SPEECH FINAL STUDY GUIDE

Relationship between addressing objections and a hostile audience

-You must anticipate possible objections the audience will raise to your point of view and answer them in your speech. You cannot convert skeptical listeners unless you deal directly with the reasons for their skepticism. Identify your target audience, anticipate objections they may raise to your point of view, and answer those objections in your speech. -Even if you are asked a hostile question, keep your cool. Avoid the temptation to answer defensively, sarcastically, or argumentatively. Most people in the audience will respect you for trying to avoid a quarrel.

Tips for generating emotional appeal

-are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, fearful, reverence, or the like. 1.Use emotionally charged language 2. Vivid examples 3. Speak with sincerity and conviction

Guidelines for informative speaking

-do not overestimate what the audience knows -relate the subject directly to the audience -do not be too technical avoid abstractions -personalize your ideas

Pointers on how to word clearly

-use familiar words over abstract words - Choose concrete words over abstract words - eliminate cluttered speech or don't use more words than necessary

Tips on using fonts in visual aids

1. Choose fonts that are clear and easy to read 2. Avoid using all caps 3. Don't use more than two fonts on a single slide 4. Use the same fonts on all your slides 5. Put titles and major headings in at least 36-44 pt. font. Make subheads and other texts at least 24-30 pt.

Guidelines for presenting visual aids

1. Display visual aids where listeners can see them 2. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience 3. Display visual aids only while discussing them 4. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely 5. Talk to your audience, not to your aid 6. Practice with your visual aid 7. Check the room and equipment

Tips for managing question and answer sessions

1.Approach Questions with a Positive Attitude 2.Listen Carefully 3.Direct Answers to the Entire Audience 4.Be Honest and Straightforward 5.Stay on Track

Tips for preparing question and answer sessions

1.The first step to doing well in a Q&A session is to take it as seriously as the speech itself. 2.Formulate Answers to Possible Questions 3.Practice the Delivery of Your Answers

Hasty generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. ex: College dropouts always make excellent business leaders. Just look at Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, and Steve Jobs. They all dropped out and went on to create powerful companies.

False cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. ex: When a team from the NFC wins the Super Bowl, economic growth during the next year is stronger than when a team from the AFC wins the Super Bowl. Therefore, if we want economic growth, we should root for a team from the NFC to win this year's Super Bowl.

ad hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. ex: The head of the commerce commission has a number of interesting economic proposals, but let's not forget that she comes from a very wealthy family.

either-or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. ex: The government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor.

red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. ex: How dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption at a time when we are working to improve the quality of life for all people in the United States.

appeal to novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old. ex: Our church should adopt the updated New International Version of the Bible because it is 400 years newer than the King James Version.

appeal to tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. ex: I don't see any reason to abolish the electoral college. It has been around since the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1789, and we should keep it as long as the United States continues to exist.

slippery slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. ex: Now that everyone is texting, posting on social media, and sending video messages, it's only a matter of time before people forget how to write complete sentences and the whole English language falls apart.

pie graph

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.

line graph

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.

bar graph

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.

questions of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. For a persuasive speech on a question of fact is partisan. The speaker acts as an advocate. The aim is not to be impartial, but to present one view of the facts as persuasively as possible. The speaker may mention competing views of the facts, but only to refute them. Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are usually organized topically.

questions of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Not simply matters of personal opinion or whim. You are making a statement about your personal taste. Be sure to give special thought to the standards for your value judgment. Persuasive speeches on questions of value are almost always organized topically. But speeches on questions of value do not argue directly for or against particular courses of action

questions of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. Deal with specific courses of action. Questions of policy inevitably involve questions of fact and of value. decide whether something should or should not be done. include the word "should," as in these examples: goal may be either to gain passive agreement or to motivate immediate action from your listeners

Contrasts

A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Comparisons

A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Examples of cliches

A trite or overused expression or phrases like fresh as a daisy; hungry as a bear; fit as a fiddle; busy as a bee; strong as an ox; happy as a lark.

