Special Education: Preschool and Early Childhood Praxis 5691
language patterns
7 yrs. old
MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories
8 months to 2 years 6 months; forms for parental checklist
Prelinguistic
9-18 months bring attention to objects non-verbally by pointing or touching
42-48 mos Phonology
Use of cluster reduction decreases
What is the definition of family?
"A group of people who are important to each other and offer each other love and support, especially in times of crisis."
What is the Code of Ethics (of the National Association for the Education of Young Children)?
"Above all, we shall not harm children. We shall not participate in practices that are disrespectful, exploitative, intimidating, psychologically damaging, or physically harmful to children."
What is the definition of culture?
"Culture refers to many different factors that shape one's sense of group identity, including: race, ethnicity, religion, geographical location, income status, gender, sexual orientation, disability status, and occupation."
Developmental sequence for gross motor control:
- Head: lifting head in prone and supine - Shoulder: prone propping and reaching - Trunk: rolling over and sitting - Hip: creeping and crawling - Legs, knees, feet: cruising, walking, running, etc.
The most basic level of play is
Solitary play
36-42 mos Phonology
Use of reduplication, syllable deletion, assimilation, and FCD is less common
Sensory-integration
Use of sensory information to address tactile, vestibular, and proprioceptive senses
Regarding the knowledge of human development, *professionals* must have knowledge to be competent in _______ (name four):
- Communicating with parents - Assessing children's progress - Planning appropriate activities - Eligibility for special services
Developmental sequence for fine*motor control:
- Eye movement (tracking) - Reaching - Grasping -- with whole fist -- with all fingers-thumb opposing -- with thumb and index finger (progressively smaller objects)
What three crucial processes occur during fetal development?
- Fertilized egg (embryo) attaches to wall of *uterus* and is protected by *amniotic fluid.* - Embryo/fetus is nurtured by *placenta* (conduit between mother and fetus). - *Umbilical cord* is part of placenta that serves as primary means of exchange of nutrients and oxygen.
the best explanation of what norm-referenced test results shows?
"They show how your child compares to children of the same age and grade in school districts throughout the state."
protective factor
"a characteristic at the biological, psychological, family, or community (including peers and culture) level that is associated with a lower likelihood of problem outcomes or that reduces the negative impact of a risk factor on problem outcomes."
specific learning disability
"a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations." This disability category includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia and developmental aphasia (a type of language disorder). Nearly half of all disabled children are labeled in the category of SLD.
Other Health Impairment
"having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that— (a) is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis [a kidney disorder], rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia, and Tourette syndrome; and (b) adversely affects a child's educational performance." Conditions not listed can be included.
intellectual disability under IDEA
"significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently [at the same time] with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance." There are two key components within this definition: a student's IQ and his or her capability to function independently, usually referred to as adaptive behavior.
Formal operations stage:
(11 years to adulthood) The stage of adaptability, flexibility, and abstraction.
Preoperational stage:
(2 to 7 years) Characterized by rapid intellectual development. Child uses language to express ideas and begins to understand time, size, etc.
Concrete operations stage:
(7 to 11 years) The first stage of logic and uses real objects in problem solving. It is during this period that children can classify, sort, and organize facts about their world to use in problem solving.
Sensorimotor stage:
(Infancy to 18 months) Child integrates gross and fine motor development with the senses of sight and hearing. Child learns cause and effect through repetition, demonstrates object permanence and shows attachment.
Joshua enjoys riding the tricycle but refuses to participate in art activities for more than one minute at a time. The teacher makes access to the tricycle dependent on longer involvement during art time. The teacher's action is an example of the use of....
(The Premark principle)
What are the three aspects of language?
- Form (structure of language) - Content (the child's knowledge of the words and the interrelationship between words) - Use (pragmatics)
What are some challenges for Natural Environments?
- General educators must be prepared to work with children with disabilities and specialists must be prepared to work outside of a specialized setting. - The quality of the intervention depends on the expertise of the persons delivering the interventions. - Children with disabilities present a remarkably diverse and challenging array of risk factors and developmental disabilities that require specialized services. - Funding is needed to provide a continuum of services. - Few natural environments of high quality are available.
What is Inclusion?
- Greater placement in regular classrooms with non-disabled peers. - A continuum of services should be available.
What four dimensions should professionals provide psychological support for families?
- *Concrete Assistance* (helping parents identify basic needs and providing referrals to obtain resources for such items as decent housing, childcare, or transportation). - *Emotional Support* (encouraging, eliciting, listening to, and thinking about parents' descriptions of their experiences, including showing respect for parents' concerns and suggesting solutions that might alleviate fears). - *Developmental Guidance* (providing information about age-appropriate behaviors, interests, concerns, and conflicts, and suggesting positive parental responses). - Referral to a specially-trained mental health professional for *psychotherapy* (for complicated emotional needs).
What environmental influences during prenatal development are of primary concern?
- *Teratogens* (drugs, alcohol, radiation, bacteria) - *Maternal condition* (age, nutrition, infection, disease) - *Genetic makeup* - *Social habits and psychological status of the mother.*
What are the main principles of Personalization?
- A child's abilities/needs are unique and specific to that individual. - Each child's success is dependent on the quality of interaction, therapy, and education provided. - A full spectrum of services and placement options are needed to appropriately serve each child's needs. - The focus of intervention must be on achieving goals and maximizing all learning opportunities. - Family values, priorities, and needs must be honored, and the primacy of parent decisions respected. - Comprehensive care requires full community commitment.
How can educators encourage family empowerment?
- Assume that families are competent or capable of becoming competent, - Create opportunities for families to display competence, - Enable families to develop a sense of personal control.
Why is Cultural Sensitivity so challenging?
- Assumed similarity - Ethnocentrism/denigration of differences - Anxiety/tension - Prejudice - Stereotyping - Comfort with the familiar
What are the six current assumptions of the early childhood special education field?
- Attitude of Science - Personalization - Cultural Sensitivity - Family Empowerment - Collaboration - Ethical Conduct
What three goals should we have as professionals?
- Becoming the very best educator you can be. - Supporting others in providing quality services. - Maintaining high ethical standards.
What are some factors that pose a risk for secure attachment?
- Caregiver substance abuse - Child abuse - Neglect - Low SES - Infant prematurity - Absent father - Overcrowding
What are the three main patterns of development?
- Cephalo-Caudal (head to toe) - Proximal-Distal (inner to outer) - Refinement (increasing complexity)
What are some attributes of collaborative teaming?
- Common goal/set of goals. - Agreement on strategies for achieving each goal. - Commitment to meaningful interactions, individual skill development, and task completion. - Commitment to positive interdependence. - Commitment to a system of decision making and accountability.
What factors belong on the list of developmental influences?
- Heredity and Environment - Economic - Family Configuration - Childcare - Psychological Factors - Education of Parents and Child - Culture - Ethnicity - Technology
What are the three models for collaboration?
- Multidisciplinary (members work independently, meet to share goals and progress reports, and have little direct coordination of efforts) - Interdisciplinary (members may conduct assessments and plan goals together, but provide direct services independently) - Transdisciplinary (members share roles and combine their assessment and treatment tasks, so that one individual could provide all needed services)
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
- Ovum - Embryo - Fetus
What are the two types of changes that are required in the sequence of normal development in children as they grow older?
- Physical - Psychological
What are the implications for Personalization?
- Requires full funding. - Requires personnel training (highly qualified personnel). - Requires well-documented, evidence-based best practices. - Requires advocacy.
What major organ systems are developed during the embryonic and fetal stages?
- Respiratory - Cardiovascular - Renal - Gastrointestinal - Neurological - Integumentary - Musculoskeletal
What are the first four stages of the cognitive-developmental theory? (Piaget)
- Sensorimotor (infancy to 18 months) - Preoperational (2 to 7 years) - Concrete operations (7 to 11 years) - Formal operations (11 years to adulthood)
What are the five stages of the Stage Theory Response (Grief)?
- Shock, Disbelief, and Denial - Anger and Resentment - Bargaining - Depression and Discouragement - Acceptance
Use/pragmatics of language
- Speech acts - Conversational postulates - Presuppositions
0-8 mos Phonology
0-2 mos: vegetative sounds 2-4 mos: cooing, laughing 4-6 mos: quasi-resonant nuclei 6-10 mos: canonical, reduplicated babbling Jargon babble with intonation contours of language being learned
Waldorf Stages of Development
0-6, 7-14, 14-18
What are the five primary stages of growth (relative to early childhood development)?
1) Prenatal period 2) Neonatal period 3) Infancy period 4) Toddler stage 5) Early childhood stage
Humanistic model
1) Students' learning should be self-directed. 2) Schools should produce students who want and know how to learn.3) The only form of meaningful evaluation is self-evaluation. 4) Feelings, as well as knowledge, are important in the learning process. 5) Students learn best in a nonthreatening environment
Emerging Language
18-36 months o begin speaking o single words o two word utterances
Head Start formed in what year?
1965
The concept of inclusive programs for students with disabilities began in the early
1990s
stages of play - exploratory
2 to 10 months; manipulates single objects; often solitary with some joint action
List 5 developmental disorders related to early intervention
1. Abuse and Neglect 2. Maternal Depression 3. Autism 4. Late Talking 5. Premature Birth
List 5 biological disorders related to early intervention:
1. Down Syndrome 2. Hearing Impairment 3. Cleft Palate 4. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 5. Sensory Integration
Choice Theory/Control Theory (Glasser)
10 axioms, 7 caring habits, 7 deadly habits
"change in placement"
10 consecutive days
sleep for a 6 yr. old
10 hours
stages of play - functional play
10-18 months; pretends to use objects for typical functions (holding phone to ear, brushing hair, pushing truck and making engine noises); self as agent (child is making the action happen); joint action with adult is more varied (peek-a-boo, horsie rides, etc.)
respond to request for assessment
15 days
stages of play - symbolic play
16-18 months; demonstrates tool use (use stick to retrieve a toy); uses lifelike props for pretend play of daily activities (sleeping, eating, etc); begins to use one object to represent another (banana for phone); self as agent acts on self (combs his/her own hair); noninteractive parallel play (plays beside another person/child but not with them); also considered Westby's Stage 1 for 17-19 months
what year did the the federal government enact legislation changing the term mental retardation to intellectual disabilities in all federal law.
2012
personality patterns
3 yrs. old
developmental milestones - exp lang - 18 mos
3-15 words produced; may name objects
Part B ages
3-21
Developing Language
3-5 years o vocab exceeds 50 words o make sentences o MLU=more than 2 but less than 5 o language really begins to take off
According to IDEA, Developmental delays occur in children between the ages of:
3-9.
IEP must be written with how many days of when a child is found to have a disability?
30 days
How many times higher is the poverty rate for children in single mother families than that of two-parent families?
5 times.
behavior patterns
5 yrs. old
stages of play - object manipulation (nonfunctional)
5-12 months; combines two objects in playful way (banging, stacking, pushing, lining up, etc); often solitary with some joint action
Which law protects the rights of this child and requires the teacher to develop accommodations for this child based on the medical needs?
504
Normal babies can see, hear, smell, taste, and feel and integrate such sensory information by this age.
6 months
Middle Childhood
6-12
Evaluation report must be written within how many days of receipt of parental consent for testing?
60 days
SBE/Standards-Based Education
A Nation at Risk, Goals 2000: The Educate America Act; The NCLB Act of 2001
Basic principles for response cost include:
A behavior management technique that consists of stating the cost for a specific misbehavior before it occurs, implementing the penalty every time the misbehavior occurs and combining this with a reward or praising plan to teach or strengthen desired behaviors.
Jan is a child with a visual impairment, what would be the best way for Jan's parents to assess her reacreation and leisure
A checklist from the expanded core curriculum
Jan is a child with a visual impairment. Which of the following is the best way for Jan's parents to assess her recreation and leisure skills?
A checklist from the expanded core curriculum
Exceptionality is best defined as:
A condition that requires individualized instruction, additional educational support or services and encompasses physical, mental and/or emotional conditions including gifted or talented abilities.
Establishing a discrepancy between Cognitive Ability (IQ) and Academic Achievement:
A discrepancy formula is used, and is used to document a SLD (Specific Learning Disability).
Deafness
A hearing loss above 90 decibels
The Slingerland Method
A highly structured, multi-sensory teaching method used for group instruction of students with specific learning disabilities is:
Referral
A lead agency or EIS provider receives a referral and then has 45 days for screening (if applicable), initial evaluation, initial assessments (of the child and family), and the initial IFSP meeting to be completed. (parental consent MUST be obtained before proceeding after referral)
Discrete Trial Analysis
A method of teaching new skills through small tasks in a structured, repetitive manner. used to teach students with autism where targeted skills are broken down into smaller, more manageable tasks.
Cognitive behavioral management
A method of training students to recognize and replace destructive thought patterns with constructive thought patterns
Which of the following is an example of an informal assessment?
A portfolio
Applied Behavior Analysis
A practice of learning theory that involves understanding what leads to new skills. This approach is often effective for children who have autism.
Progress on improving attitudes toward people with disabilities has been spurred by the movement of using "people first" language, which is demonstrated by saying
A preschool girl with autism
Functional Behavioral Asessement
A problem-solving process for addressing a student's problem behavior using a variety of techniques and strategies. The process of gathering and analyzing information about a student's behavior and accompanying circumstances in order to determine the purpose or intent of the actions. This investigation is designed to help educators determine the appropriateness of the student's present educational placement and services, and whether changes would help the student to display more acceptable behavior; identify positive interventions that would reduce the undesirable behaviors; and identify appropriate behaviors to be substituted in the place of the inappropriate ones.
Manifestation determination
A process that determines whether a problem behavior is attributable to a student's disability, The purpose of this review is to determine whether or not the child's behavior that led to the disciplinary infraction is linked to his or her disability.
Functional behavioral assessment
A process which describes a student's disruptive behaviors, looks for the reasons behind the behaviors and offers interventions that teach new behaviors to replace the undesired ones. Seeks the "why" to provide behavior interventions.
Describe the *embryonic stage:*
From conception to 8 weeks... Most structural development occurs (brain, heart, spinal cord, extremities, etc.)...
Cerebral Palsy:
A term that refers to several different disorders of posture and movement. Children who have cerebral palsy have damage to the area of their brain that controls muscle tone. The parts of the body that are affected by abnormal muscle tone depend on where the brain damage occurs.
Practical skills
Activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone.
A young student shows a special interest in balloons. The teacher then uses balloons in various activities throughout the day to target skills by having the student request balloons, follow directions in painting balloons, use words relating to balloons, and play games with balloons. The teacher's approach best exemplifies...
Activity-based intervention
A federal law that was passed in 1988, called The Technology Assistance Act for Individuals with Disabilities, supports programs for assistive technology for individuals with disabilities of
All ages
Intellectual functioning
Also called intelligence—refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem solving, and so on.
Augmentative communication
An approach that encompasses many different methods to build or augment communication. Adapting existing vocal or gestural abilities and static symbols or icons and using technological devices for speech and language are all examples
When a young child consistently fails to utilize the expected developmental speech sounds and repeatedly demonstrates problems with pronounciation, the child MOST probably has
An articulation disorder
Prenatal period:
From conception to birth, includes embryonic and fetal stages of pregnancy. Rapid growth occurs.
Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
An educational right of children with disabilities in the United States that is guaranteed by the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
Neonatal period:
From birth to 30 days of age, includes the transition from fetal dependence to independence. *Average size is 7-7.5 lbs, 18-21" long, and head circumference of 12-15".
Performance-based assessment
Analyzes data that reflects how a student understands and applies knowledge. Use data from measurable tasks that the students perform that are both meaningful and engaging to students.
A teacher plans to introduce a new mathematics concept in a first-grade general education classroom that includes two students with developmental delays. What is most likely to provide the teacher with appropriate data to differentiate instruction for the students?
Analyzing each students performance on previously taught concepts to identify possible strengths and weaknesses
Which of the following steps allows the team to determine whether the student is meeting the goals set forth?
Annual review
Separation anxiety usually begins around the age of:
Around 9 months of age, peaks around 12 months of age and disappears around 24 months of age.
assimilation
Assimilation takes new information or experiences and incorporates them into our existing ideas. Jill is a four-year-old child. Her mother has taught her how to brush her hair. Today, her mother gave her a new brush and told Jill it was for her hair. Jill immediately began to brush her hair.
Emotional Development: At 4 years old, a child should be able to......
Attribute "happiness" to getting what they want (even if they have to break rules to get it).
How can the SLP check on cognitive status of the infant?
Auditory & Visual Stimulus Test, Attention to stimulus
A student who has difficulty remembering simple directions that are provided by the teacher throughout a lesson is likely to have which of the following types of problems?
Auditory memory problems
13 categories under IDEA of disabilities
Autism Deaf-Blindness Deafness Emotional Disturbance Hearing Impairment Intellectual Disability Multiple Disabilities Orthopedic Impairment Other Health Impairments Specific Learning Disability Speech or Language Impairment Traumatic Brain Injury Visual Impairment
Developmental Milestones
Average age at which children acquire skills.
