speech and communication chapter 1-5

linear model of communication

speaker speaks and the listener listens. speaking and listening do not occur at the same time. This still rings true today in relation to online communicating via email or writing on social media because sending and receiving happen separately.

receiving

stage 1 of listening. first you hear, then you listening to the message that is heard. This stage consists of not only noting what is said but also what is omitted.

communication involves choices

stop 1: view communication interaction as a solvable problem. step 2: ask what your goal is. step 3, ask what are some communication choices? which send the message that will help you reach your goal? step 4: identify the pros and cons of each communication choice and step 5: communicate your best choice to fix the problem.

touch

tactile communication; the most primitive form of nonverbal communication. It develops before the other senses. study of this = haptics. 1. it can communicate positive emotions like support or sexual interest. 2. touch communicates playfulness. 3. touch controls and directs behaviors, attitudes, or feelings of others like touching someone to get there attention to convey a message. 4. ritual touching centers on greetings and departures like a kiss on the cheek or a handshake or hug. 5. task-related touching occurs while you are performing some function, ie, removing a speck of dust from another person's face or helping someone out of a car.

silence

is the absence of sound but not of communication.

meanings are in people

no matter what messages we choose to send, the person we send them too has the ultimate choice of deciding what those messages mean to them, and they will react to their own definition of your signals.

denotative

objective meaning of a term that comes from the dictionary

responding

occurs in two forms. 1 responses you make while the speaker is talking and 2 the responses you make after the speaker has stopped talking. Improve this by expressing support and understanding for the speaker throughout the conversation. use varied backchanneling cues (ie nodding ,"i see") own your own responses by saying "i dont agree" instead of "no one will agree with that." avoid the common problem-causing listening responses, such as being static or overly expressive or giving monotonous feed back

all human communication

occurs within a Context, is transmitted via one or more Channels, is distorted by Noise, and has some Effect. mnemonic device: Captain Crunch Eats Nearby

communication is irreversible

once you say something or click send, you cannot uncommunicative the message, but you can try to reduce the effects.

receiver

one getting messages, be they verbal or nonverbal, from a sender

sender

one sending messages, be they verbal or nonverbal, to a receiver

organization

organize the info the senses pick up. Proximity, similarity, contrast.

legitimate power

others believe you are right by virtue of your position to inflenec or control others' behaviors, ie a judge, your boss, a police officer.

referent power

others wish to be like you if you have this power. These power holders can be attractive, have considerable prestige, and are well liked and well respected.

four areas of context

physical context, cultural context, social-psychological context, and the temporal context mnemonic device: Peaceful Cats Tip-toe Softly, Purr

4 types of noise

physical noise, physiological noise, psychological noise, and semantic noise

evaluation of your own thoughts and bevaviors

your self interpretations and evaluations contribute to your self concept. Do you speak kindly to yourself? Would you say the things you say about yourself to your best friend?

perception

your way of understanding the world by the process in which you become aware of objects, events, and especially people through your senses of sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing.

others images of you

If significant people in your life think highly of you, you will see a positive self-image reflected in their behaviors.

communication is unrepeatable

a communication act can never be duplicated because everyone and everything is constantly changing so even if you plan on sending the same message at a later time, that time will have influenced her perspective a little bit. Agreeing to dinner at the start a hard word day is easier than agreeing to dinner when you're dead tired from the day.

stereotyping

a fixed impression of a group of people

self-esteem

a measure of how valuable you think you are. People with high self-esteem think highly of themselves and visa versa.

temporal context

a message's position within a sequence of events; you don't talk the same way after someone tells you about the death of a close relative as you do after someone reveals they've won the lottery.

the processes that impact our perception

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, Primacy/Recency, Stereotyping, and Attribution of Control. mnemonic device: silly ​franklin ​plays ​piano ​really ​slowly ​and ​carefully

barriers to listening

Distractions both physical and mental. Biases and Prejudices (hearing what speaker says through stereotypes). Lack Of appropriate Focus. Premature Judgement (assuming you know what the speaker is going to say so you don't need to listen). mnemonic device: dad ​badly ​parks ​lopsided; ​fighting ​police ​judgments .

