Spinal Cord Injury/Head Injury

When evaluating an ABG from a client with a subdural hematoma, the nurse notes the PaCO2 is 30 mm Hg. Which of the following responses best describes this result? A Appropriate; lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) reduces intracranial pressure (ICP). B Emergent; the client is poorly oxygenated. C Normal D Significant; the client has alveolar hypoventilation.

A A normal PaCO2 value is 35 to 45 mm Hg. CO2 has vasodilating properties; therefore, lowering PaCO2 through hyperventilation will lower ICP caused by dilated cerebral vessels. Oxygenation is evaluated through PaO2 and oxygen saturation. Alveolar hypoventilation would be reflected in an increased PaCO2.

A client is at risk for increased ICP. Which of the following would be a priority for the nurse to monitor? A Unequal pupil size B Decreasing systolic blood pressure C Tachycardia D Decreasing body temperature Question 42

A Increasing ICP causes unequal pupils as a result of pressure on the third cranial nerve. Increasing ICP causes an increase in the systolic pressure, which reflects the additional pressure needed to perfuse the brain. It increases the pressure on the vagus nerve, which produces bradycardia, and it causes an increase in body temperature from hypothalamic damage.

The nurse is working on a surgical floor. The nurse must logroll a male client following a: A laminectomy B thoracotomy C hemorrhoidectomy D cystectomy

A The client who has had spinal surgery, such as laminectomy, must be logrolled to keep the spinal column straight when turning. The client who has had a thoracotomy or cystectomy may turn himself or may be assisted into a comfortable position. Under normal circumstances, hemorrhoidectomy is an outpatient procedure, and the client may resume normal activities immediately after surgery.

Which nursing action will the home health nurse include in the plan of care for a patient with paraplegia in order to prevent autonomic dysreflexia? a. Assist with selection of a high protein diet. b. Use quad coughing to assist cough effort. c. Discuss options for sexuality and fertility. d. Teach the purpose of a prescribed bowel program.

ANS: D Fecal impaction is a common stimulus for autonomic dysreflexia. The other actions may be included in the plan of care but will not reduce the risk for autonomic dysreflexia.

A client with a cervical spine injury has Gardner-Wells tongs inserted for which of the following reasons? A To hasten wound healing B To immobilize the cervical spine C To prevent autonomic dysreflexia D To hold bony fragments of the skull together Question 14

B Gardner-Wells, Vinke, and Crutchfield tongs immobilize the spine until surgical stabilization is accomplished.

A client has been pronounced brain dead. Which findings would the nurse assess? Check all that apply. A Decerebrate posturing B Dilated nonreactive pupils C Deep tendon reflexes D Absent corneal reflex

B, C, D

A client with a C6 spinal injury would most likely have which of the following symptoms? A Aphasia B Hemiparesis C Paraplegia D Tetraplegia

D Tetraplegia occurs as a result of cervical spine injuries. Paraplegia occurs as a result of injury to the thoracic cord and below.

A client has a cervical spine injury at the level of C5. Which of the following conditions would the nurse anticipate during the acute phase? A Absent corneal reflex B Decerebrate posturing C Movement of only the right or left half of the body D The need for mechanical ventilation Question 24

D The diaphragm is stimulated by nerves at the level of C4. Initially, this client may need mechanical ventilation due to cord edema. This may resolve in time. Absent corneal reflexes, decerebrate posturing, and hemiplegia occur with brain injuries, not spinal cord injuries.

A client with subdural hematoma was given mannitol to decrease intracranial pressure (ICP). Which of the following results would best show the mannitol was effective? A Urine output increases B Pupils are 8 mm and nonreactive C Systolic blood pressure remains at 150 mm Hg D BUN and creatinine levels return to normal

A Mannitol promotes osmotic diuresis by increasing the pressure gradient in the renal tubes. Fixed and dilated pupils are symptoms of increased ICP or cranial nerve damage. No information is given about abnormal BUN and creatinine levels or that mannitol is being given for renal dysfunction or blood pressure maintenance.

During an episode of autonomic dysreflexia in which the client becomes hypertensive, the nurse should perform which of the following interventions? A Elevate the client's legs B Put the client flat in bed C Put the client in the Trendelenburg's position D Put the client in the high-Fowler's position Question 22

D Putting the client in the high-Fowler's position will decrease cerebral blood flow, decreasing hypertension. Elevating the client's legs, putting the client flat in bed, or putting the bed in the Trendelenburg's position places the client in positions that improve cerebral blood flow, worsening hypertension.

The client with a head injury has been urinating copious amounts of dilute urine through the Foley catheter. The client's urine output for the previous shift was 3000 ml. The nurse implements a new physician order to administer: A Desmopressin (DDAVP, stimate) B Dexamethasone (Decadron) C Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin) D Mannitol (Osmitrol)

A A complication of a head injury is diabetes insipidus, which can occur with insult to the hypothalamus, the antidiuretic storage vesicles, or the posterior pituitary gland. Urine output that exceeds 9 L per day generally requires treatment with desmopressin. Dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid, is administered to treat cerebral edema. This medication may be ordered for the head injured patient. Ethacrynic acid and mannitol are diuretics, which would be contraindicated.

A client is admitted to the ER for head trauma is diagnosed with an epidural hematoma. The underlying cause of epidural hematoma is usually related to which of the following conditions? A Laceration of the middle meningeal artery B Rupture of the carotid artery C Thromboembolism from a carotid artery D Venous bleeding from the arachnoid space Question 16

A Epidural hematoma or extradural hematoma is usually caused by laceration of the middle meningeal artery. An embolic stroke is a thromboembolism from a carotid artery that ruptures. Venous bleeding from the arachnoid space is usually observed with subdural hematoma.

The nurse is evaluating the status of a client who had a craniotomy 3 days ago. The nurse would suspect the client is developing meningitis as a complication of surgery if the client exhibits: A A positive Brudzinski's sign B A negative Kernig's sign C Absence of nuchal rigidity D A Glascow Coma Scale score of 15

A Signs of meningeal irritation compatible with meningitis include nuchal rigidity, positive Brudzinski's sign, and positive Kernig's sign. Nuchal rigidity is characterized by a stiff neck and soreness, which is especially noticeable when the neck is fixed. Kernig's sign is positive when the client feels pain and spasm of the hamstring muscles when the knee and thigh are extended from a flexed-right angle position. Brudzinski's sign is positive when the client flexes the hips and knees in response to the nurse gently flexing the head and neck onto the chest. A Glascow Coma Scale of 15 is a perfect score and indicates the client is awake and alert with no neurological deficits.

A client with head trauma develops a urine output of 300 ml/hr, dry skin, and dry mucous membranes. Which of the following nursing interventions is the most appropriate to perform initially? A Evaluate urine specific gravity B Anticipate treatment for renal failure C Provide emollients to the skin to prevent breakdown D Slow down the IV fluids and notify the physician

A Urine output of 300 ml/hr may indicate diabetes insipidus, which is a failure of the pituitary to produce anti-diuretic hormone. This may occur with increased intracranial pressure and head trauma; the nurse evaluates for low urine specific gravity, increased serum osmolarity, and dehydration. There's no evidence that the client is experiencing renal failure. Providing emollients to prevent skin breakdown is important, but doesn't need to be performed immediately. Slowing the rate of IV fluid would contribute to dehydration when polyuria is present.

When caring for a patient who was admitted 24 hours previously with a C5 spinal cord injury, which nursing action has the highest priority? a. Assessment of respiratory rate and depth b. Continuous cardiac monitoring for bradycardia c. Application of pneumatic compression devices to both legs d. Administration of methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) infusion

ANS: A Edema around the area of injury may lead to damage above the C4 level, so the highest priority is assessment of the patients respiratory function. The other actions also are appropriate but are not as important as assessment of respiratory effort.

A patient with a neck fracture at the C5 level is admitted to the intensive care unit. During initial assessment of the patient, the nurse recognizes the presence of neurogenic shock on finding a. hypotension, bradycardia, and warm extremities. b. involuntary, spastic movements of the arms and legs. c. hyperactive reflex activity below the level of the injury. d. lack of movement or sensation below the level of the injury.

ANS: A Neurogenic shock is characterized by hypotension, bradycardia, and vasodilation leading to warm skin temperature. Spasticity and hyperactive reflexes do not occur at this stage of spinal cord injury. Lack of movement and sensation indicate spinal cord injury, but not neurogenic shock.