18-24 mos Semantics
Average expressive vocabulary size: 200-300 words at 24 mos Understand single words for objects out of sight Understand two-words relations similar to those expressed Prevalent relations expressed: agent-action, agent-object, action-object, action-location, entity location, possessor-possession, demonstrative-entity, attribute-entity
12-18 mos Semantics
Average expressive vocabulary size: 50-100 words at 18 most Semantic roles expressed in one-word speech include: agent, action object, location, possession, rejection, disappearance, nonexistence, denial Words are understood outside of routine games; still need contextual support for lexical comprehension
24-30 mos Phonology
Awareness of rhyme emerges
The behavior theory regarding speech and language development holds that:
Children imitate models; language is learned through operant conditioning - modeling and reinforcement.
An example of a study skills that is necessary for all students with disabilities is
Behavior self-management
Maturation across developmental domains is characterized by:
Behavioral markers or key milestones.
What is involved in active listening?
Being attentive to the speaker on multiple levels: hearing, interpreting, sorting, and analyzing.
Child Find is a component of IDEA that requires states to identify, locate and evaluate all children with disabilities who are in need of early intervention or special education services between the ages of:
Birth to 21
Part C ages
Birth to 3
Infant/Toddler Development Assessment (IDA)
Birth to 3 years; assessess 8 skills of development; results scored in age equivalency
Early Childhood
Birth-Six
Criterion-referenced test
Brigance Inventory of Early Development II
Identify which of the following court cases focused on the schools responsibility to provide medical services to students with disabilities if the situation does not require a physicians care
Brown
18-24 mos Syntax
Brown's Stage I: Basic Semantic Roles and Relations Two-word utterances emerge Word order is consistent Utterances are "telegraphic" with few grammatical markers
24-30 mos Syntax
Brown's Stage II: Grammatical Morphemes Early emerging acquisition: -ing in, on , plural /s/ Use of no, not, can't, don't as negation between subject and verb Questions formed with rising intonation only Sentences with semi-auxiliaries gonna, wanna, gotta, hafta, appear
30-36 mos Syntax
Brown's Stage III: Modulation of Simple Sentences Present tense auxiliaries appear Be verbs used inconsistently Overgeneralized past-tense forms appear
36-42 mos Syntax
Brown's Stage IV: Emergence of Embedded Sentences First complex sentence forms appear Auxillary verbs are placed correctly in questions and negatives Irregular past tense, articles (a, the), possessive ('s) acquired
42-48 mos Syntax
Brown's Stage Late IV- Early V Early emerging complex sentence types, including: -Full prepositional clauses -Wh- clauses -Simple infinitives -Conjoined
48-60 mos Syntax
Brown's Stage V Later developing morphemes acquired, including: -Be verbs -Regular past -Third person /s/ Past tense auxiliaries used Later developing complex sentences used, including: -Relative clauses (right branching) -Infinitive clauses with different subjects -Gerund clauses -wh- infinitive clauses Basic sentence forms acquired
Tests for motor abilities
Bruininks Orseretsky, Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Peabody Developmental, Test of Gross Motor Development, 2nd. ed.
education of the individual
Bruner, Piaget, Kohlberg
18-24 mos Phonology
By 24 mos, 9-10 initial and 5-6 final consonants are used Speech is 50% intelligible 70% of consonants are correct CVC and two-syllable words emerge
Describe the *fetal stage:*
From 8 weeks to birth... Maturation of body systems...
complications from LBW & prematurity
CP, ASD, Lung problems, vision impairments, global developmental delay, feeding problems
Standardized tests
Can also determine limitations in adaptive behavior.
Qualitative research
Can provide additional, and sometimes critical, information as to what interventions can and should be used for struggling students. Provides documentation regarding how research-based practices work. Qualitative research rounds out the picture or provides more detailed information and examples related to implementation issues.
Emotional Development: At 7-8 months old, a child should be able to......
Categorize emotions.
Which of the following is a recommended method for teaching students with disabilities about employement and life skills in the area of vocational skills training?
Community based instruction
Assessment for determination of need
Conducted if found eligible after comprehensive evaluation. Refers to procedures that are used throughout the time a child is in early intervention to: identify a child's unique strengths and needs, and determine what services are necessary to meet those needs.
An "applied and integrated curriculum" connects:
Connects academic and vocational learning.
Holly is a 3 year old child with a hearing loss whose father often plays games with her. Her father pours eight ounces of juice into a tall thin glass. He asks Holly which container has the most juice and Holly says the tall thin glass. Holly is showing she has not yet acquired which ability closely associated with Piaget?
Conservation
Recommended methods of intervention for aggressive behavior include:
Consistency in discipline is very important and sometimes expulsion is necessary for students who demonstrate chronic, uncontrollable behavior; however, behavioral management and medication are effective intervention methods that can effectively reduce the behavior.
For students in special education, the IEP team must consider the most appropriate option for delivery of educational services such as a general education class, or a resource room. These options are called
Continuum of educational placements
Special education teachers are expected to hold highly qualified status when teaching
Core academic subjects .Alternate achievement standard .Multiple subjects
"They show how your child's individual performance and effort during the entire learning process."
Criterion-referenced
Differential reinforcement:
Decrease inappropriate behavior by ignoring it and providing reinforcement for positive behavior.
Early indicators of intellectual disability
Delay in reaching developmental milestones such as sitting up and talking. Difficulty remembering things Trouble comprehending accepted social behaviors and/or understanding the consequences to actions. Poor problem-solving skills
Speech and language disorders.
Developmental articulation disorder, developmental expressive language disorder and developmental receptive language disorder.
Three syndromes that are major causes of deaf/blindness are:
Down, Trisomy 13, and Usher.
Emergent Literacy
Early literate behaviors and experiences- Being read to, observing adults read, learn to read signs and environmental print, experiment with writing, watch others write, and learn to talk to communicate.
GOALS 2000
Educate America Act of 2004
What is the most important goal for educators when collaborating with families of students?
Ensuring that students are successful and learn
One of the MOST influential factors in the development of a childs social-emotional domain is the
Environment
Maternal infection during pregnancy, pre-maturity, trauma, brain injury and prenatal exposure to drugs are examples of:
Environmental causes of intellectual disabilities
Typically results in developtmental delay (IDEA)
Examples of these conditions include chromosomal abnormalities; genetic or congenital disorders; severe sensory impairments, including hearing and vision; inborn errors of metabolism; disorders reflecting disturbance of the development of the nervous system; congenital infections; disorders secondary to exposure to toxic substances, including fetal alcohol syndrome; and severe attachment disorders.
At-Risk:
Exceed the norms in several areas or the range of normalcy in a few areas.
Emotional Development: At 6-7 years old, a child should be able to......
Experience complex emotional responses to breaking rules... empathize with victim and attribute "willpower" to denial of "happiness" when achieving that would result in breaking a rule.
Two very distrinct methods of instruction that may be used with students who have disabilities are ___________ instruction and ___________instruction.
Explicit and implicit
Range of Reaction
Extent to which children achieve potential.
Family stress theory
Families first experience grief and stress, and then they develop coping processes and find the resources they need to help their child.
8-12 mos Phonology
First 50 words -Most often have CV shape -Use same consonants used in early babbling -Use of reduplication, syllable deletion, assimilation, and FCD is common -Words are selected or avoided for expression based on favored sounds
The children with Specific Learning Disabilities Act was written in 1969.
First legislation protecting the educational rights of children with special needs and learning disabilities was drafted in which of the following years?
Psychoeducational model
Focuses on how teachers must understand the causes of negative behavior and how to help the student acquire self control through reflection and planning
24-30 mos Pragmatics
Frequency of topic continuations increase, mostly through repetition "Please" used for polite requests New intents include: -Symbolic play -Talk about absent objects -Misrepresenting reality (lies, teases) Narratives are "heap stories", primarily labels and descriptions
18-24 mos Pragmatics
Frequency of word use increases over preverbal communication New intents include: -Requesting information -Answering questions -Acknowledging Frequency of communicative acts 7.5/min of free play
Toddler stage:
From 1 year to 3 years of age. Weight is 4 times birth weight, and height is 32-33 inches. Dentition is almost complete. Food preferences clear, but appetite inconsistent.
Early childhood stage:
From 3 years to 6 years of age. Children begin steady linear growth. Brain is 90% of total, and children begin to lose baby teeth.
Infancy period:
From 30 days to 12 months of age, is a time of rapid physical growth. Will triple birth weight and be 1.5 times birth height by one year old. Tooth eruption occurs, meal patterns are established, and infant sleeps 12 hours a day.
Elements of BIP
Gather background data, conduct FBA, causal manifest determination
One step in the placement process would be a comprehensive evaluation for the purpose of
Gathering information to make critical decisions about the child's program.
The ultimate goal of teaching self-care skills for a student with a disability is to become indepentent in her own care. To perform at this level, students must learn the necessary skills and then __________across settings.