Be familiar with information regarding volume in regard to delivery

Adjust your voice to the acoustics of the room, the size of the audience, and the level of background noise. If you speak too loudly, your listeners will think you are boorish. If you speak too softly, they will not understand you

Pro's of Reciting a memorized text

Among the feats of the legendary orators, none leaves us more in awe than their practice of presenting even the longest and most complex speeches entirely from memory.

invalid analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. ex: In Great Britain, the general election campaign for prime minister lasts about a month. Surely we can do the same with the U.S. presidential election. -bandwagon A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. ex: The governor must be correct in his approach to social policy; after all, the polls show that 60 percent of the people support him.

recognize a metaphor

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

Attention

Attention getter, Preview (1st problem w blank, 2nd solution for blank, 3rd future pic, 4th action to take)

Know steps and sub-points in Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, and Action.

Tips on using inclusive language

Avoid stereotypes, genders, the Use of "Man" When Referring to Both Men and Women, and names they might consider offensive. Use Names That Groups Use to Identify Themselves.

Introduction

Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker. Build enthusiasm for the speaker's topic. Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility.

con's of Reading verbatim from a manuscript

Can come across as reading to their listeners, rather than talking with them.

Pro of Reading verbatim from a manuscript

Certain speeches must be delivered word for word, according to a meticulously prepared manuscript.

charts

Charts are particularly useful for summarizing large blocks of information.

Know factors of credibility

Competence and Character

Tips for avoiding abstractions

Description, Comparisons, Contrasts

enhancing credibility

Explain Your Competence Deliver Your Speeches Fluently, Expressively, and with Conviction

Tips for enhancing credibility

Explain Your Competence, Establish Common Ground with Your Audience Another way to bolster your credibility is to establish common ground with your audience, Deliver Your Speeches Fluently, Expressively, and with Conviction

Guidelines for creating a speaking outline

Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation, make sure it's Legible, make it brief, and give yourself cues when delivering.

What should be your first step when practicing your speech delivery

Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse. Is it too long? Too short? Are the main points clear when you speak them and so on.

Con of Reciting a memorized text

However, be sure to memorize it so thoroughly that you will be able to concentrate on communicating with the audience, not on trying to remember the words.

Events

If you want to let people know about your life, you would present information about past, present and future happenings. Use the chronological order, so the audience understands the progression of the event.

Relationship between informative speaking and audience's knowledge of topic

Informative speaking involves deepening understanding, raising awareness, or increasing an audience's knowledge about a topic.

Know the purpose (objective) for each of the 4 special occasion speeches

Introduction, Presentation, Acceptance, and Commemorative

Pro's of Speaking extemporaneously

It gives more precise control over thought and language than does impromptu speaking; it offers greater spontaneity and directness than does speaking from memory or from a full manuscript; and it is adaptable to a wide range of situations. It also encourages the conversational quality audiences look for in speech delivery.

Visualization

Neg and pos future

Pro's of Speaking impromptu

No one expects you to deliver a perfect speech on the spur of the moment.

Explain Your Competence

One way to enhance your credibility is to advertise your expertise on the speech topic. Did you investigate the topic thoroughly? Then say so. Do you have experience that gives you special knowledge or insight? Again, say so.

denotative

Precise, literal, and objective. It describes the object, person, place, idea, or event to which the word refers.

What is causal reasoning - be able to recognize an example

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk. You slip, fall, and break your arm. You reason as follows: "Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm." This is an example of causal reasoning, in which someone tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

recognize alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. Example: Nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause.

con's of Speaking extemporaneously

Requires more preparation

Action

Review-Signpost, statement of action, your intent, closing technique

Process

Simply stated, it is designed to explain a series of activities that end in a result. Think about a chef who describes the steps in making a grilled cheese sandwich, it's a speech about how to do something.

Object

So, if you're going to talk about a famous person, like Abe Lincoln, your speech would be considered a speech about an object. Objects are things that exist in the world. Objects don't only include people. It could be places or even things. In fact, a speech about breeds of cats falls into this category. This speech is merely used to talk about something that has a physical value.

Relationship between eye contact and credibility

Speakers in the United States who fail to establish eye contact are perceived as tentative or ill at ease and may be seen as insincere or dishonest.