A patient who sustained a spinal cord injury a week ago becomes angry, telling the nurse I want to be transferred to a hospital where the nurses know what they are doing! Which reaction by the nurse is best? a. Ask for the patients input into the plan for care. b. Clarify that abusive behavior will not be tolerated. c. Reassure the patient about the competence of the nursing staff. d. Continue to perform care without responding to the patients comments.

ANS: A The patient is demonstrating behaviors consistent with the anger phase of the mourning process, and the nurse should allow expression of anger and seek the patients input into care. Expression of anger is appropriate at this stage and should be tolerated by the nurse. Reassurance about the competency of the staff will not be helpful in responding to the patients anger. Ignoring the patients comments will increase the patients anger and sense of helplessness.

To evaluate the effectiveness of IV methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) given to a patient with a T4 spinal cord injury, which information is most important for the nurse to obtain? a. Leg strength and sensation b. Skin temperature and color c. Blood pressure and apical heart rate d. Respiratory effort and O2 saturation

ANS: A The purpose of methylprednisolone administration is to help preserve motor function and sensation. Therefore the nurse will assess this patient for lower extremity function. The other data also will be collected by the nurse, but they do not reflect the effectiveness of the methylprednisolone.

When caring for a patient who experienced a T1 spinal cord transsection 2 days ago, which collaborative and nursing actions will the nurse include in the plan of care (select all that apply)? a. Urinary catheter care b. Nasogastric (NG) tube feeding c. Continuous cardiac monitoring d. Avoidance of cool room temperature e. Administration of H2 receptor blockers

ANS: A, C, D, E The patient is at risk for bradycardia and poikilothermia caused by sympathetic nervous system dysfunction and should have continuous cardiac monitoring and maintenance of a relatively warm room temperature. Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is decreased initially and NG suctioning is indicated. To avoid bladder distention, a urinary retention catheter is used during this acute phase. Stress ulcers are a common complication but can be avoided through the use of the H2 receptor blockers such as famotidine.

A patient with paraplegia resulting from a T10 spinal cord injury has a neurogenic reflex bladder. Which action will the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Educate on the use of the Cred method. b. Teach the patient how to self-catheterize. c. Catheterize for residual urine after voiding. d. Assist the patient to the toilet every 2 hours.

ANS: B Because the patients bladder is spastic and will empty in response to overstretching of the bladder wall, the most appropriate method is to avoid incontinence by emptying the bladder at regular intervals through intermittent catheterization. Assisting the patient to the toilet will not be helpful because the bladder will not empty. The Cred method is more appropriate for a bladder that is flaccid, such as occurs with a reflexic neurogenic bladder. Catheterization after voiding will not resolve the patients incontinence.

A 26-year-old patient with a T3 spinal cord injury asks the nurse about whether he will be able to be sexually active. Which initial response by the nurse is best? a. Reflex erections frequently occur, but orgasm may not be possible. b. Sildenafil (Viagra) is used by many patients with spinal cord injury. c. Multiple options are available to maintain sexuality after spinal cord injury. d. Penile injection, prostheses, or vacuum suction devices are possible options.

ANS: C Although sexuality will be changed by the patients spinal cord injury, there are options for expression of sexuality and for fertility. The other information also is correct, but the choices will depend on the degrees of injury and the patients individual feelings about sexuality.

When caring for a patient who had a C8 spinal cord injury 10 days ago and has a weak cough effort and loose-sounding secretions, the initial intervention by the nurse should be to a. suction the patients oral and pharyngeal airway. b. administer oxygen at 7 to 9 L/min with a face mask. c. place the hands on the epigastric area and push upward when the patient coughs. d. encourage the patient to use an incentive spirometer every 2 hours during the day.

ANS: C Since the cough effort is poor, the initial action should be to use assisted coughing techniques to improve the ability to mobilize secretions. Administration of oxygen will improve oxygenation, but the data do not indicate hypoxemia. The use of the spirometer may improve respiratory status, but the patients ability to take deep breaths is limited by the loss of intercostal muscle function. Suctioning may be needed if the patient is unable to expel secretions by coughing but should not be the nurses first action.

A patient with a history of a T2 spinal cord injury tells the nurse, I feel awful today. My head is throbbing, and I feel sick to my stomach. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Assess for a fecal impaction. b. Give the prescribed antiemetic. c. Check the blood pressure (BP). d. Notify the health care provider.

ANS: C The BP should be assessed immediately in a patient with an injury at the T6 level or higher who complains of a headache to determine whether autonomic dysreflexia is occurring. Notification of the patients health care provider is appropriate after the BP is obtained. Administration of an antiemetic is indicated after autonomic dysreflexia is ruled out as the cause of the nausea. The nurse may assess for a fecal impaction, but this should be done after checking the BP and lidocaine jelly should be used to prevent further increases in the BP.

After a 25-year-old patient has returned home following rehabilitation for a spinal cord injury, the home care nurse notes that the spouse is performing many of the activities that the patient had been managing during rehabilitation. The most appropriate action by the nurse at this time is to a. tell the spouse that the patient can perform activities independently. b. remind the patient about the importance of independence in daily activities. c. develop a plan to increase the patients independence in consultation with the patient and the spouse. d. recognize that it is important for the spouse to be involved in the patients care and support the spouses participation.

ANS: C The best action by the nurse will be to involve all the parties in developing an optimal plan of care. Because family members who will be assisting with the patients ongoing care need to feel that their input is important, telling the spouse that the patient can perform activities independently is not the best choice. Reminding the patient about the importance of independence may not change the behaviors of the spouse. Supporting the activities of the spouse will lead to ongoing dependency by the patient.

A patient has an incomplete right spinal cord lesion at the level of T7, resulting in Brown-Squard syndrome. Which nursing action should be included in the plan of care? a. Assessment of the patient for left leg pain b. Assessment of the patient for left arm weakness c. Positioning the patients right leg when turning the patient d. Teaching the patient to look at the left leg to verify its position

ANS: C The patient with Brown-Squard syndrome has loss of motor function on the ipsilateral side and will require the nurse to move the right leg. Pain sensation will be lost on the patients left leg. Left arm weakness will not be a problem for a patient with a T7 injury. The patient will retain position sense for the left leg.

When the nurse is developing a rehabilitation plan for a patient with a C6 spinal cord injury, an appropriate patient goal is that the patient will be able to a. transfer independently to a wheelchair. b. drive a car with powered hand controls. c. turn and reposition independently when in bed. d. push a manual wheelchair on flat, smooth surfaces.

ANS: D The patient with a C6 injury will be able to use the hands to push a wheelchair on flat, smooth surfaces. Because flexion of the thumb and fingers is minimal, the patient will not be able to grasp a wheelchair during transfer, drive a car with powered hand controls, or turn independently in bed.

The nurse is caring for a client who suffered a spinal cord injury 48 hours ago. The nurse monitors for GI complications by assessing for: A A flattened abdomen B Hematest positive nasogastric tube drainage C Hyperactive bowel sounds D A history of diarrhea

B After spinal cord injury, the client can develop paralytic ileus, which is characterized by the absence of bowel sounds and abdominal distention. Development of a stress ulcer can be detected by hematest positive NG tube aspirate or stool. A history of diarrhea is irrelevant.

A 23-year-old client has been hit on the head with a baseball bat. The nurse notes clear fluid draining from his ears and nose. Which of the following nursing interventions should be done first? A Position the client flat in bed B Check the fluid for dextrose with a dipstick C Suction the nose to maintain airway patency D Insert nasal and ear packing with sterile gauze Question 17

B Clear fluid from the nose or ear can be determined to be cerebral spinal fluid or mucous by the presence of dextrose. Placing the client flat in bed may increase ICP and promote pulmonary aspiration. The nose wouldn't be suctioned because of the risk for suctioning brain tissue through the sinuses. Nothing is inserted into the ears or nose of a client with a skull fracture because of the risk of infection.

A nurse is reviewing the record of a child with increased ICP and notes that the child has exhibited signs of decerebrate posturing. On assessment of the child, the nurse would expect to note which of the following if this type of posturing was present? A Abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and extension of the lower extremities B Rigid extension and pronation of the arms and legs C Rigid pronation of all extremities D Flaccid paralysis of all extremities

B Decerebrate posturing is characterized by the rigid extension and pronation of the arms and legs.