5 stages of perception

Stimulation, organization, interpretation-evaluation , memory, and recall. mnemonic device: Servants Office Is Exterminating Many Rodents

proximity

The closer things are to each other, the more they're seen as a unit.

self-fulfilling prophecy

a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true. There are four steps. 2. make a prediction. 3. act like its a prophecy. 3. prophecy comes true because of your belief in it, 4. you observe your effect on the person or the resulting situation and what you see strengthens your beliefs.

attribution of control

a process by which you focus on explaining why someone behaved as they did.

self-disclosure

a type of communication in which you reveal information about yourself, benefiting you by improving self-knowledge, improved coping abilities, communication enhancement, and more meaningful relationships. this goes against you at times causing personal risks, relationship risks, professional risks. ____-______ is irreversible

information power

a.k.a. persuasion power, the ability to communicate logically and persuasively.

self-awareness

achieved when you examine sevreal aspects of yourself as they might appear to others as well as to you.

the 4 components to obtain our self-concept

affected by the Image others have of you, Comparisons between yourself and others, your Cultural experiences, and Self-Evaluation of your own thoughts and behaviors. mnemonic device: Ideally, Camp Stays Extremely Cheap

the body

also known as kinesics, the body communicates with movements and gestures and just by its general appearance. This consists of body gestures and body appearance

to have better self-esteem

attack self-destructive beliefs (you cannot be perfect, harsh emotions don't make you weak, you don't need the approval of others so stop trying to please everyone, you cannot carry the world alone so don't expect to get everything done quickly and on time all the time, and recognize your limits so you don't overwork yourself because you feel that you need to do more). Also, beware of the imposter phenomenon, seek out nourishing people, work on projects that result in success, and remind yourself of your successes while securing affirmations.

5 steps of the listening process

attention and concentrating (receiving), learning (understanding), memory (remembering), critical thinking (evaluation ), and feedback (responding). The process is circular. All five stages overlap.

the eyes

avoiding eye contact helps maintain privacy. Using frequent eye contact helps strengthen bonds

disconfirmation

communicating pattern in which we ignore someones presence as well as their communications.

transactional model of communication

communication is a process in which each person serves as both speaker and listener, sending and receiving messages simultaneously. Every element in communication is interdependent, as a change in any one element produces changes in other elements.

artifacts

communication through colors, clothing and body adornment, decoration of your personal spaces in work ad at home, and smell communication are all involved in artifactual communication to convey things like the colors you prefer, the clothing and jewelry you wear and what smells you prefer. these messages are conveyed through objects or arrangements made by human hands.

comparisons with others

comparing yourself to others, mostly your peers, gives you a clearer idea of how effectively you performed.

evaluating

consists of judging the messages you hear. it's like a critical analysis. resist evaluating until you fully understand the speaker's point of view. assume that the speaker is a person of goodwill. distinguish facts from opinions and personal interpretations and identify any biases, self-interests, or prejudices that may lead the speaker to slant unfairly what is presented.

time

consists of time orientation and time and culture. time orientation = concerns psychological time: with a past orientation, you have a particular reverence for the past and believe old times had the best methods. With present orientation you live for the nwo without planning for tomorrow. With future orientation you look toward to and live for the future. Your orientation depends on your socioeconomic class and your personal experiences. future income is positively related to future orientation. present orientation is strongest among lowest-income males and also those with high emotional distress and hopelessness.

personal distance

constitutes a protective bubble of 18 inches to 4 feet.

physiological noise

created by barriers within the sender or receiver and would include visual impairments, hearing loss, articulation problems, and memory loss, and auditory processing disorders.

