Spinal
Nerve C7 becomes the ______ trunk of the anterior rami and nerves C8 and T1 unite to form the ______ trunk.
middle, inferior
Spinal nerves are considered ______ nerves because they contain both motor and sensory axons.
mixed
The cervical part of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of ______ neurons whose axons contribute to the cervical nerves. These neurons receive input from ______ neurons through these same spinal nerves.
motor, sensory
The spinal nerves connect the central nervous system to ______, ______, and receptors
muscles, glands
The cervical part of the spinal cord is the ______ most portion of the spinal cord.
superior
The axons within each white matter funiculus are organized into smaller structural units called ______.
tracts
Each set of rami communicantes extends between the spinal nerve and a ball-like structure called the sympathetic ______
trunk ganglion
There are five roots of anterior rami that unite to form the superior, middle, and inferior ______ in the posterior triangle of the neck.
trunks
The gray commissure primarily contains ______ axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the ______ matter.
unmyelinated, gray
The left and right brachial plexuses are networks of nerves that supply the ______.
upper limb
______ sensory nuclei receive information from sensory receptors such as the stretch receptors in the smooth muscle walls of small intestine.
visceral
The diameter of a typical adult spinal cord is about ______.
3/4 of an inch
The spinal cord is associated with ______ pairs of spinal nerves.
31
How many roots form the trunks of the brachial plexus?
5
The spinal cord contains pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs sacral nerves, and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves.
8, 5
One important branch of the cervical plexus is the phrenic nerve, which is formed primarily from the ______ nerve and some contributing axons from ______.
C4, C3 and C5
The eighth spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen between the ______ vertebrae.
C7 and T1
Spinal nerve names can be distinguished from cranial nerve names because cranial nerves are designated by ______ followed by a _______ numeral.
CN, Roman
______ ligaments are paired, lateral triangular extensions of the spinal pia mater that attach to the dura mater.
Denticulate
which spinal nerve rami do not form plexuses?
Posterior rami
The two main branches of a spinal nerve are the ventral and __ rami.
dorsol
The anterior rami of spinal nerves ______ are called intercostal nerves because they travel in the intercostal space sandwiched between ______.
T1-T11, two adjacent ribs
The ______ space lies between the dura mater and the periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra.
epidural
The epidural space contains _____.
adipose connective tissue
Nerve plexuses are organized such that axons from each ______ extend to body structures through several different branches.
anterior
The ______ horns primarily house the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons.
anterior
The ______ rami of most spinal nerves form nerve plexuses on the right or left side of the body.
anterior
The ______ ramus is the larger of the two main branches of a spinal nerve.
anterior
Motor nuclei in the ______ horns contain motor neuron cell bodies that send nerve impulses to muscles and glands.
anterior and lateral
A nerve plexus is a network of interweaving ______ of spinal nerves.
anterior rami
The radial nerve innervates the forearm ______ and the posterior forearm muscles.
extensors
The lateral cord of the brachial plexus is lateral to the axillary artery and is formed from the ______ divisions of the superior and middle trunks; thus, it contains portions of nerves ______.
anterior, C5-C7
the anterior rami (sometimes called roots) of the brachial plexus are simply the continuations of the ______ rami of spinal nerves ______.
anterior, C5-T1
The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the ______ arm muscles that flex the humerus and ______ the forearm.
anterior, flex
The median nerve innervates most of the ______ forearm muscles, the thenar muscles, and the lateral two ______.
anterior, lumbricals
The epidural space contains ______ connective tissue, ______, and adipose connective tissue.
areolar, blood vessels
Some of the individual tracts conduct sensory impulses as ______ from the spinal cord to the brain.
ascending tract
Each lateral funiculus contains both ______ and ______ tracts
ascending, descending
There are 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves, but only 7 cervical vertebrae, because the first cervical pair emerges between the ______ and the ______.
atlas, occipital bone
The rami communicantes contain axons associated with the ______ nervous system.
automatic
The lateral horns contain the cell bodies of ______ neurons.
automatic motor
The components of the ______ plexus extend laterally from the neck, pass superior to the first rib, and then continue into the axilla.
brachial
All spinal nerves except _____ innervate a segment of skin, and so each of these nerves is associated with a dermatome.
c1
The left and right cervical plexuses are formed primarily by the anterior rami of spinal nerves _______.
c1-c4
In the brachial plexus the posterior cord contains portions of ______ nerves.
c5-t1
If a person experiences numbness along the medial side of the arm and forearm, which spinal nerve may be damaged?
c8
Which spinal nerves give rise to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?
c8 and t1
Inferior to conus medullaris, nerve roots collectively called the _______ project inferiorly from the spinal cord.