Generalize
Transition
Going from one type of special education to the next kind ie from early intervention to preschool to school to the world
Diana v. State Board of Education (1970), Larry P. v. Riles (1972), and Lau v. Nichols (1974), influenced the drafting of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and addressed the issue of
Helped establish the principle of nondiscriminatory assessment of students from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Typical play development at the age of 15 months.
Helping with dressing is
Interactionist
High/Scope, School for Constructive Play, Piaget-Derived Curriculum, Young Thinkers
48-60 mos Pragmatics
Hints that do not mention the intention in the request ("Those smell good!") emerge Ability to address specific requests for clarification increases Narratives are "chains" with some plot, but no high point or resolution
What population is the fastest growing minority and has the highest rates of poverty, highest rates of school dropouts, and are educated in the most highly segregated schools?
Hispanic Americans.
Who tend to be overrepresented in special education?
Hispanics, African Americans, and American Indians.
Typical play development at the age of 9 months
Holding and drinking from a bottle is
What are Natural Environments?
Homes... Daycare centers... Preschools... (regular settings) *Specialized Services are critical.*
Perceptual motor
How the muscles coordinate their movements with the information that is received through the environment by the senses
8-12 mos Pragmatics
Illocutionary intents expressed with gestures and vocalizations: -Requesting objects and actions -Refusing -Commenting -Communicative games Frequency of communicative acts 2.5/min of free play
Which of the following best characterizes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Impulsive, forgetful, moody and restless to the point of disruption. Additionally children with ADHD may be unpredictable and may be unable to follow through with tasks.
Which of the following best describes characteristics of autism?
Inability to communicate and interact socially. Additionally, a child with autism may prefer to be alone, may avoid eye contact, exhibit unusual attachment to objects, make repetitive motions, show unusual reactions to physical sensations, have impulsive behavior without a sense of danger, cry and have temper tantrums for no apparent reason and/or have very high or very low activity levels.
Which of the following best describes characteristics of hearing impairment?
Inability to follow instructions, seeming distracted or confused, asking for information to be repeated, mispronunciation of words. Additionally, the student may turn their ear toward a sound or may favor one ear over the other.
emotional disturbance
Includes deficits in three specific areas, namely emotional development, behavioral development, and cognitive development.
Executive functioning
Includes impulse control, attention, transitioning, planning, organizing, and initiating tasks.
examples of assessment
Infant/Toddler Developmental Assessment (IDA), Developmental Profile-3 (DP-3), Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5), Receptive and Expressive Emergent Language-3 (REEL-3), MacArthur Communicative Developmental Inventories, feeding assessment
If a student with a disability requires special services, in order to access and benefit from an education, even through those services are expensive, which of the following legal cases supports this student's right to obtain these services?
Mills v Board of Education
Used to evaluate a student's own performances & progress individually--most often to collect data by the preschool teachers & more appropriate for program planning. Ex.--> observations, journals, written drafts, and conversations...
Informal assessment
One of the essential ingredients in providing an appropriate program for children wtih special needs is for the school to emphasize
Interagency collaboration
Social skills
Interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (i.e., wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized.
Who developed the cognitive-developmental approach which recognizes a fixed sequence in which thinking processes emerge?
Jean Piaget.
48-60 mos Semantics
Knowledge of letter names and sounds emerges Knowledge of numbers and counting emerges Use of conjunctions where, so, because, if
Bloom's taxonomy
Knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation
Conceptual skills
Language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction.
Nativist theories hold that language is:
Language is innate or produced by biology.
Conceptual deficits, memory deficits, behavior deficits, visual perceptive and auditory perceptive deficits, and spatial/body awareness deficits are all characteristics of:
Learning disabilities
Students with ___________ are most likely to have academic gaps between their acheivement and abilities in the areas of reading, writing and math.
Learning disabilities
phonological awareness continuum
Listening and rhyming, Alliteration Sentence Segmentation Syllables Onset and Rime Phonemes (Phonemic Awareness)
12-18 mos Pragmatics
Locutionary intents express same functions with words that were expressed before with preverbal means
Intellectual disabilities are classified as:
Mild, moderate, severe or profound
A middle school student with an emotional disability demonstrates disruptive behaviors in the general education setting but is placed in this inclusive setting the majority of the day. According to research, a key factor in controlling this students behavior is
Modeling
36-42 mos Pragmatics
More flexibility in requesting, including: -Permission derivities (Can you...?) -Indirect requests (Would you...?) Direct requests decrease in frequency, as indirect requests increase Narratives are "primitive", with theme and some temporal
Visual impairments can result in:
Motor, cognitive and/or social developmental delays.
Two of the MOST important trends in the area of early childhood education are
Natural environments and parent involvement
42-48 mos Pragmatics
New functions emerge, including: -Reporting on past events -Reasoning -Predicting -Expressing empathy -Creating imaginary roles and props -Maintaining interactions
The Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 states:
No qualified handicapped individuals should be excluded (solely be reason of his/her handicap) from participation in, be denied benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
enforces section 504
Office of Civil Rights
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of Dyslexia?
Omitting words, difficulty memorizing content, difficulty in following instructions, and difficulty in reading. The characteristics vary at different ages and levels of maturity; however, common characteristics in children with dyslexia include reading, spelling and comprehension skills that fall below expectations; difficulty recalling words; errors in reading, writing and spelling including reversals, substitutions, additions and omissions. Often have average or above average intelligence and are frequently very creative and skilled with hands-on activities.
Implementation of early invention programs
One of 6 major provisions of IDEA mandated to schools.
Occupational therapy addresses issues relating to:
Oral motor function, visual perception, sensory awareness/processing, fine motor skills and skills relating to self-care and pre-vocational tasks.
What are the normal measurements for a child in the 6 years stage?
Other: Brain is 90% adult growth; may begin to lose primary teeth.
What best describes the impact of the Project Head Start program on parenting practices?
Parents realized the importance of reading to their child at least several times a week.
0-8 mos Pragmatics
Perlocutionary: caregivers attribute intent to child's actions
What aspect(s) of the FIS model can be used to assist in the assessment of the infant with feeding problems?
Physical (growth and maturation) / social (zone of proximal development)
5 Developmental Areas that services are designed to identify
Physical development, cognitive development, communication, social or emotional development, and adaptive development
Cognitive Development Theory
Piaget is associated with...
symbolic function
Piaget: Develops between the ages of 2 and 4, children master the ability to picture, remember, understand, and replicate objects in their minds that are not immediately in front of them. In other words, children can create mental images of objects and store them in their minds for later use.
Chromosomal abnormalities causing MR
Prader-Willi, Down Syndrome
Victor Lowenfeld's stage of art for preschoolers
Preschematic
Emotional Development: At 2-3 years old, a child should be able to......
Produce defiant behavior as an expression of individuality and autonomy... Attribute emotion (happiness/sadness) to getting what they want.
What is non-contingent helping?
Providing services or support for families while expecting no proactive behavior on the part of families.
Andy is an 8-year-old student with EBD. Andy is disruptive in the general education classroom, so the IEP team is recommending that he be placed in a self-contained classroom. Which of the following steps must be taken before determining that a self-contained classroom would be the least restrictive environment for Andy?
Providing supplementary aids, services, and behavioral accommodations demonstrates that all attempts have been made to accommodate the student and make the general education environment the least restrictive environment.
Effective early childhood educators must ______ and preserve diversity, _______ shared beliefs and traditions, and ______ that which is distinctive in the many groups that make up this nation.
RESPECT, CELEBRATE, and HONOR.
Range of Normalcy
Range within it is typical for children to acquire skills.
Emotional Development: At 2 years old, a child should be able to......
Realize that the emotions of others have consequences for them... Regulate others with their emotions (sadness works best).
In testing or assessments, the term "validity" refers to:
Refers to the ability of the measurement to measure what it claims to measure
Which of the following best describes the main accomplishment of a typical baby during the first six weeks after birth?
Reflexes increase in efficiency and complexity
What best describes the main accomplishment of a typical baby during the first six weeks after birth?
Reflexes increase in efficiency and complexity.
Emotional Development: At 18 months old, a child should be able to......
Regulate emotions or impulses.
Elaine is 3 years old. She exhibits age-appropriate motor skills, but her parents express concern that she does not answer questions verbally; she only points and nods or shakes her head. Which of the following actions is a preschool teacher's best initial response to the situation?
Screening Elaine for receptive and expressive language skills. A screening will provide information to determine if an additional evaluation is needed and is the first step in the evaluation process.
What is included in attachment theory?
