Penny Pathology Questions

infantile polycystic kidney disease may also be referred to as:

ARPKD

The "sandwich" sign denotes:

Abdominal lymphadenopathy

Which of the following has a clinical finding of bronzing of the skin?

Addison disease

Which of the following is also referred to as primary adrenocortical insufficiency?

Addison disease

Which of the following is associated with hyponatremia?

Addison disease

A 63-year-old male patient presents to the ultra- sound department for an examination of the abdomen. He complains of right upper pain, sho Short- ness of breath, and constipation. Sonographically, the liver and gallbladder appear normal. However. you visualize an anechoic, triangular collection of fluid superior to the right hemidiaphragm. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Pleural effusion

Free air within the chest outside of the lungs is referred to as:

Pneumothorax

What is the most common location of a retroperi- toneal hematoma in hemophiliac patients?

Psoas muscle

All of the following are potential consolidation except causes of lung:

Pulmonary sequestration

A 45 year old obese woman with thin arms and legs, hypertension, and severe fatigue presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram. Based on these clinical findings, you should evaluate the adrenal glands closely for signs of:

adrenal adenoma

Upon sonographic examination of the RUQ in a 32-year old female patient complaining of generalized abdominal pain, you visualize an anechoic mass with posterior enhancement superior and medial to the upper pole of the right kidney. This most likely represents a(n):

adrenal cyst

What is the cause of Cushing disease?

anterior pituitary gland tumor

Which of the following would be most likely a cause of colitis?

antibiotic therapy

Upon sonographic evaluation of the right lower quadrant in a patient complaining of focal abdominal pain in that area you visualize a hyperemic blind ended tubular structure that contains a shadowing focus. What is most likely etiology of the shadowing focus?

appendecolith

Rebound tenderness is associated with:

appendicitis

Pseudomyxoma peritonei can result from:

appendix cancer

What is the most common clinical finding of a simple renal cyst?

asymptomatic

Enlargement of the unaffected contralateral kidney with unilateral renal agenesis or compromised renal function is referred to as:

compensatory hypertrophy

Clinical findings of acute appendicitis include all of the following except:

constipation

An autoimmune disease characterized by periods of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract describes:

crohns disease

A patient presents to the sonography department with a painful superficial abdominal mass located within a prior cesarean scar. What clinical finding feature would be most consistent with scar endometriosis ?

cyclical pain

A female patient presents with a history of leukocytosis, dysuria, lower abdominal pain, and hematuria. Sonographically, the kidneys appear normal, although the bladder wall measures 6mm in the distended state. What is the most likely diagnosis?

cystitis

Which of the following is the development of small outpouchings within the sigmoid colon?

diverticulosis

Which of the following renal findings would most likely present with a clinical finding of hematuria?

hemorrhagic renal cyst

The most common sonographic appearance of a neuroblastoma is:

heterogenous mass with calcifications

Conn syndrome results from:

high levels of aldosterone

Clinical findings of glomerulonephritis include all of the following except:

hypercalcemia`

Which of the following would result in buffalo hump an moon-shaped face clinical findings?

hypercortisolism

The situation when bowel protrudes into the groin is referred to as an?

inguinal hernia

The sonographic finding of fluid filled distended loops of bowel is consistent with

intestinal obstruction

Which of the following types of obstruction refers to the bowel being physically blocked by something?

mechanical

A patient presents to the sonography department with bilious vomiting. While investigation the pediatric patient for pyloric stenosis you note that while the pyloric sphincter appears normal the SMA is abnormally located on the right of the SMV. What is most likely likely the diagnosis?

midgut malrotation

All of the following are most likely a benign adrenal mass except:

neuroblastoma

The most common, extracranial, malignant mass in children is the:

neuroblastoma

HPS is most often found in infants between

2 and 6 weeks of age

The neuroblastoma typically presents before the age of:

5 years

Which of the following renal conditions is associated with the development of cysts within the pancreas and liver?

ADPKD

Enlargement of the prostate in older men is most often caused by:

BPH

Which of the following is associated with hypernaturemia?

Conn syndrome

The syndrome associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and an adrenal mass is:

Cushing syndrome

A 38-year-old female patient presents to the ultra- sound department with a history of femoral artery puncture and back pain. What laboratory value would be helpful to assess the patient for active bleeding?

Hematocrit

Which of the following is a childhood, autoimmune disorder that results in the development of purple spots not he skin and possible renal failure?

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Clinical findings of retroperitoneal fibrosis include which of the following?

Migraine medication use

Fluid located around the lungs is termed

Pleural effusion

Which of the following is true about patients with a lipoma?

They feel no pain in the area of the mass.