Guidelines for creating a preparation outline

State specific purpose; include central idea; label introduction, body and conclusion; consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation; main points and sub points should be in full sentences; label transitions, internal summaries and internal previews; attach bibliography; include a title for the speech

Need

Statement of need, illustration of need (true story/emotional relation), ramifications (additional evidence), pointing (how it affects audience)

Satisfaction

Statement of solution, explain solution, theoretical demonstration, practical demonstration, meeting objections

How to correctly word a main point

Stating full sentences to ensure you develop ideas fully.

recognize antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. Examples: Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.

Presentation

The main purpose of a speech or presentation is to tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award: to point out his or her contributions, achievements, and so forth. Do not deal with everything the person has ever done. Focus on achievements related to the award, and discuss these achievements in a way that will make them meaningful to the audience.

What is reasoning from specific instance - be able to recognize an example

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. specific instances of Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. Fact 1: My physical education course last term was easy. Fact 2: My roommate's physical education course was easy. Fact 3: My brother's physical education course was easy. Conclusion: Physical education courses are easy

Acceptance

The purpose of an acceptance speech is to give thanks for a gift or an award. When giving such a speech, you thank the people who are bestowing the award and recognize the people who helped you gain it.

recognize parallelism

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Examples: Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant man and woman

Deliver Your Speeches Fluently, Expressively, and with Conviction

There is a great deal of research to show that a speaker's credibility is strongly affected by his or her delivery. Moderately fast speakers, for example, are usually seen as more intelligent and confident than slower speakers...

What is a multimedia presentation

There is wide variation among computers and projectors, as well as among rooms equipped with multimedia connections. Even if you have used PowerPoint or Google Slides on previous occasions, you need to check the setup in the room where you will be speaking.

Tips for using language appropriately

Use appropriate language based off of the topic, audience, speaker, and occasion

When should visual aids be displayed

When discussing them

Establish Common Ground with Your Audience Another way to bolster your credibility is to establish common ground with your audience.

You do not persuade listeners by assaulting their values and rejecting their opinions. As the old saying goes, "You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar." The same is true of persuasion. Show respect for your listeners. You can make your speech more appealing by identifying with your audience—by showing how your point of view is consistent with who they are and what they believe.

Concept

You may want to talk to your audience about a more abstract topic, like love or religion like theories, ideas and beliefs. This is mostly because concepts can be abstract - no physical existence.

Commemorative

Your fundamental purpose in a commemorative speech, however, is not to inform your listeners but to inspire them—to arouse and heighten their appreciation of or admiration for the person, institution, or idea you are praising. If you are paying tribute to a person, for example, you should not simply recount the details of the person's life. Rather, you should penetrate to the essence of your subject and generate in your audience a deep sense of respect.

Description

a statement that depicts a person, place, idea or the like with clarity and vividness

Fallacy

an error in reasoning

recognize a simile

an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. It always contains the word "like" or "as."

Concrete Lanuage

figurative existing in a material form, or as an actual reality

Competence

how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject

Character

how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience

What should you employ to use language vividly

imagery to create mental images for your listeners this can be seen through concrete words, metaphors and similes.

What is reasoning from principle - be to also recognize an example

is the opposite of reasoning from specific instances. It moves from the general to the specific you progress from a general principle to a specific conclusion. We are all familiar with this kind of reasoning from statements such as the following: 1. All people are mortal. 2. Socrates is a person. 3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

When should visual aids be distributed

keep the copies until after you've finished talking and distribute them at the end.

specific language

specially or peculiarly pertaining to a certain thing or class of things and constituting one of the characteristic features

Terminal credibility

the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Initial credibility

the credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak.

Derived credibility

the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself.

con's of Speaking impromptu

the speech is delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

How listeners process a persuasive message

they engage in a mental give-and-take with the speaker. They assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, reasoning, and emotional appeals. They may respond positively at one point, negatively at another. At times they may argue, inside their own minds, with the speaker

connotative

variable, figurative, and subjective. The meaning of a word is what the word suggests or implies.

Relationship between visual aids and credibility

when used properly, visual aids can enhance almost every aspect of a speech. An average speaker who uses visual aids will come across as better prepared, more credible, and more professional than a dynamic speaker who does not use visual aids

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects