Spinal

Nerve C7 becomes the ______ trunk of the anterior rami and nerves C8 and T1 unite to form the ______ trunk.

middle, inferior

Spinal nerves are considered ______ nerves because they contain both motor and sensory axons.

mixed

The cervical part of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of ______ neurons whose axons contribute to the cervical nerves. These neurons receive input from ______ neurons through these same spinal nerves.

motor, sensory

The spinal nerves connect the central nervous system to ______, ______, and receptors

muscles, glands

The cervical part of the spinal cord is the ______ most portion of the spinal cord.

superior

The axons within each white matter funiculus are organized into smaller structural units called ______.

tracts

Each set of rami communicantes extends between the spinal nerve and a ball-like structure called the sympathetic ______

trunk ganglion

There are five roots of anterior rami that unite to form the superior, middle, and inferior ______ in the posterior triangle of the neck.

trunks

The gray commissure primarily contains ______ axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the ______ matter.

unmyelinated, gray

The left and right brachial plexuses are networks of nerves that supply the ______.

upper limb

______ sensory nuclei receive information from sensory receptors such as the stretch receptors in the smooth muscle walls of small intestine.

visceral

The diameter of a typical adult spinal cord is about ______.

3/4 of an inch

The spinal cord is associated with ______ pairs of spinal nerves.

31

How many roots form the trunks of the brachial plexus?

5

The spinal cord contains pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs sacral nerves, and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves.

8, 5

One important branch of the cervical plexus is the phrenic nerve, which is formed primarily from the ______ nerve and some contributing axons from ______.

C4, C3 and C5

The eighth spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen between the ______ vertebrae.

C7 and T1

Spinal nerve names can be distinguished from cranial nerve names because cranial nerves are designated by ______ followed by a _______ numeral.

CN, Roman

______ ligaments are paired, lateral triangular extensions of the spinal pia mater that attach to the dura mater.

Denticulate

which spinal nerve rami do not form plexuses?

Posterior rami

The two main branches of a spinal nerve are the ventral and __ rami.

dorsol

The anterior rami of spinal nerves ______ are called intercostal nerves because they travel in the intercostal space sandwiched between ______.

T1-T11, two adjacent ribs

The ______ space lies between the dura mater and the periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra.

epidural

The epidural space contains _____.

adipose connective tissue

Nerve plexuses are organized such that axons from each ______ extend to body structures through several different branches.

anterior

The ______ horns primarily house the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons.

anterior

The ______ rami of most spinal nerves form nerve plexuses on the right or left side of the body.

anterior

The ______ ramus is the larger of the two main branches of a spinal nerve.

anterior

Motor nuclei in the ______ horns contain motor neuron cell bodies that send nerve impulses to muscles and glands.

anterior and lateral

A nerve plexus is a network of interweaving ______ of spinal nerves.

anterior rami

The radial nerve innervates the forearm ______ and the posterior forearm muscles.

extensors

The lateral cord of the brachial plexus is lateral to the axillary artery and is formed from the ______ divisions of the superior and middle trunks; thus, it contains portions of nerves ______.

anterior, C5-C7

the anterior rami (sometimes called roots) of the brachial plexus are simply the continuations of the ______ rami of spinal nerves ______.

anterior, C5-T1

The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the ______ arm muscles that flex the humerus and ______ the forearm.

anterior, flex

The median nerve innervates most of the ______ forearm muscles, the thenar muscles, and the lateral two ______.

anterior, lumbricals

The epidural space contains ______ connective tissue, ______, and adipose connective tissue.

areolar, blood vessels

Some of the individual tracts conduct sensory impulses as ______ from the spinal cord to the brain.

ascending tract

Each lateral funiculus contains both ______ and ______ tracts

ascending, descending

There are 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves, but only 7 cervical vertebrae, because the first cervical pair emerges between the ______ and the ______.

atlas, occipital bone

The rami communicantes contain axons associated with the ______ nervous system.

automatic

The lateral horns contain the cell bodies of ______ neurons.

automatic motor

The components of the ______ plexus extend laterally from the neck, pass superior to the first rib, and then continue into the axilla.

brachial

All spinal nerves except _____ innervate a segment of skin, and so each of these nerves is associated with a dermatome.

c1

The left and right cervical plexuses are formed primarily by the anterior rami of spinal nerves _______.

c1-c4

In the brachial plexus the posterior cord contains portions of ______ nerves.

c5-t1

If a person experiences numbness along the medial side of the arm and forearm, which spinal nerve may be damaged?

c8

Which spinal nerves give rise to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?

c8 and t1

Inferior to conus medullaris, nerve roots collectively called the _______ project inferiorly from the spinal cord.