An auto mechanic accidentally has battery acid splashed in his eyes. His coworkers irrigate his eyes with water for 20 minutes, and then take him to the emergency department of a nearby hospital, where he receives emergency care for corneal injury. The physician prescribes dexamethasone (Maxidex Ophthalmic Suspension), two drops of 0.1% solution to be instilled initially into the conjunctival sacs of both eyes every hour; and polymyxin B sulfate (Neosporin Ophthalmic), 0.5% ointment to be placed in the conjunctival sacs of both eyes every 3 hours. Dexamethasone exerts its therapeutic effect by: A increasing the exudative reaction of ocular tissue. B decreasing leukocyte infiltration at the site of ocular inflammation. C inhibiting the action of carbonic anhydrase. D producing a miotic reaction by stimulating and contracting the sphincter muscles of the iris.

B Dexamethasone exerts its therapeutic effect by decreasing leukocyte infiltration at the site of ocular inflammation. This reduces the exudative reaction of diseased tissue, lessening edema, redness, and scarring. Dexamethasone and other anti-inflammatory agents don't inhibit the action of carbonic anhydrase or produce any type of miotic reaction.

In planning the care for a client who has had a posterior fossa (infratentorial) craniotomy, which of the following is contraindicated when positioning the client? A Keeping the client flat on one side or the other B Elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees C Log rolling or turning as a unit when turning D Keeping the head in neutral position Question 49

B Elevating the HOB to 30 degrees is contraindicated for infratentorial craniotomies because it could cause herniation of the brain down onto the brainstem and spinal cord, resulting in sudden death. Elevation of the head of the bed to 30 degrees with the head turned to the side opposite of the incision, if not contraindicated by the ICP; is used for supratentorial craniotomies.

A client with C7 quadriplegia is flushed and anxious and complains of a pounding headache. Which of the following symptoms would also be anticipated? A Decreased urine output or oliguria B Hypertension and bradycardia C Respiratory depression D Symptoms of shock Question 25

B Hypertension, bradycardia, anxiety, blurred vision, and flushing above the lesion occur with autonomic dysreflexia due to uninhibited sympathetic nervous system discharge. The other options are incorrect.

Which of the following interventions describes an appropriate bladder program for a client in rehabilitation for spinal cord injury? A Insert an indwelling urinary catheter to straight drainage B Schedule intermittent catheterization every 2 to 4 hours C Perform a straight catheterization every 8 hours while awake D Perform Crede's maneuver to the lower abdomen before the client voids.

B Intermittent catherization should begin every 2 to 4 hours early in the treatment. When residual volume is less than 400 ml, the schedule may advance to every 4 to 6 hours. Indwelling catheters may predispose the client to infection and are removed as soon as possible. Crede's maneuver is not used on people with spinal cord injury.

A client who is regaining consciousness after a craniotomy becomes restless and attempts to pull out her IV line. Which nursing intervention protects the client without increasing her ICP? A Place her in a jacket restraint B Wrap her hands in soft "mitten" restraints C Tuck her arms and hands under the draw sheet D Apply a wrist restraint to each arm Question 46

B It is best for the client to wear mitts which help prevent the client from pulling on the IV without causing additional agitation. Using a jacket or wrist restraint or tucking the client's arms and hands under the draw sheet restrict movement and add to feelings of being confined, all of which would increase her agitation and increase ICP

Which of the following conditions indicates that spinal shock is resolving in a client with C7 quadriplegia? A Absence of pain sensation in chest B Spasticity C Spontaneous respirations D Urinary continence

B Spasticity, the return of reflexes, is a sign of resolving shock. Spinal or neurogenic shock is characterized by hypotension, bradycardia, dry skin, flaccid paralysis, or the absence of reflexes below the level of injury. The absence of pain sensation in the chest doesn't apply to spinal shock. Spinal shock descends from the injury, and respiratory difficulties occur at C4 and above.