remembering

effective listening depends on your ability to know what happened in the past thats relevant to the conversant and knowing what happened in the conversation. To do this better, 1 focus your attention on the central ideas and repeat those ideas to yourself as you continue to listen. avoid focusing on minor details. 2. organize what you hear by chunking it into categories. 3. unite the new with the old by relating new info to what you already know. 4. repeat names and key concepts to yourself or aloud if possible.

communication is inevitable

even when nobody is talking, communication is always taking place. you cannot escape it.

thinking empathy

express an understanding of what the person means ie paraphrasing a comment to show you understand what they're communicating.

feeling empathy

express your ability to feel what someone else is feeling.

understanding

grasping both the thoughts that are expressed and the emotional tone that accompanies them, like urgency, joy, or sorrow. this part of stage 1 can be more effective if you 1. relate the info you get to what you already know, 2. see the speaker's messages from the speaker's point of view by not judging the message until it's fully understood as the speaker intended it, and 3. rephrase/paraphrase the speakers ideas.

primacy/recency

if what comes first exerts the most influence then it has this effect. if what comes last exerts he most influence then you have the other effect.

how does self-concept impact communication

if you have a positive self-concept, you may feel more confident in your abilities, which could either positively impact your life through kinder interactions with others and yourself, or it could act as psychological noise preventing you from thinking you still need to rely on other people. If you have a negative self-concept, you're probably a negative person who people don't want to spend too much time around.

how to increase your power

increase your power by setting boundaries, master public speaking to influence your persuasion skills, inherit money to benefit your social status, etc.

physical noise

interference that is external to both speaker and listener. passing car sounds, tv in background, etc.

how are the four spatial distances important in communication interaction?

intimate, personal, social and public distances. If you engage in the wrong category of proxemic distance, you can shut down communication because the other person will have their walls up as personal space is incredibly important at times to feel safe.

cultural context

involves the lifestyles, beliefs, values, behavior, and communication of a group; it is the rules of a group of people for considering something right or wrong. Don't show sole of foot in turkey or thailand.

7 principles of communication

its Purposeful. it involves Choices. it's Ambiguous. it involves Content and Relationship dimensions. It has a Power dimension. It is Punctuated. It is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable.

the blind self

knowledge abut you that others have but you don't. If you don't realize how annoying you are when you interrupt sentences or have gross nervous ticks like chewing an eraser or rubbing your nose, then you may want to look up how to grow in self awareness.

types of power

legitimate, referent, reward, coercive, expert, information. mnemonic device: Life Really Requires Cake In Evenings

types of communication models

linear models, transactional models.

public distance

measuring from 12 to 25 feet or more

psychological noise

mental interference in the speaker or listerner and includes preconceived ideas, wandering throughts, biases and prejudices, close-mindedness, and extreme emotionalizem.

the face

messages can be received from expressions and emotions on the face. enable you to express feelings while achieving certain desired effects like hiding certain emotions and emphasizing others. they are to intensify, to deintensify, to neutralize, to mask, and to stimulate

space

proxemics, the study of the distance between sender-receivers, can be analyzed looking at proxemic distances and territoriality. proxemic distances on other cards in set.

social distance

ranges from 4 to 12 feet to conduct impersonal business. The more distance you maintain, the more formal you appear.

intimate distance

ranging from touching to 18 inches apart. Not considered proper in public in most peoples eyes.

recall

reconstructing what you've heard or seen into a whole that is meaningful to you; you may remember things differently each time you revisit a subject.

the open self

represents all the info, behaviors, attitudes, and feelings about ourself that you and others know. This can include your name, skin color, sex, age, religion and political beliefs.

the hidden self

represents all the knowledge you have of yourself but keep secret from others. This includes well kept secrets.

the unknown self

represents the parts of yourself that neither you or others consciously know. That info is in your subconscious and can come out with therapy or hypnosis or dreams.

