development d. Parent-Child Communication a. Infant readiness/ parent communication and family functioning.

What are the key elements of assessment for pre-linguistic infants?

a. Feeding and Oral Motor Development b. Hearing Conservation and Aural Habilitation c. Child Behavior and Development d. Parent-Child Communication e. Vocal Ability

How can developmental factors be evaluated for preintentional infants?

a. Feeding and Oral-Motor Devlopment, Vocal Assessment, Hearing Conservation & Aural Habilitation, Child Behavior & Development, Parent-child communication a. Information interviews, checklists, scales, standardized assessments

What developmental areas should be evaluated by the SLP?

a. Language function b. Hearing c. Speech-motor: External face and head, Intraoral,Velopharyngeal function/ resonance, Volitional oral movements, Diadochokinetic, Respiratory and phonatory function d. Nonverbal Cognition e. Social Functioning

What are the key elements of emerging language assessment?

a. Play b. Communicative intention c. Comprehension d. Production Language

What disciplines must be involved in writing an IFSP?

a. SLP b. OT c. PT d. Developmental Therapy e. Service Coordination f. Audiological Services g. Nursing Services h. Day Hab i. Physician

IEP

a. School aged & 3-5 b. Educational plans for preschoolers and older children with disabilities. c. Focus is on the child. d. Family is part of IEP team.

Practices that threaten a child's feelings of competence

ability grouping, evaluative symbols, public comparison

SB-5/Stanford-Binet-5

abstract test not focused on finding standard scores of students in a group

Thorndike's factors of intelligence

abstract, mechanical, social

#1 cause of death in preschoolers

accidents

self-actualizing

achieving optimal personal growth and realizing one's full potential

types of counting

acoustic and pointing

lead poisoning

affects 310,000 children 5 and under; short attention span, reading disabilities, learning disabilities, hyperactivity

Maternal factors - low birth weight babies (LBW)

age, race, low ses, prenatal care, genetic factors, maternal weight gain, placenta issues, substance abuse, stress

peaks around age 4

aggression

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

all domains are interrelated and child development follows a fairly predictable order of increasing complexity; what is known about child development and learning, strengths, needs, interests of a child, social and cultural environment of a child

initial assessments

assessment of the child and the family assessment that are conducted prior to the child's first IFSP meeting required under part C of IDEA

Percentile scores

allow you to compare one student's scores with a group of students who took the test.

An estimated 71% of students with emotional disorders

also have expressive and receptive language disorders

Performance assessment,

also known as alternative or authentic assessment, is a form of testing that requires students to perform a task rather than select an answer from a ready-made list.

raw score

an individual's actual achievement score (as on a test) before being adjusted for relative position in the test group

Retrolental Fibroplasia

an unusual eye disease occurring in premature infants, usually from being given high concentrations of oxygen, which causes abnormal function of fibrous tissue behind the lens and often results in blindness; principal cause of blindness in children of preschool age

developmental milestones - rec lang - 30 mos

answers routine questions and y/n quest; understands prepositions

ABC approach to evaluating behavior

antecedent--behavior--consequences

An aptitude test is

any type of assessment that evaluates the talent/ability/potential to perform a certain task, with no prior knowledge and/or training.

Traditional Assessment

are the conventional methods of testing which usually produce a written document, such as a quiz, exam, or paper. Standardized tests, most state achievement tests, and high school graduation examinations are also examples

developmental milestones - exp lang - 24 mos

at least 50 words produced; 50% intelligible; imitates phrases; producing 2 word phrases

Goals of Misbehavior (Dreikus)

attention, power, revenge, inadequacy

A common descriptor of a student with an emotional disturbance according to the law is

atypical emotions

Test of Auditory Processing Skills, 3rd ed.

auditory perception

stages of literacy development

awareness and exploration, experimenting with reading and writing, early reading and writing, transitional reading and writing, conventional reading and writing

developmental milestones - feeding - 3 mos

back and forth mvt of tongue w/breast or bottle

Perceptual-motor skills

balance, spatial awareness, figure-ground perception, temporal awareness, body and directional awareness