The inherited disorder associated with the development of tumors of the central nervous system and orbits, renal cysts, and adrenal tumors is:

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

What of the following would be more indicative of renal artery stenosis?

a renal to aorta ratio that is greater than 3.5

Hyperfunctioning adrenal adenomas are associated with all of the following except:

acute drop in hematocrit

Which of the following is the most common cause of ARF?

acute tubular necrosis

Gastric cancer is most often in the form of :

adenocarcinoma

Which of the following mass-like lesions may be associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and are found within the testes?

adrenal rests

The olive sign is best described as:

an enlarged pyloric sphincter

Superficial lipomas may appear as all of the following except:

anechoic to the surrounding tissue

Which of the following would be considered the most common solid renal mass?

angiomyolipoma

Which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance of a kidney affected by ARPKD?

bilateral enlarged, echogenic kidneys

All of the following are clinical findings of a pheochromocytoma except:

bradycardia

The most common cause of fungal urinary tract infections is:

candida albicans

Inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is termed:

cellulitis

Bullet, schrapnel, and other metallic objects may cause:

comet tail artifact

All of the following are sonographic findings of acute appendicitis except:

compressible blind ended tube

With active internal hemorrhage, the patients hematocrit will:

decrease

All of the following are clinical findings of ARF except:

decreased BUN and creatinine

Which of the following is the most common cause of CRF?

diabetes mellitus

An adult patient presents to the sonography department with left lower quadrant pain fever and bouts of both constipation and diarrhea. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology ?

diverticulitis

Renal cysts that project out away from the kidney are termed:

exophytic

All of the following are common clinical findings in infants who present with pyloric stenosis except:

first born female

All of the following are common clinical findings in infants who present with intussusception except?

first born male infant

Which of the following would best be described as a benign tumor comprised of blood vessels?

hemangioma

When internal bleeding in suspected, what laboratory value is most useful for a monographer to evaluate?

hematocrit

A localized collection of blood describes a:

hematoma

What is the term for low levels of sodium in the blood?

hypoatremia

Which of the following would not be a typical clinical feature of renal transplant failure?

hypotension

Which of the following is not associated with a rectus sheath hematoma?

increased hematocrit

Which of the following is not a sonographic finding consistent with crohn disease?

increased peristalsis

Hyperemic flow within or around a structure is often indicative of:

inflammation

Other abnormalities that can present much like pyloric stenosis include all of the following except:

intussuception

What abnormality associates red currant jelly stools?

intussuception

The telescoping of one segment of bowel into another is referred to as:

intussusception

The most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children less than 2 years of age is:

intussuseption

Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of fat?

lipoma

Clinical findings of a patient with Crohn disease include all of following except:

palpable abdominal mass

Fluid located around the heart is termed:

pericardial effusion

The most common location of prostatic cancer is the:

peripheral zone

The adrenal mass often associated with uncontrollable hypertension, tachycardia, and tremors is the:

pheochromocytoma

What is the most common cancer found in men?

prostate cancer

The presence of purulent material within the renal collecting system is termed:

pyonephrosis

What is the most likely location of TCC in the kidney?

renal pelvis

A 35-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of migraine headache medication use, weight loss, nausea, and malaise. Sonographically, you visualize a 15-cm

retroperitoneal fibrosis

A 65-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of abdominal pain and weight loss. Sonographically, you visualize multiple hypoechoic masses that extend along the anterior border of the abdominal aorta. Which of the following would be most likely?

retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

Enlargement of the abdominal lymph nodes is referred to as:

retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

Zinner syndrom consists of unilateral renal agenesis, ejaculatory duct obstruction, and

seminal vesicle cysts

Sonographically, compared to the normal kidneys, those affected by CRF will appear:

smaller in size and more echogenic

All of the following are characteristics of a complex cysts except:

smooth walls

The situation when bowel protrudes into a weakened area in the lower form one fourth of the rectus muscle is referred to as an?

spigelian hernia

A stone that completely fills the renal pelvis is referred to as

staghorn calculus

A patient presents to the sonography department with a history of cellulitis on his abdomen. The patient has fever, edema, and complains of focal tenderness in a specific region affected by the cellulitis. Sonographically, you indentify a localized complex collection of fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis?

superficial abscess

A standoff pad is most useful in imaging:

superficial structures

Traditionally treatment for intussusception is by means of:

therapeutic enema

All of the following are associated with Conn syndrome except:

thinning arms and legs

The diagnostic or therapeutic procedure where fluid is removed from the pleural space is referred:

thoracentesis

The most common location of the BPH is:

transitional zone

Pediatric patients could suffer from bowel obstructions that are caused by a buildup of ingested hair. The mass associated with this type of obstruction is termed as a :

trichobezoar

The systemic disordered associated with epilepsy that leads to the development of solid tumors in various organs, including angiomyolipomas of the kidneys, is:

tuberous sclerosis

Which of the following is not considered an extrinsic cause of hydronephrosis?

ureteral stricture

What is the most common location for a urolithiasis to become lodged?

ureterovesicular junction

Which of the following is not considered an intrinsic cause of hydronephrosis?

urethritis

Which of the following would be useful to employ during a sonographic evaluation of a suspected abdominal wall hernia?

valsalva

All of the following are sonographic criteria in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis except:

wall of the pylorus is focally thinned

Which of the following would most likely be a clinical feature of colitis?

watery diarrhea

Clinical findings of nephrocalcinosis include all of the following except:

weight loss

Which of the following would not be a typical clinical finding of a patient with retroperitoneal hematoma?

weight loss

An abdominal sonogram is requested for a new born in the intensive care unit. The new born has suffered from brief anoxia at birth and is now suffering from jaundice. Superior to the right kidney, you visualize a triangular-shaped, heterogenous mass. What is the most likely diagnosis?

adrenal hemorrhage

Which of the following would be a common finding in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis?

ascites

The most common sonographic appearance of a pheochromocytoma is a(n):

hyperechoic mass