cauda equina

The gray commissure is a horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds a narrow ______ in the spinal cord.

central canal

The principal plexuses are the __ plexus, __ plexus, __ plexus, and sacral plexuses

cervical, brachial, lumbar

Portions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks divide deep to the ______ into an anterior division and a posterior division, which primarily contain axons that innervate the anterior and posterior parts of the ______.

clavicle, upper limb

During development, the individual vertebrae ______ spinal cord growth is complete.

continue to grow after

The tapering inferior end of the spinal cord is called the ______.

conus medullaris

The spinal cord is partitioned into a ______ gray matter region and a ______ white matter region.

deep, superficial

The axillary nerve emerges from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and innervates both the ______ and ______ muscles.

deltoid, teres minor

The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by the ______ and ______ of neurons.

dendrites, cell bodies

Some individual fasciculi conduct motor impulses as ______ from the brain to the spinal cord.

descending tracts

The phrenic nerve travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the ______.

diaphragm

In general, nerves from the anterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that ______ the parts of the upper limb. Nerves from the posterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervatemuscles that ______ the parts of the upper limb.

flex, extend

The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the ______ and then through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the ____ vertebra.

foramen magnum, L1

The coccygeal region is the most ______ part of the spinal cord.

inferior

the anterior and posterior roots of the thoracic spinal nerves merge to form a spinal nerve within an intervertebral foramen that is ______ to the vertebra of the same number.

inferior

The sacral part of the spinal cord lies ______ to the lumbar part and contains the neurons for the ______ spinal nerves.

inferior, sacral

The thoracic part of the spinal cord lies _____ to the cervical part. It contains the neurons for the _______ spinal nerves.

inferior, thoracic

Each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the _______ to become a spinal nerve.

intervertebral foramen

In areas of the spinal cord that control the limbs, the cross-sectional diameter is _______ compared to other areas.

larger

The autonomic motor nuclei in the _______ horns innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

lateral

he musculocutaneous nerve arises from the ______ cord of the brachial plexus.

lateral

The white matter region on each lateral side of the spinal cord is the ______.

lateral funiculus

The lumbar part of the spinal cord contains the neurons for the ______ spinal nerves.

lumbar

The ______ enlargement of the spinal cord contains axons that extend beyond the conus medullaris, innervating the lower limbs.

lumbosacral

The ulnar nerve arises from the ______ cord of the brachial plexus and descends along the medial side of the arm.

medial

The spinal cord has two longitudinal depressions. These are the posterior ______ and the anterior ______.

median sulcus, median fissure

Five major terminal branches emerge from the three cords of the brachial plexus: the axillary, ulnar, radial, , and nerves.

median, musculocutaneous

The spinal cord is continuous with the ______.

medulla oblongata

The spinal cord is protected and encapsulated by spinal cord meninges, which are continuous with the cranial ______.

meninges

Branches of the cervical plexuses innervate anterior ______ muscles as well as the skin of the neck and portions of the ______ and shoulders.

neck, head

The median nerve receives sensory information from the ______ side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and the lateral one-half of the ring finger and from the ______ tips of these same fingers.

palmar, dorsal

Each brachial plexus innervates the ______ and the entire ______ of one side.

pectoral girdle, upper limb

A posterior funiculus lies between the ______ gray horns on the posterior side of the cord and the posterior median sulcus.

posterior

The ______ ramus is the smaller of the two main branches of a spinal nerve.

posterior

The radial nerve arises from the ______ cord of the brachial plexus.

posterior

A typical spinal nerve forms branches after it emerges from the spinal column; they are ______.

posterior ramus rami communicantes anterior ramus

he cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the posterior root are located in a ______, which is attached to the posterior root.

posterior root ganglion

The posterior rootlets are derived from a single ______ root, which contains ______ axons only.

posterior, sensory

Sequence the structures and spaces surrounding the spinal cord from deep to superficial.

psadeb

After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve almost immediately splits into branches, termed ______.

rami

Each brachial plexus is composed of anterior , trunks, divisions, and when examined from a medial to lateral perspective.

rami/cords

The cell bodies of ______ neurons are found in the posterior horns of the spinal cord.

sensory

The axons of ______ neurons and the cell bodies of ______ are located in the posterior horns.

sensory, interneurons

Each terminal branch of a plexus contains axons from _______ spinal nerve(s).

several different

The spinal cord in an adult is ______ than the vertebral canal that houses it.

shorter

Motor axons in a spinal nerve originate in the ______.

spinal cord

Dermatomes are clinically important because they can indicate potential damage to one or more ______.

spinal nerves

The dura mater provides ______ to the spinal cord.

stability

A narrow space separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater. This space is called the _____ space.

subdural