Critical Reflection

being perplexed, testing the hypothesis, a more careful observation, finding a tentative explanation, an elaboration or firmer explanation

Robert Owen

belief that a child's environment influenced the child's beliefs, behavior, and accomplishments

Rousseau, Montessori, Froebel

believed dignity and respect were the foundation of a quality educational program and good academic instruction

Receptive and Expressive Emergent Language-3 (REEL-3)

birth to 3 years; assesses receptive and expressive language skills; parental interview/checklist; scores with a standard score and an age equivalency

Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5)

birth to 7 years; assesses receptive and expressive language; scored with a standard score and age equivalency

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD

blurts out answers, fidgets in seat, has problems playing quietly

A language impairment"

can entail difficulty comprehending words properly, expressing oneself and listening to others

adaptive behavior

capability to function independently

INCLUDE strategy

careful analysis of a class environment and student needs will allow a teacher to make efficient accommodations for special need students; based on universal design and differentiated instruction

examples of at-risk infants

caregiver w/disability, caregiver addicted to drug/alcohol, limited prenatal care, adolescent mother, chronic otitis media, older disabled siblings

Charcot-Marie Tooth disorder

causes deterioration and lack of sensation of the peripheral nerves in the foot and lower leg and the hand and forearm; treat with braces, OT, PT; one of the mos common inherited neurological disorders

Dysgraphia

causes trouble with written expression, a specific learning disorder

developmental milestones - feeding - 18 mos

chewing well

language development

children's abilities to understand, to process, and to produce language also flourish in an amazing way. Young children experience a language explosion between the ages of 3 and 6

Types of learning disabilities

dyslexia, dysgraphia, central processing disorder, visual processing disorders

Turner Syndrome

chromosomal condition that affects development in females; short stature, early loss of ovarian function, webbed neck, low hairline at back of neck, puffiness or swelling of hands and feet, skeletal abnormalities, kidney problems, heart defects

Reciprocal Teaching Strategy

clarifying points, summarizing the text, asking and answering questions, making predictions

Impairments of traumatic brain injury include

cognition language memory attention reasoning abstract thinking judgment problem-solving sensory, perceptual, and motor abilities psychosocial behavior physical functions information processing speech

Learning Objectives

cognitive, affective, psychomotor

information processing

conceptualizes children's mental processes through the metaphor of a computer processing, encoding, storing, and decoding data

Systematic observation

conclusions or interpretations based on observations of the child over time rather than a one-time assessment of a child's skills and abilities

Deaf/blindness (one of 13 disabilities under IDEA)

concomitant [simultaneous] hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness."

associated with learning problems

concrete math, abstract math, semi-concrete math

stages of acclimatization

confronting, adjusting, adapting

Constructive Play

correspondence, functions, perspective, transformation

developmental milestones - gross motor - 9 mos

crawling

components of IFSP

current functioning levels, family strengths and needs, major outcomes, services and schedule for delivery, projected dates for initiation of services, name of service coordinator, biannual review, transition to special ed. and related services (3-5, IEP)

Which is not considered a multiple disability

deaf/blindness

Cognitive Symptoms:

decreased attention, organizational skills, and problem solving ability; difficulty with abstract concepts; memory deficits; perceptual problems; poor concentration, poor judgment; slowed information processing, and poor memory.

Student-directed learning model

dependent, interested, involved, self-directed

manifestation determination

determines if the behavior for which the child is being disciplined is caused by his or her disability. If the team determines that the behavior is a manifestation of the disability then the child returns to school.

child role in guided discovery

determines the essence of what is learned

cephalocaudal

develops from head to toe, gross motor to fine motor

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

difficult-to-treat form of childhood-onset epilepsy, usually between 2 and 6 years old

Dyscalculia

difficulty with learning addition and subtraction facts, simple word problems, and games that require logical reasoning.

Angelman Syndrome

disorder inherited from the mother; characterized by small head size, hyperactivity, sleep disorders, and movement and behavior disorders causing severe functional deficits

Klinefelter's Syndrome

disorder resulting from an extra x chromosome and characterized by extreme height and underdeveloped genitals

#2 cause of death in preschoolers

drowning

achievement gaps

early access to quality schools and programs differs dramatically over socioeconomic and ethnic groups as do their early educational experiences

Affective Skills

emotional/feeling

Spiral Curriculum--Bruner--3 modes of understanding

enactive, iconic, symbolic

EHA part H

ensured special ed. evaluation in babies and toddlers

external time stealers

equipment failure, red tape, cluttered work space, mistakes of others

initial evaluation

evaluation of a child that is used to determine his or her initial eligibility under part C of the IDEA

National Educational Standards and Improvement Council

examines and certifies national and state academic content

nondisabled children treated unfairly

expected to take on more than average responsibiities

right brain hemisphere

experiences growth spurt a ages 4-5; brain grows larger, and an increasing number of connections are formed

left brain hemisphere

experiences growth spurt at age 2

developmental milestones - prelinguistic- 3 mos

eye contact w/parent; watches speaker's mouth

fetal alcohol syndrome

facial abnormalities, cardiac defects, defects in joints and limbs, neurological abnormalities, autism, behavioral deficits, MR, memory impairment, physical defects

developmental milestones - exp lang - 12 mos

first words

child-oriented classroom design model

focuses on separating students, so as not to distract each other

developmental milestones - rec lang - 24 mos

follows more complex directions; demonstrates understanding of verbs and pictures in a book

developmental milestones - rec lang - 36 mos

follows up to 3 complex directions; answers wh quest

Bank Street College of Education

founded by Lucy Sprague Mitchell in 1916

Ecological Assessment

gathering information about the child's performance and interaction in the typical environment

3 main areas of IEP

general education curriculum, extracurricular activities, nonacademic activities

Examples of established risk infants

genetic disorders (down syndrome/Trisomy 21), neurological disorders (CP), congenital malformations (cleft lip/palate), sensory disorders (severe toxic exposure, FAS), chronic medical illness (heart problems, CF), atypical developmental disorders (ASD)

fragile x/Martin-Bell Syndrome--Escalante's Syndrome

genetic syndrome affecting mostly boys; elongated face, large or protruding ears, low muscle tone, intellectual disability

developmental milestones - feeding - 12 mos

good coordination of tongue; cup drinking; jaw grading; biting

developmental milestones - fine motor - 12 mos

grasps crayon with fist

In research conducted on effective reading outcomes, it has been found that a significant factor related to success was the

grouping of students.

Phonemic awareness

he ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in words.

Hearing impairment

hearing loss below 90 decibels . Falls into four subcategories: conductive, sensorineural, mixed and central. Early intervention is strongly recommended to foster communication abilities.

developmental milestones - fine motor - 3 mos

holds rattle in hands

pragmatics

how children communicate in social contexts

Metabolic causes of MR

hyperathyroidism, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinism

Rett Syndrome

hypotonic, reduced eye contact, decelerated head growth, disinterested in play activities. Most babies with Rett syndrome seem to develop normally until about 6 months of age, they lose skills they previously had — such as the ability to crawl, walk, communicate or use their hands. Boys usually die

developmental milestones - rec lang - 18 mos

id's body parts & clothing; id's objects in field of 2

ADHD

if problematic behaviors began in early childhood and exist longer than 6 months

developmental milestones - prelinguistic- 12 mos

imitates gestures; points to objects

risk factors for prematurity

inadequate prenatal care, pre-eclampsia, substance abuse, multiple births, placenta issues, fetal distress, maternal age, low ses, maternal emotional stress

Multiple Sclerosis

inflammatory disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damages

appropriate preschool assessments

journals, portfolios, project strategies

Glasser's lead teacher concept

involves letting students make choices about their own learning.

Coprolalia

irresistible urge to curse or use offensive language; only 1/3 of Tourettes cases

Section 504

is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. It ensures that the child with a disability has equal access to an education. The child may receive accommodations and modifications.

Discrete Trial Training (DTT)

is a method of teaching in simplified and structured steps.

"emotional disturbance"

is associated with mental health or severe behavior issues.

A child who does not have adequate nutrition

is at risk of injury

Mean

is the average of a group of numbers. To find the mean of your math test scores, for example, your teacher adds all your scores and then divides the answer by the number of math tests you took.

Median

is the middle number in a list of numbers that have been arranged in order.

scaled score

is the results of some transformation applied to the raw score. The reported scores are obtained by statistically adjusting and converting raw scores onto a common scale to account for differences in difficulty across different forms

developmental milestones - gross motor - 24 mos

kicks a ball

overextension

labeling many objects/people as a word when the word only applies to one thing (calling all men "Daddy")

Head Start general domains

language development, literacy, mathematics, science, creative arts, social and emotional development, approaches to learning, physical health and development

toddlers gain autonomy

language, mobility, supportive environment

developmental milestones - feeding - 9 mos

lateralizing tongue; chopped/finger foods

The most likely reason for administering the entire Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery, Third Edition, to a student is to evaluate for

learning disabilities

interpersonal skills

learning to cooperate, set the table, tie shoes (includes self-help skills)

percent of school-age children receiving services for physical or health disabilities

less than one

shared reading benefits

listening and speaking, new concepts, vocabulary increases, define words and explain meanings

Frith's stages of literacy development

logographic--alphabetic--orthographic

Three levels of residual vision are:

low vision, functionally blind, and totally blind.

developmental milestones - prelinguistic- 9 mos

maintains attn; attends to pictures

factual learning problems

make information more meaningful

request for evaluation

may be verbal or written

Mode

means the number that occurs most frequently

Ecological Systems

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

Type of lighting teachers should use

mixed lighting

Identify which of the following is an essential element of instruction

modeling of task

middle children

more likely to be competetive

Response to intervention (RTI)

most appropriate for identifying students with learning disabilities. a system designed to identify students at risk for poor academic and behavioral outcomes, so the school can develop strategies to help the students succeed.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

most common; always boys (2-6); fatal

anger cry

much like the basic cry; however, in this cry, more excess air is forced through the vocal cords, making it a louder, more abrupt cry. This type of cries is characterized by the same temporal sequence as the basic pattern but distinguished by differences in the length of the various phase components.

manifestation determination hearing

must be held within 10 days

Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic

norm-referenced test that measures cognitive, language, fine, and gross motor skills

reassessments

occur at 3-6-12 months

anencephaly

occurs when the neural tube fails to close at the top; absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp

encephalocele

occurs when the tube fails to close near the brain and there is an opening in the skull

Tourette's Syndrome

often affects writing and paying attention; can also affect overall ability to process what they see, hear, taste, and smell; inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple physical tics and at least one vocal tic

In determining the existence of a specific learning disability, the following must be present:

oral expression listening comprehension written expression basic reading skill reading fluency skills reading comprehension mathematics calculations mathematics reasoning

feeding assessments

oral mech with therapy tools; Oral Motor & Feeding Assessment; Talk Tools assessment; informal observation; structured feeding environment

cooperative play

organized play where the group of children has a goal

how young children communicate

personal narratives and social stories

hierarchy of needs

physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualizing

developmental milestones - fine motor - 9 mos

pincer grasp

associative play

playing with other children using similar or identical activities

Predominantly Inattentive ADHD

poor attention to details, forgetfulness, easily distracted, problems organizing information

challenges in establishing and maintaining collaborative relationships

population diversity, legal issues, curricular changes, technology

Basic elements of cooperation

positive interdependence, individual and group accountability, promotive interaction, teaching interpersonal and small group skills, group processing

Kohlberg's levels of moral development

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

components of IEP

present levels, annual goals, measuring and reporting progress, special ed., related services, supplementary aids and services, extent of nonparticipation, accommodations in assessment, service delivery, transition

FERPA provides rights to parents of public school students and these rights are important for students in special education. Two primary rights for parents that are outlines under FERPA are 1) the right to inspect and review their childs educational records and 2) the right to

prevent unauthorized people from seeing the records

major factors in child's ability to acquire academic skills

problem-solving ability, previous exposure to certain data, memory, ability to use previously learned information in ways to help find solutions to new problems

developmental milestones - exp lang - 30 mos

produces pronouns; variety of phrases & vocabulary; says name

professional development goals of ECE

professional knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, content knowledge, professional disposition

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs run by federal agencies; programs that receive federal financial assistance; in federal employment; and in the employment practices of federal contractors.

Title V

prohibits forcing, threatening, or retaliating against the disabled or those who assist people with disabilities. (ADA)

Factual learning

promotes the ability to establish basic associations

adult role in guided discovery

provide information to support the child's progress through domain-related processes

Title I, Part A (Title I) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act

provides financial assistance to local educational agencies (LEAs) and schools with high numbers or high percentages of children from low-income families to help ensure that all children meet challenging state academic standards.

Biological model

psychological disorders are a result of biological issues.

Adolescence

puberty-adulthood

Manipulative Play

purpose is to develop hand-eye coordination and concept development

Exploratory Play

purpose is to explore, discover, examine, and organize

Symbolic Play

purpose is to improve social skills and increase language concepts

iniencephaly

rare but severe; infants head is bent severely backward, spine is exceptionally distorted; usually die within hours

Williams Syndrome

rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a distinctive "elfin" facial appearance along with a low nasal bridge, an unusually cheerful demeanor, and ease with strangers

developmental milestones - fine motor - 6 mos

reach for a toy

basic steps in special ed. process

referral--assessment--develop and implement IEP--IEP review

Expressive language

refers to messages communicated.

Receptive language

refers to messages from others that are understood.

evaluation

refers to the process of integrating, interpreting, and summarizing the comprehensive assessment data, including indirect and preexisting sources.

Indicator 14

requires exit survey and one-year follow-up survey when leaving special ed.

Performance-based assessment

requires multiple observations of the same task to reflect on the child's learning process

identification

requires primary referral sources to refer a child to the part C program ''as soon as possible but in no case more than seven days'' after identification.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

requires that a student must have a specifically identified disability and must need specifically designed instruction to be eligible for services.

developmental milestones - rec lang - 6 mos

responds to no; recognizes own name

developmental milestones - rec lang - 12 mos

responds to routine directions w/cues

temporal awareness characteristic of a 3-year-old

rhythm

physical and health impairments

rob a child of strength and vitality, or alertness or that cause excessive alertness to environmental stimuli--impede ability to attend or respond to the educational environment

developmental milestones - gross motor - 3 mos

rolling

Infections causing MR

rubella, HIV , AIDS, meningitis, encephalitis

Diseases in pregnant mothers causing MR

rubella, herpes, varicella

developmental milestones - gross motor - 18 mos

running

Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)

serves youths with intellectual disabilities, children who are gifted and talented, and children who are abused or neglected?

developmental milestones - fine motor - 18 mos

scribbles

developmental milestones - rec lang - 9 mos

searches for family members

attachment theory

secure, insecure and avoidant, insecure and resistant, insecure and disorganized. Bowlby

temporal awareness

sense of time

body awareness

sense of where the body is in relation to objects and other people

Three major criteria for intellectual disability:

significant limitations in intellectual functioning, significant limitations in adaptive behavior, and onset before the age of 18.

Percentage correct scores

simply reveal the number of items that a student answered correctly out of the total number of items.

developmental milestones - gross motor - 6 mos

sitting up

Autism Spectrum Disorders

social deficits, communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behavior and interests, sensory issues, cognitive delays

problem-based learning

solve problems and reflect upon experiences

developmental milestones - fine motor - 24 mos

solves a 4 piece puzzle

Individuals with Disabilities Education Law Report

source of special ed. laws, case studies, etc.

achievement tests

standardized tests that identify areas of strength and weaknesses

Can override parents refusing special ed.

states

Retinopathy of pre-maturity is a common condition of premature babies that can cause:

strabismus (crossed eyes), amblyopia (lazy eye), myopia (nearsightedness), glaucoma or retinal detachment. These conditions can lead to visual impairments and/or blindness.

Syntax

structural patterns and grammar

A strategy based on research that provides classroom performance expectations and behavior requirements in consistent and clear terms is known to increase

student motivation

Authentic assessment

students are being graded on hands-on activities, such as measuring objects to assess their understanding of the concept of measurement

intuitive thought

sub-stage in Piaget's Preoperational cognitive development stage is the Intuitive Thought sub-stage, which spans ages 4-7 years. Children in this substage of development learn by asking questions such as, "Why?" and "How come?"