cauda equina
The gray commissure is a horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds a narrow ______ in the spinal cord.
central canal
The principal plexuses are the __ plexus, __ plexus, __ plexus, and sacral plexuses
cervical, brachial, lumbar
Portions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks divide deep to the ______ into an anterior division and a posterior division, which primarily contain axons that innervate the anterior and posterior parts of the ______.
clavicle, upper limb
During development, the individual vertebrae ______ spinal cord growth is complete.
continue to grow after
The tapering inferior end of the spinal cord is called the ______.
conus medullaris
The spinal cord is partitioned into a ______ gray matter region and a ______ white matter region.
deep, superficial
The axillary nerve emerges from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and innervates both the ______ and ______ muscles.
deltoid, teres minor
The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by the ______ and ______ of neurons.
dendrites, cell bodies
Some individual fasciculi conduct motor impulses as ______ from the brain to the spinal cord.
descending tracts
The phrenic nerve travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the ______.
diaphragm
In general, nerves from the anterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that ______ the parts of the upper limb. Nerves from the posterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervatemuscles that ______ the parts of the upper limb.
flex, extend
The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the ______ and then through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the ____ vertebra.
foramen magnum, L1
The coccygeal region is the most ______ part of the spinal cord.
inferior
the anterior and posterior roots of the thoracic spinal nerves merge to form a spinal nerve within an intervertebral foramen that is ______ to the vertebra of the same number.
inferior
The sacral part of the spinal cord lies ______ to the lumbar part and contains the neurons for the ______ spinal nerves.
inferior, sacral
The thoracic part of the spinal cord lies _____ to the cervical part. It contains the neurons for the _______ spinal nerves.
inferior, thoracic
Each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the _______ to become a spinal nerve.
intervertebral foramen
In areas of the spinal cord that control the limbs, the cross-sectional diameter is _______ compared to other areas.
larger
The autonomic motor nuclei in the _______ horns innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
lateral
he musculocutaneous nerve arises from the ______ cord of the brachial plexus.
lateral
The white matter region on each lateral side of the spinal cord is the ______.
lateral funiculus
The lumbar part of the spinal cord contains the neurons for the ______ spinal nerves.
lumbar
The ______ enlargement of the spinal cord contains axons that extend beyond the conus medullaris, innervating the lower limbs.
lumbosacral
The ulnar nerve arises from the ______ cord of the brachial plexus and descends along the medial side of the arm.
medial
The spinal cord has two longitudinal depressions. These are the posterior ______ and the anterior ______.
median sulcus, median fissure
Five major terminal branches emerge from the three cords of the brachial plexus: the axillary, ulnar, radial, , and nerves.
median, musculocutaneous
The spinal cord is continuous with the ______.
medulla oblongata
The spinal cord is protected and encapsulated by spinal cord meninges, which are continuous with the cranial ______.
meninges
Branches of the cervical plexuses innervate anterior ______ muscles as well as the skin of the neck and portions of the ______ and shoulders.
neck, head
The median nerve receives sensory information from the ______ side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and the lateral one-half of the ring finger and from the ______ tips of these same fingers.
palmar, dorsal
Each brachial plexus innervates the ______ and the entire ______ of one side.
pectoral girdle, upper limb
A posterior funiculus lies between the ______ gray horns on the posterior side of the cord and the posterior median sulcus.
posterior
The ______ ramus is the smaller of the two main branches of a spinal nerve.
posterior
The radial nerve arises from the ______ cord of the brachial plexus.
posterior
A typical spinal nerve forms branches after it emerges from the spinal column; they are ______.
posterior ramus rami communicantes anterior ramus
he cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the posterior root are located in a ______, which is attached to the posterior root.
posterior root ganglion
The posterior rootlets are derived from a single ______ root, which contains ______ axons only.
posterior, sensory
Sequence the structures and spaces surrounding the spinal cord from deep to superficial.
psadeb
After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve almost immediately splits into branches, termed ______.
rami
Each brachial plexus is composed of anterior , trunks, divisions, and when examined from a medial to lateral perspective.
rami/cords
The cell bodies of ______ neurons are found in the posterior horns of the spinal cord.
sensory
The axons of ______ neurons and the cell bodies of ______ are located in the posterior horns.
sensory, interneurons
Each terminal branch of a plexus contains axons from _______ spinal nerve(s).
several different
The spinal cord in an adult is ______ than the vertebral canal that houses it.
shorter
Motor axons in a spinal nerve originate in the ______.
spinal cord
Dermatomes are clinically important because they can indicate potential damage to one or more ______.
spinal nerves
The dura mater provides ______ to the spinal cord.
stability
A narrow space separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater. This space is called the _____ space.
subdural