Secure relationships between infant and caregiver are the basis for emotional maturation. Sensitivity and responsiveness of caregiver build attachment. Bowlby
Typical play development at the age of 12 months includes:
Self-feeding using fingers
36-42 mos Semantics
Semantic relations between adjacent and conjoined sentences include: additive, temporal, causal, contrastive Understanding of basic color words Use and understanding of basic kinship terms
Developmental disabilities
Severe chronic disabilities that can be cognitive or physical or both.
Screenings—
Should be used to identify children who require further evaluation to determine whether they are in need of additional support or early intervention The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children, before their third birthday, receive developmental screening from their physicians at least three times.
What is legally required to initiate a formal evaluation for a student suspected of having a specific learning disability?
Signed parental permission
Developmental Delay:
Significant delays in acquisition of skills in one or more areas of development.
cooing
Sounds that are acoustically similar to back vowels and consonant-vowel (CV) and vowel-consonant (VC) syllables containing back vowels and back consonants (velars, uvulars). 2-3 months. The syllable sequences produced at this stage are considered primitive because of the irregular timing in the opening and closure of the consonantal and vocalic segements.
Federal law requires a transition plan as a component of a student's program in special education. It is appropriate for the school district to request that the _______assist with the development of the plan and the services to the student.
Special education director
48-60 mos Phonology
Speech is 100% intelligible Ability to segment words into syllables emerges Use of most simplification processes stops; errors on /s/ /r/ /l/ th may persist
30-36 mos Phonology
Speech is 75% intelligible at 36 mos
Medical/Neurological Symptoms:
Speech, vision, hearing and other sensory impairment, decreased motor coordination, difficulty breathing, dizziness, headaches, impaired balance, loss of intellectual capacities, partial to full paralysis, reduced body strength, seizures, sleep disorders, and speech problems.
Which of the following is the most common related service added to students IEPs?
Speech-language therapy
must be submitted to Dept. of Ed. every year
State Performance Plan
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
States that parents have a right to inspect their child's school records AND to request correction of information they believe is inaccurate; also addresses the school's disclosure of educational records.
Under No Child Left Behind:
Students with disabilities are to be included in the state accountability reports and the data has to be disaggregated for students with disabilities
Modifications are:
Substantial changes to expectations for children with disabilities including changes in instructional level, content, performance criteria, test formats and alternate assessments. Substantial changes that are made regarding the expectations of what a child should demonstrate. May include changes in the instructional level, content and performance criteria. Sometimes test formats are altered or alternate assessments are given. Modifications are defined in the IEP and must be employed in the classroom.
Used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic achievement at the conclusion of a defined instructional period—typically at the end of a project, unit, course, semester, or school year...
Summative assessment
When reading aloud, a student neglects to pronounce word endings. Which of the following types of words sorts would be used to help a student become more fluent in this skill?
Syllables and affixes, such as saying words formed by adding -ing or -ed
When reading aloud, a student neglects to pronounce word endings. What types of word sorts would be used to help a student become fluent in this skill?
Syllables and affixes, such as saying words formed by adding -ing or -ed.
Genetic Abnormalities and Syndromes causing MR
Tay Sachs, tuberous sclerosis, Rett syndrome
Which of the following is most likely to help a 3-year-old preschool student with a mild intellectual disability develop literacy skills?
Teaching the student how to do a picture walk through a book as a prereading activity to reinforce comprehension skills. hands-on activities are a multisensory way of teaching preschoolers the alphabet and numbers.
Phasic Bite Reflex (until ~3.5 months)
Teeth or gums are stimulated, via bottle or nipple in the mouth, a rhythmic bite-and -release pattern that can be observed as a series of small jaw openings and closings.
Is applied by making a desired activity available to a student possibly on the completion of an undesired (or less desired) activity...
The Premark Principle
The procedural safeguards notice must be given to parents when:
The child is first referred for an evaluation, when the parent is invited to the meeting, when the child is reevaluated, when the parent requests a due process hearing and when school authorities decide to take certain disciplinary actions.
Adaptive behavior
The collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives.
Social-Emotional, Adaptive, Cognitive, Communication, Physical
The five domains of learning
Conception and Birth
The greatest risk for developing a severe disability occurs between these two stages.
The method of reading instruction that is based on decoding skills with the emphasis of word families is called:
The linguistic approach (teaches reading and decoding skills emphasizing use of word families).
Pre-referral
The purpose is to ensure your child tries reasonable accommodations and modifications before she's referred for special education assessment.
Procedural safeguard under (IDEA)
The rights of parents, which include the right to participate in all meetings, examine all educational records, and receive written notice regarding placement.
At least 90 days before the child turns three
The time frame in which a conference needs to be scheduled to discuss a child transitioning out of early intervention services?
standard deviation
The variability from the mean. To calculate, you find the difference of each score from the mean, square each difference, average the squares and then take the square root.
Cooperative Learning
Think-Pair-Share, Three-Step Interview, Simple Jigsaw, Numbered Heads Together
Language patterns
This aspect of development is determined before age 7.
Personality
This aspect of development is determined by age 3.
Behavior patterns
This aspect of development is determined by age 5.
30-36 mos Semantics
Use and understanding of "why" questions Understanding and use of basic spatial terms (in, on, under, ect.)
Tinker v. Des Moines
Tinker won; students retain their constitutional right of freedom of speech while in public schools
Criterion referenced tests
To determine students' mastery of skills at given performance levels and allow the teacher to determine a child's functional performance level on given tasks specific to an educational task.
The Education of All Handicapped children Act was enlarged & modified in 1900 to include which of the following?
To include a broader range of disabilities qualifying for services
The purpose of Early Intervention
To lessen the effects of the disability or delay
30-36 mos Pragmatics
Topic continuation nears 50% Topics are continued by adding new information Some requests for clarification provided Use of language in play increases Narratives are "sequences", with theme but no plot
Typical play development at the age of 6 months.
Transferring toys from one hand to the other
True or False: The brains of infants and very young children are influenced by their experiences and are resilient to injury.
True.
True or False: Educational success correlates highly with income.
True. To conclude that education underachievement and other social problems are caused by racial characteristics would be inaccurate and inappropriate.
Erickson's Psychosocial Developmental Stages for Preschoolers
Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame; Initiative v. Guilt; Industry v. Inferioriy
What interactive behaviors should parents learn? (5)
Turn-taking Imitation Building anticipatory sets Joint attentional activities Look for evidence of intentional behaviors
By the age of 6 months a baby typically uses hands for support in sitting, rolls from his/her back to tummy and accepts his/her entire weight with his/her legs while standing with support. These are typical signs of:
Typical physical development.
24-30 mos Semantics
Understanding and use of questions about object (what?), people (who?), basic events (what [x] doing? where [x] going?)
8-12 mos Semantics
Understanding of 3-50 words First words used for names of familiar people and objects; communicative games and routines; to talk about appearance, disappearance, recurrence
Aptitude is best defined as:
Undeveloped potential or ability
Ecological model
Urie Bronfenbrenner. development was affected by everything in their surrounding environment. He divided the person's environment into five different levels: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem
42-48 mos Semantics
Use and understanding of "when" and "how" questions Understanding of words for basic shapes (circle, square, triangle) Use and understanding of basic size vocabulary (big, small) Use of conjunctions and, because, to conjoin sentences
Cued speech is a method of communication that is most effective for students:
Used by some students who have hearing impairments. Its purpose is to reduce uncertainty that is sometimes associated with lip reading. There is some controversy regarding whether students with hearing impairment should be taught to rely on oral communication methods or sign language.
Quantitative research
Used to compare the effectiveness of different instructional practices. Provides a means to accumulate a convergence or body of support for research-based practices for students at risk for failure and for students who have learning disabilities.
Comprehensive evaluation
Used to find out the nature and extent of the child's abilities, delays or difficulties, and to determine whether a child is eligible for early intervention services. Looks at all areas of development as required by federal law. Best way to evaluate because many aspects of a young child's abilities and functioning are interrelated. May also include information from other sources, such as reviews of a child's medical and developmental history, and interviews with parents, other primary caregivers and medical providers.
Reliability in testing or assessment refers to:
Used when referring to the repeatability and accuracy of a measurement.
acquisition stage of learning
Using the skill under structured and repetitive conditions
Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
Utilizes two, well-researched learning theories. These are: 1) classical conditioning and 2) operant conditioning. Students learn by making simple associations between cause and effect. If they respond correctly for that step, they are immediately rewarded.
education of the group
Vygotsky and Dewey
Socio-Cultural Theory
Vygotsky is associated with...
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS)
Was designed to assess intellectual disability in personal, social, and adaptive functioning of disabled and nondisabled persons from birth to adulthood
Behavioral Learning Theory
Watson and Skinner are associated with...
What are the normal measurements for a child in the 12 months stage?
Weight: 3x birth weight Height: 1.5x birth height Other: Primary tooth eruption; three routine meals a day.
What are the normal measurements for a child in the 36 months stage?
Weight: 4x birth weight Height: 50% adult height Other: Inconsistent sleep habits
What are the normal measurements for a child in the neonatal stage?
Weight: 7-7.5 lbs. Height: 18-21" Head circumference: 12-15" Other: Gain an ounce a day, eat frequently in small amounts.
Judgment-based assessment
a clinically based approach to collect information from multiple sources to evaluate the child
What is consensus building?
Where each professional is flexible and willing to share roles as well as information.
Able to follow along actively when solving problems as a whole class using manipulatives but not when using number lines. Which of the following best demonstrates adjusting instruction based on individual need?
Work with students in ability-based groups
Dyspraxia
a form of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. It may also affect speech. may present with difficulties with self-care, writing, typing, riding a bike and play as well as other educational and recreational activities
access
a means of providing a wide range of activities and environments for every child by offering multiple ways to promote learning and development
whole-language instruction
a method of teaching children to read by recognizing words as whole pieces of language. Proponents of the whole language philosophy believe that language should not be broken down into letters and combinations of letters and "decoded." Instead, they believe that language is a complete system of making meaning, with words functioning in relation to each other in context.
Dynamic Assessment
a type of assessment that identifies a child's ability to learn during an instruction period that actively involves the child
Family-based assessment
a type of assessment used to identify family strengths and concerns for the benefit of setting up plans, resources, and interventions for the family
Curriculum-based assessment
a type of criterion-referenced test used to evaluate a child's skils according to the curriculum presented
What does SLP NICU intervention consists of?
a. Communication b. Feeding and Swallowing c. Parent/caregiver Education and counseling
What elements might be involved in the initial assessment for NICU patients?
a. Feeding and Oral Motor Development b. Hearing Conservation and Aural Habilitation c. Child Behavior and Development d. Parent-Child Communication a. Infant readiness/ parent communication and family functioning.
What are the key elements of assessment for pre-linguistic infants?
a. Feeding and Oral Motor Development b. Hearing Conservation and Aural Habilitation c. Child Behavior and Development d. Parent-Child Communication e. Vocal Ability
How can developmental factors be evaluated for preintentional infants?
a. Feeding and Oral-Motor Devlopment, Vocal Assessment, Hearing Conservation & Aural Habilitation, Child Behavior & Development, Parent-child communication a. Information interviews, checklists, scales, standardized assessments
What developmental areas should be evaluated by the SLP?
a. Language function b. Hearing c. Speech-motor: External face and head, Intraoral,Velopharyngeal function/ resonance, Volitional oral movements, Diadochokinetic, Respiratory and phonatory function d. Nonverbal Cognition e. Social Functioning
What are the key elements of emerging language assessment?
a. Play b. Communicative intention c. Comprehension d. Production Language
What disciplines must be involved in writing an IFSP?
a. SLP b. OT c. PT d. Developmental Therapy e. Service Coordination f. Audiological Services g. Nursing Services h. Day Hab i. Physician
IEP
a. School aged & 3-5 b. Educational plans for preschoolers and older children with disabilities. c. Focus is on the child. d. Family is part of IEP team.
Practices that threaten a child's feelings of competence
ability grouping, evaluative symbols, public comparison
SB-5/Stanford-Binet-5
abstract test not focused on finding standard scores of students in a group
Thorndike's factors of intelligence
abstract, mechanical, social
#1 cause of death in preschoolers
accidents
self-actualizing
achieving optimal personal growth and realizing one's full potential
types of counting
acoustic and pointing
lead poisoning
affects 310,000 children 5 and under; short attention span, reading disabilities, learning disabilities, hyperactivity
Maternal factors - low birth weight babies (LBW)
age, race, low ses, prenatal care, genetic factors, maternal weight gain, placenta issues, substance abuse, stress
peaks around age 4
aggression
Developmentally Appropriate Practice
all domains are interrelated and child development follows a fairly predictable order of increasing complexity; what is known about child development and learning, strengths, needs, interests of a child, social and cultural environment of a child
initial assessments
assessment of the child and the family assessment that are conducted prior to the child's first IFSP meeting required under part C of IDEA
Percentile scores
allow you to compare one student's scores with a group of students who took the test.
An estimated 71% of students with emotional disorders
also have expressive and receptive language disorders
Performance assessment,
also known as alternative or authentic assessment, is a form of testing that requires students to perform a task rather than select an answer from a ready-made list.
raw score
an individual's actual achievement score (as on a test) before being adjusted for relative position in the test group
Retrolental Fibroplasia
an unusual eye disease occurring in premature infants, usually from being given high concentrations of oxygen, which causes abnormal function of fibrous tissue behind the lens and often results in blindness; principal cause of blindness in children of preschool age
developmental milestones - rec lang - 30 mos
answers routine questions and y/n quest; understands prepositions
ABC approach to evaluating behavior
antecedent--behavior--consequences
An aptitude test is
any type of assessment that evaluates the talent/ability/potential to perform a certain task, with no prior knowledge and/or training.
Traditional Assessment
are the conventional methods of testing which usually produce a written document, such as a quiz, exam, or paper. Standardized tests, most state achievement tests, and high school graduation examinations are also examples
developmental milestones - exp lang - 24 mos
at least 50 words produced; 50% intelligible; imitates phrases; producing 2 word phrases
Goals of Misbehavior (Dreikus)
attention, power, revenge, inadequacy
A common descriptor of a student with an emotional disturbance according to the law is
atypical emotions
Test of Auditory Processing Skills, 3rd ed.
auditory perception
stages of literacy development
awareness and exploration, experimenting with reading and writing, early reading and writing, transitional reading and writing, conventional reading and writing
developmental milestones - feeding - 3 mos
back and forth mvt of tongue w/breast or bottle
Perceptual-motor skills
balance, spatial awareness, figure-ground perception, temporal awareness, body and directional awareness
Critical Reflection
being perplexed, testing the hypothesis, a more careful observation, finding a tentative explanation, an elaboration or firmer explanation
Robert Owen
belief that a child's environment influenced the child's beliefs, behavior, and accomplishments
Rousseau, Montessori, Froebel
believed dignity and respect were the foundation of a quality educational program and good academic instruction
Receptive and Expressive Emergent Language-3 (REEL-3)
birth to 3 years; assesses receptive and expressive language skills; parental interview/checklist; scores with a standard score and an age equivalency
Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5)
birth to 7 years; assesses receptive and expressive language; scored with a standard score and age equivalency
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD
blurts out answers, fidgets in seat, has problems playing quietly
A language impairment"
can entail difficulty comprehending words properly, expressing oneself and listening to others
adaptive behavior
capability to function independently
INCLUDE strategy
careful analysis of a class environment and student needs will allow a teacher to make efficient accommodations for special need students; based on universal design and differentiated instruction
examples of at-risk infants
caregiver w/disability, caregiver addicted to drug/alcohol, limited prenatal care, adolescent mother, chronic otitis media, older disabled siblings
Charcot-Marie Tooth disorder
causes deterioration and lack of sensation of the peripheral nerves in the foot and lower leg and the hand and forearm; treat with braces, OT, PT; one of the mos common inherited neurological disorders
Dysgraphia
causes trouble with written expression, a specific learning disorder
developmental milestones - feeding - 18 mos
chewing well
language development
children's abilities to understand, to process, and to produce language also flourish in an amazing way. Young children experience a language explosion between the ages of 3 and 6
Types of learning disabilities
dyslexia, dysgraphia, central processing disorder, visual processing disorders
Turner Syndrome
chromosomal condition that affects development in females; short stature, early loss of ovarian function, webbed neck, low hairline at back of neck, puffiness or swelling of hands and feet, skeletal abnormalities, kidney problems, heart defects
Reciprocal Teaching Strategy
clarifying points, summarizing the text, asking and answering questions, making predictions
Impairments of traumatic brain injury include
cognition language memory attention reasoning abstract thinking judgment problem-solving sensory, perceptual, and motor abilities psychosocial behavior physical functions information processing speech
Learning Objectives
cognitive, affective, psychomotor
information processing
conceptualizes children's mental processes through the metaphor of a computer processing, encoding, storing, and decoding data
Systematic observation
conclusions or interpretations based on observations of the child over time rather than a one-time assessment of a child's skills and abilities
Deaf/blindness (one of 13 disabilities under IDEA)
concomitant [simultaneous] hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness."
associated with learning problems
concrete math, abstract math, semi-concrete math
stages of acclimatization
confronting, adjusting, adapting
Constructive Play
correspondence, functions, perspective, transformation
developmental milestones - gross motor - 9 mos
crawling
components of IFSP
current functioning levels, family strengths and needs, major outcomes, services and schedule for delivery, projected dates for initiation of services, name of service coordinator, biannual review, transition to special ed. and related services (3-5, IEP)
Which is not considered a multiple disability
deaf/blindness
Cognitive Symptoms:
decreased attention, organizational skills, and problem solving ability; difficulty with abstract concepts; memory deficits; perceptual problems; poor concentration, poor judgment; slowed information processing, and poor memory.
Student-directed learning model
dependent, interested, involved, self-directed
manifestation determination
determines if the behavior for which the child is being disciplined is caused by his or her disability. If the team determines that the behavior is a manifestation of the disability then the child returns to school.
child role in guided discovery
determines the essence of what is learned
cephalocaudal
develops from head to toe, gross motor to fine motor
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
difficult-to-treat form of childhood-onset epilepsy, usually between 2 and 6 years old
Dyscalculia
difficulty with learning addition and subtraction facts, simple word problems, and games that require logical reasoning.
Angelman Syndrome
disorder inherited from the mother; characterized by small head size, hyperactivity, sleep disorders, and movement and behavior disorders causing severe functional deficits
Klinefelter's Syndrome
disorder resulting from an extra x chromosome and characterized by extreme height and underdeveloped genitals
#2 cause of death in preschoolers
drowning
achievement gaps
early access to quality schools and programs differs dramatically over socioeconomic and ethnic groups as do their early educational experiences
Affective Skills
emotional/feeling
Spiral Curriculum--Bruner--3 modes of understanding
enactive, iconic, symbolic
EHA part H
ensured special ed. evaluation in babies and toddlers
external time stealers
equipment failure, red tape, cluttered work space, mistakes of others
initial evaluation
evaluation of a child that is used to determine his or her initial eligibility under part C of the IDEA
National Educational Standards and Improvement Council
examines and certifies national and state academic content
nondisabled children treated unfairly
expected to take on more than average responsibiities
right brain hemisphere
experiences growth spurt a ages 4-5; brain grows larger, and an increasing number of connections are formed
left brain hemisphere
experiences growth spurt at age 2
developmental milestones - prelinguistic- 3 mos
eye contact w/parent; watches speaker's mouth
fetal alcohol syndrome
facial abnormalities, cardiac defects, defects in joints and limbs, neurological abnormalities, autism, behavioral deficits, MR, memory impairment, physical defects
developmental milestones - exp lang - 12 mos
first words
child-oriented classroom design model
focuses on separating students, so as not to distract each other
developmental milestones - rec lang - 24 mos
follows more complex directions; demonstrates understanding of verbs and pictures in a book
developmental milestones - rec lang - 36 mos
follows up to 3 complex directions; answers wh quest
Bank Street College of Education
founded by Lucy Sprague Mitchell in 1916
Ecological Assessment
gathering information about the child's performance and interaction in the typical environment
3 main areas of IEP
general education curriculum, extracurricular activities, nonacademic activities
Examples of established risk infants
genetic disorders (down syndrome/Trisomy 21), neurological disorders (CP), congenital malformations (cleft lip/palate), sensory disorders (severe toxic exposure, FAS), chronic medical illness (heart problems, CF), atypical developmental disorders (ASD)
fragile x/Martin-Bell Syndrome--Escalante's Syndrome
genetic syndrome affecting mostly boys; elongated face, large or protruding ears, low muscle tone, intellectual disability
developmental milestones - feeding - 12 mos
good coordination of tongue; cup drinking; jaw grading; biting
developmental milestones - fine motor - 12 mos
grasps crayon with fist
In research conducted on effective reading outcomes, it has been found that a significant factor related to success was the
grouping of students.
Phonemic awareness
he ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in words.
Hearing impairment
hearing loss below 90 decibels . Falls into four subcategories: conductive, sensorineural, mixed and central. Early intervention is strongly recommended to foster communication abilities.
developmental milestones - fine motor - 3 mos
holds rattle in hands
pragmatics
how children communicate in social contexts
Metabolic causes of MR
hyperathyroidism, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinism
Rett Syndrome
hypotonic, reduced eye contact, decelerated head growth, disinterested in play activities. Most babies with Rett syndrome seem to develop normally until about 6 months of age, they lose skills they previously had — such as the ability to crawl, walk, communicate or use their hands. Boys usually die
developmental milestones - rec lang - 18 mos
id's body parts & clothing; id's objects in field of 2
ADHD
if problematic behaviors began in early childhood and exist longer than 6 months
developmental milestones - prelinguistic- 12 mos
imitates gestures; points to objects
risk factors for prematurity
inadequate prenatal care, pre-eclampsia, substance abuse, multiple births, placenta issues, fetal distress, maternal age, low ses, maternal emotional stress
Multiple Sclerosis
inflammatory disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damages
appropriate preschool assessments
journals, portfolios, project strategies
Glasser's lead teacher concept
involves letting students make choices about their own learning.
Coprolalia
irresistible urge to curse or use offensive language; only 1/3 of Tourettes cases
Section 504
is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. It ensures that the child with a disability has equal access to an education. The child may receive accommodations and modifications.
Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
is a method of teaching in simplified and structured steps.
"emotional disturbance"
is associated with mental health or severe behavior issues.
A child who does not have adequate nutrition
is at risk of injury
Mean
is the average of a group of numbers. To find the mean of your math test scores, for example, your teacher adds all your scores and then divides the answer by the number of math tests you took.
Median
is the middle number in a list of numbers that have been arranged in order.
scaled score
is the results of some transformation applied to the raw score. The reported scores are obtained by statistically adjusting and converting raw scores onto a common scale to account for differences in difficulty across different forms
developmental milestones - gross motor - 24 mos
kicks a ball
overextension
labeling many objects/people as a word when the word only applies to one thing (calling all men "Daddy")
Head Start general domains
language development, literacy, mathematics, science, creative arts, social and emotional development, approaches to learning, physical health and development
toddlers gain autonomy
language, mobility, supportive environment
developmental milestones - feeding - 9 mos
lateralizing tongue; chopped/finger foods
The most likely reason for administering the entire Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery, Third Edition, to a student is to evaluate for
learning disabilities
interpersonal skills
learning to cooperate, set the table, tie shoes (includes self-help skills)
percent of school-age children receiving services for physical or health disabilities
less than one
shared reading benefits
listening and speaking, new concepts, vocabulary increases, define words and explain meanings
Frith's stages of literacy development
logographic--alphabetic--orthographic
Three levels of residual vision are:
low vision, functionally blind, and totally blind.
developmental milestones - prelinguistic- 9 mos
maintains attn; attends to pictures
factual learning problems
make information more meaningful
request for evaluation
may be verbal or written
Mode
means the number that occurs most frequently
Ecological Systems
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
Type of lighting teachers should use
mixed lighting
Identify which of the following is an essential element of instruction
modeling of task
middle children
more likely to be competetive
Response to intervention (RTI)
most appropriate for identifying students with learning disabilities. a system designed to identify students at risk for poor academic and behavioral outcomes, so the school can develop strategies to help the students succeed.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
most common; always boys (2-6); fatal
anger cry
much like the basic cry; however, in this cry, more excess air is forced through the vocal cords, making it a louder, more abrupt cry. This type of cries is characterized by the same temporal sequence as the basic pattern but distinguished by differences in the length of the various phase components.
manifestation determination hearing
must be held within 10 days
Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic
norm-referenced test that measures cognitive, language, fine, and gross motor skills
reassessments
occur at 3-6-12 months
anencephaly
occurs when the neural tube fails to close at the top; absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp
encephalocele
occurs when the tube fails to close near the brain and there is an opening in the skull
Tourette's Syndrome
often affects writing and paying attention; can also affect overall ability to process what they see, hear, taste, and smell; inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple physical tics and at least one vocal tic
In determining the existence of a specific learning disability, the following must be present:
oral expression listening comprehension written expression basic reading skill reading fluency skills reading comprehension mathematics calculations mathematics reasoning
feeding assessments
oral mech with therapy tools; Oral Motor & Feeding Assessment; Talk Tools assessment; informal observation; structured feeding environment
cooperative play
organized play where the group of children has a goal
how young children communicate
personal narratives and social stories
hierarchy of needs
physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualizing
developmental milestones - fine motor - 9 mos
pincer grasp
associative play
playing with other children using similar or identical activities
Predominantly Inattentive ADHD
poor attention to details, forgetfulness, easily distracted, problems organizing information
challenges in establishing and maintaining collaborative relationships
population diversity, legal issues, curricular changes, technology
Basic elements of cooperation
positive interdependence, individual and group accountability, promotive interaction, teaching interpersonal and small group skills, group processing
Kohlberg's levels of moral development
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
components of IEP
present levels, annual goals, measuring and reporting progress, special ed., related services, supplementary aids and services, extent of nonparticipation, accommodations in assessment, service delivery, transition
FERPA provides rights to parents of public school students and these rights are important for students in special education. Two primary rights for parents that are outlines under FERPA are 1) the right to inspect and review their childs educational records and 2) the right to
prevent unauthorized people from seeing the records
major factors in child's ability to acquire academic skills
problem-solving ability, previous exposure to certain data, memory, ability to use previously learned information in ways to help find solutions to new problems
developmental milestones - exp lang - 30 mos
produces pronouns; variety of phrases & vocabulary; says name
professional development goals of ECE
professional knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, content knowledge, professional disposition
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs run by federal agencies; programs that receive federal financial assistance; in federal employment; and in the employment practices of federal contractors.