Developmental Profile (DP-3)

supplemental testing; birth to 12 years; 5 areas of development; checklist

5 basic needs in Choice Theory

survive, belong, gain power, be free, have fun

basic cry

systematic pattern of crying and silence. Starts with cry coupled with a briefer silence, which is followed by a short high-pitched inspiratory whistle. Then, there is a brief silence followed by another cry. Hunger is a main stimulant.

types of curriculum

taught, learned, tested, written or official

social behavior problems

teach social skills, make sure academic prerequisites are met

best indicator for family involvement

teacher initiatives to elicit parent involvement

teacher-oriented classroom design model

teacher work table or area is in the center of the room

Joshua enjoys riding the tricycle but refuses to participate in art activities for more than one minute at a time. The teacher makes access to the tricycle dependent on longer involvement during art time. The teacher's action is an example of the use of ...

the Premack principle.

Decoding

the ability to apply your knowledge of letter-sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words

Self-advocacy

the accommodations and strategies that will support their learning styles and encourage them to communicate their needs. the ability to understand and effectively communicate one's needs to other individuals.

Morphology

the study of word structure

Semantics

the meaning that language communicates

Usher syndrome

the most common condition that affects both hearing and vision.

Early Intervention

the process of providing services, education, and support to young children who are deemed to have an established condition, those who are evaluated and deemed to have a diagnosed physical or mental condition (with a high probability of resulting in a developmental delay), and existing delay or a child who is at-risk of developing a delay or special need that may affect their development or impeded their education.

phonology

the study of speech sounds

developmental milestones - exp lang - 6 mos

turn-taking vocalizations; raspberries produced

Multiple disability

two or more disabilities, can be of normal to high intelligence

infancy

typically applied to young children between the ages of 1 month and 12 months; however, definitions vary between birth and 3 years of age

internal time stealers

unclear goals, lack of delegation, lack of motivation

A kindergarten student, being evaluated for special education services, has just been identified with a delay in pragmatics. This means the child lack the ability to:

understand the functional use of language

pain cry

unlike the other two, has no preliminary moaning. One loud cry, followed by a period of breath holding. Most adults can determine whether an infant's cries signify anger or pain

developmental milestones - feeding - 6 mos

up and down mvt of tongue; spoon introduced; reflexes gone

Play-based assessment

useful, natural method for children with disabilities in which the child performs in a natural environment with materials of the child's choice

developmental milestones - exp lang - 36 mos

using verb+ing; answers quest; sent length 3-5 words; counts; sings songs

inclusion

values, priorities, and practices that support the right of every infant and young child and his or her family regardless of ability

developmental milestones - exp lang - 9 mos

vocalizes to gain attention; babbling

developmental milestones - exp lang - 3 mos

vocalizes when hungry or to show pleasure; glottal sound production

developmental milestones - prelinguistic- 6 mos

vocalizes when parent vocalizes; imitates facial expressions

developmental milestones - gross motor - 12 mos

walking

45 days removal from school

weapon, drug possession, buying/selling drugs

LEA/Language Experience Approach

what a child thinks can be spoken, what a child speaks can be written, what is written can be read

underextension

when categories are defined too narrowly

When is a fetus considered *viable?*

~ 23-24 weeks

Prelinguistic intervention (3)

• Feeding/ Swallowing • Parent training o Awareness of infant communication patterns o Modeling interactive behaviors Look for evidence of intentional behaviors o Developing self-monitoring skills • Teach parents to elicit higher level of response from a child once a response of some kind has been evoked

Developing language intervention (4)

• IEPs • Drill, Play, Indirect language stimulation, Focused stimulation, Script therapy • Teachers, clinicians, paras, parents, peers • Clinic or classroom

Emerging language intervention (5)

• Parent training • Developing functional and symbolic play skills • Using intentional communication behaviors • Developing receptive language • Developing sounds, words, and word combos o Increasing phonological skills o Developing a first lexicon o Developing word combos