assertive comunication

sending messages that show a willingness to stand up for your rights but with respect for the rights of others. To do this, describe the problem you're working on, state how it affects you, propose solutions that are workable and allow the person to save face, and confirm understanding.

channels of nonverbal communication

the body, the face, the eyes, space, artifacts, touch, paralanguage, silence, and time. mnemonic device: baby ​flings ​each ​shoe ​across ​the ​playground. ​silly ​tot!

stimulation

the first stage of perception in which your sense organs are stimulated. You don't perceive everything sent to you because you engage in selective perception (includes selective attention, ie pay attention to things that could fulfill your needs, and selective exposure, ie exposing yourself to information that will confirm your existing beliefs or prove satisfying.

explain how self-awareness can be defined thorough Johari's window.

the open self, the blind self, the unknown self, and the hidden self (Odd Husband Believes Unicorns)

confirmation

the opposite of disconfirmation in which you not only acknowledge the presence of the other person but indicate your acceptance of this person and their self-definition and of your relationship as defined or viewed by this other person.

contrast

the opposite of similarity. when items are very different, you conclude they don't belong together.

physical context

the physical environment you're in, like a library or a church. You don't cuss in church, you don't shout in a library.

listening

the process of Receiving, Understanding Remembering, Evaluating, and Responding to verbal and/or nonverbal messages. mnemonic device: reject ​unacceptable ​recklessness ​every ​rehersal ​

social-psychological context

the status relationships among speakers, the formality of the situation, the norms of a group or organization. a work dinner conversation is much different than convo at dinner with friends.

connotative

the subjective or emotional meaning that specific speakers or listeners give to a work.

paralanguage

the vocal but nonverbal dimension of speech that also has to do with how you say something instead of what was being stated. rate, volume and rhythm are involved in this.

cultural teachings

these instill a large variety of beliefs, values, and attitudes about such things as success. This is really apparent with gender roles. displaying traits that contradict your cultures values can result in criticism, which can contribute to a more negative self-concept.

similarity

things that are physically similar are perceived to belong together and to form a unit.

interpretation-evaluation

this is greatly influenced by your experiences, needs, wants, values, and beliefs about the way things are or should be, expectations, and physical/emotional state, etc. This will be influenced by your gender as well.

empathetic listening

to understand what a person means and what a person is feeling you express this trait. There are two parts to this; thinking ______ and feeling ______. To craft an empathetic response, punctuate from the speakers point of view, engage in equal, two-way communication, seek to understand both thoughts and feelings, avoid offensive listening, and strive to be objective.

source receivers

transactional model calls each person involved in communication is both a speaker and a listener, or a ______-_____.

semantic noise

when speaker and listener have different meaning systems, including language or dialectical differences, the use of jargon or overly complex terms, and ovely abstract terms with unextractible meanings. example: doctor speaking medicalese

why is self-disclosure important in relationships

when you consider the motivation for the disclosure, ask if it's appropriate to disclose that info, consider if the other person is disclosing personal things, and consider the burdens self-disclosure might entail, you can communicate with your partner so they feel that they can trust you and feel like they can disclose to you as well, strengthening a bond in the relationship.

difference between fact and inference

when you listen to statements that don't come with a source to whether or not that statement is true or an educated guess, you run into the possibility of miscommunication. facts are things as they truely are. Inferences go through a personal filter that bends the truth.

encoding

when you put ideas into speech or writing.

decoding

when you translate the sound waves of someone talking and they impinge on your ears, or when you read the words on a screen, you are ________. listeners and readers are called this.

reward power

you have this power if you control the rewards that others want, like money, jewelry, love, friendship, respect.

expert power

you have this power when others see you as having expertise or special knowledge. There's nothing to personally gain from exerting this power that judges have and doctors have.

coercive power

you have this power when you demonstrate the ability to administer punishments or remove rewards from others if they don't do as you wish.

memory

your perceptions and their interpretation-evaluations are put into memory and stored so you can rectrieve them at some later time.