Title V
prohibits forcing, threatening, or retaliating against the disabled or those who assist people with disabilities. (ADA)
Factual learning
promotes the ability to establish basic associations
adult role in guided discovery
provide information to support the child's progress through domain-related processes
Title I, Part A (Title I) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act
provides financial assistance to local educational agencies (LEAs) and schools with high numbers or high percentages of children from low-income families to help ensure that all children meet challenging state academic standards.
Biological model
psychological disorders are a result of biological issues.
Adolescence
puberty-adulthood
Manipulative Play
purpose is to develop hand-eye coordination and concept development
Exploratory Play
purpose is to explore, discover, examine, and organize
Symbolic Play
purpose is to improve social skills and increase language concepts
iniencephaly
rare but severe; infants head is bent severely backward, spine is exceptionally distorted; usually die within hours
Williams Syndrome
rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a distinctive "elfin" facial appearance along with a low nasal bridge, an unusually cheerful demeanor, and ease with strangers
developmental milestones - fine motor - 6 mos
reach for a toy
basic steps in special ed. process
referral--assessment--develop and implement IEP--IEP review
Expressive language
refers to messages communicated.
Receptive language
refers to messages from others that are understood.
evaluation
refers to the process of integrating, interpreting, and summarizing the comprehensive assessment data, including indirect and preexisting sources.
Indicator 14
requires exit survey and one-year follow-up survey when leaving special ed.
Performance-based assessment
requires multiple observations of the same task to reflect on the child's learning process
identification
requires primary referral sources to refer a child to the part C program ''as soon as possible but in no case more than seven days'' after identification.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
requires that a student must have a specifically identified disability and must need specifically designed instruction to be eligible for services.
developmental milestones - rec lang - 6 mos
responds to no; recognizes own name
developmental milestones - rec lang - 12 mos
responds to routine directions w/cues
temporal awareness characteristic of a 3-year-old
rhythm
physical and health impairments
rob a child of strength and vitality, or alertness or that cause excessive alertness to environmental stimuli--impede ability to attend or respond to the educational environment
developmental milestones - gross motor - 3 mos
rolling
Infections causing MR
rubella, HIV , AIDS, meningitis, encephalitis
Diseases in pregnant mothers causing MR
rubella, herpes, varicella
developmental milestones - gross motor - 18 mos
running
Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)
serves youths with intellectual disabilities, children who are gifted and talented, and children who are abused or neglected?
developmental milestones - fine motor - 18 mos
scribbles
developmental milestones - rec lang - 9 mos
searches for family members
attachment theory
secure, insecure and avoidant, insecure and resistant, insecure and disorganized. Bowlby
temporal awareness
sense of time
body awareness
sense of where the body is in relation to objects and other people
Three major criteria for intellectual disability:
significant limitations in intellectual functioning, significant limitations in adaptive behavior, and onset before the age of 18.
Percentage correct scores
simply reveal the number of items that a student answered correctly out of the total number of items.
developmental milestones - gross motor - 6 mos
sitting up
Autism Spectrum Disorders
social deficits, communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behavior and interests, sensory issues, cognitive delays
problem-based learning
solve problems and reflect upon experiences
developmental milestones - fine motor - 24 mos
solves a 4 piece puzzle
Individuals with Disabilities Education Law Report
source of special ed. laws, case studies, etc.
achievement tests
standardized tests that identify areas of strength and weaknesses
Can override parents refusing special ed.
states
Retinopathy of pre-maturity is a common condition of premature babies that can cause:
strabismus (crossed eyes), amblyopia (lazy eye), myopia (nearsightedness), glaucoma or retinal detachment. These conditions can lead to visual impairments and/or blindness.
Syntax
structural patterns and grammar
A strategy based on research that provides classroom performance expectations and behavior requirements in consistent and clear terms is known to increase
student motivation
Authentic assessment
students are being graded on hands-on activities, such as measuring objects to assess their understanding of the concept of measurement
intuitive thought
sub-stage in Piaget's Preoperational cognitive development stage is the Intuitive Thought sub-stage, which spans ages 4-7 years. Children in this substage of development learn by asking questions such as, "Why?" and "How come?"
Developmental Profile (DP-3)
supplemental testing; birth to 12 years; 5 areas of development; checklist
5 basic needs in Choice Theory
survive, belong, gain power, be free, have fun
basic cry
systematic pattern of crying and silence. Starts with cry coupled with a briefer silence, which is followed by a short high-pitched inspiratory whistle. Then, there is a brief silence followed by another cry. Hunger is a main stimulant.
types of curriculum
taught, learned, tested, written or official
social behavior problems
teach social skills, make sure academic prerequisites are met
best indicator for family involvement
teacher initiatives to elicit parent involvement
teacher-oriented classroom design model
teacher work table or area is in the center of the room
Joshua enjoys riding the tricycle but refuses to participate in art activities for more than one minute at a time. The teacher makes access to the tricycle dependent on longer involvement during art time. The teacher's action is an example of the use of ...
the Premack principle.
Decoding
the ability to apply your knowledge of letter-sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words
Self-advocacy
the accommodations and strategies that will support their learning styles and encourage them to communicate their needs. the ability to understand and effectively communicate one's needs to other individuals.
Morphology
the study of word structure
Semantics
the meaning that language communicates
Usher syndrome
the most common condition that affects both hearing and vision.
Early Intervention
the process of providing services, education, and support to young children who are deemed to have an established condition, those who are evaluated and deemed to have a diagnosed physical or mental condition (with a high probability of resulting in a developmental delay), and existing delay or a child who is at-risk of developing a delay or special need that may affect their development or impeded their education.
phonology
the study of speech sounds
developmental milestones - exp lang - 6 mos
turn-taking vocalizations; raspberries produced
Multiple disability
two or more disabilities, can be of normal to high intelligence
infancy
typically applied to young children between the ages of 1 month and 12 months; however, definitions vary between birth and 3 years of age
internal time stealers
unclear goals, lack of delegation, lack of motivation
A kindergarten student, being evaluated for special education services, has just been identified with a delay in pragmatics. This means the child lack the ability to:
understand the functional use of language
pain cry
unlike the other two, has no preliminary moaning. One loud cry, followed by a period of breath holding. Most adults can determine whether an infant's cries signify anger or pain
developmental milestones - feeding - 6 mos
up and down mvt of tongue; spoon introduced; reflexes gone
Play-based assessment
useful, natural method for children with disabilities in which the child performs in a natural environment with materials of the child's choice
developmental milestones - exp lang - 36 mos
using verb+ing; answers quest; sent length 3-5 words; counts; sings songs
inclusion
values, priorities, and practices that support the right of every infant and young child and his or her family regardless of ability
developmental milestones - exp lang - 9 mos
vocalizes to gain attention; babbling
developmental milestones - exp lang - 3 mos
vocalizes when hungry or to show pleasure; glottal sound production
developmental milestones - prelinguistic- 6 mos
vocalizes when parent vocalizes; imitates facial expressions
developmental milestones - gross motor - 12 mos
walking
45 days removal from school
weapon, drug possession, buying/selling drugs
LEA/Language Experience Approach
what a child thinks can be spoken, what a child speaks can be written, what is written can be read
underextension
when categories are defined too narrowly
When is a fetus considered *viable?*
~ 23-24 weeks
Prelinguistic intervention (3)
• Feeding/ Swallowing • Parent training o Awareness of infant communication patterns o Modeling interactive behaviors Look for evidence of intentional behaviors o Developing self-monitoring skills • Teach parents to elicit higher level of response from a child once a response of some kind has been evoked
Developing language intervention (4)
• IEPs • Drill, Play, Indirect language stimulation, Focused stimulation, Script therapy • Teachers, clinicians, paras, parents, peers • Clinic or classroom
Emerging language intervention (5)
• Parent training • Developing functional and symbolic play skills • Using intentional communication behaviors • Developing receptive language • Developing sounds, words, and word combos o Increasing phonological skills o Developing a first lexicon o Developing word combos