The nurse is positioning the female client with increased intracranial pressure. Which of the following positions would the nurse avoid? A Head mildline B Head turned to the side C Neck in neutral position D Head of bed elevated 30 to 45 degrees

B The head of the client with increased intracranial pressure should be positioned so the head is in a neutral midline position. The nurse should avoid flexing or extending the client's neck or turning the head side to side. The head of the bed should be raised to 30 to 45 degrees. Use of proper positions promotes venous drainage from the cranium to keep intracranial pressure down.

A client with a spinal cord injury is prone to experiencing autonomic dysreflexia. The nurse would avoid which of the following measures to minimize the risk of recurrence? A Strict adherence to a bowel retraining program B Limiting bladder catheterization to once every 12 hours C Keeping the linen wrinkle-free under the client D Preventing unnecessary pressure on the lower limbs

B. The most frequent cause of autonomic dysreflexia is a distended bladder. Straight catherization should be done every 4 to 6 hours, and Foley catheters should be checked frequently to prevent kinks in the tubing. Constipation and fecal impaction are other causes, so maintaining bowel regularity is important. Other causes include stimulation of the skin from tactile, thermal, or painful stimuli. The nurse administers care to minimize risk in these areas.

When discharging a client from the ER after a head trauma, the nurse teaches the guardian to observe for a lucid interval. Which of the following statements best described a lucid interval? A An interval when the client's speech is garbled. B An interval when the client is alert but can't recall recent events. C An interval when the client is oriented but then becomes somnolent. D An interval when the client has a "warning" symptom, such as an odor or visual disturbance.

C A lucid interval is described as a brief period of unconsciousness followed by alertness; after several hours, the client again loses consciousness. Garbled speech is known as dysarthria. An interval in which the client is alert but can't recall recent events is known as amnesia. Warning symptoms or auras typically occur before seizures.

A female client admitted to an acute care facility after a car accident develops signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The client is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation to help reduce ICP. To prevent a further rise in ICP caused by suctioning, the nurse anticipates administering which drug endotracheally before suctioning? A phenytoin (Dilantin) B mannitol (Osmitrol) C lidocaine (Xylocaine) D furosemide (Lasix)

C Administering lidocaine via an endotracheal tube may minimize elevations in ICP caused by suctioning. Although mannitol and furosemide may be given to reduce ICP, they're administered parenterally, not endotracheally. Phenytoin doesn't reduce ICP directly but may be used to abolish seizures, which can increase ICP. However, phenytoin isn't administered endotracheally.

The nurse is discussing the purpose of an electroencephalogram (EEG) with the family of a client with massive cerebral hemorrhage and loss of consciousness. It would be most accurate for the nurse to tell family members that the test measures which of the following conditions? A Extent of intracranial bleeding B Sites of brain injury C Activity of the brain D Percent of functional brain tissue Question 29

C An EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain. Extent of intracranial bleeding and location of the injury site would be determined by CT or MRI. Percent of functional brain tissue would be determined by a series of tests.

A client arrives at the ER after slipping on a patch of ice and hitting her head. A CT scan of the head shows a collection of blood between the skull and dura mater. Which type of head injury does this finding suggest? A Subdural hematoma B Subarachnoid hemorrhage C Epidural hematoma D Contusion

C An epidural hematoma occurs when blood collects between the skull and the dura mater. In a subdural hematoma, venous blood collects between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. In a subarachnoid hemorrhage, blood collects between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane. A contusion is a bruise on the brain's surface.

An 18-year-old client was hit in the head with a baseball during practice. When discharging him to the care of his mother, the nurse gives which of the following instructions? A "Watch him for keyhole pupil the next 24 hours." B "Expect profuse vomiting for 24 hours after the injury." C "Wake him every hour and assess his orientation to person, time, and place." D "Notify the physician immediately if he has a headache." Question 27

C Changes in LOC may indicate expanding lesions such as subdural hematoma; orientation and LOC are assessed frequently for 24 hours. A keyhole pupil is found after iridectomy. Profuse or projectile vomiting is a symptom of increased ICP and should be reported immediately. A slight headache may last for several days after concussion; severe or worsening headaches should be reported.

A client with a subdural hematoma becomes restless and confused, with dilation of the ipsilateral pupil. The physician orders mannitol for which of the following reasons? A To reduce intraocular pressure B To prevent acute tubular necrosis C To promote osmotic diuresis to decrease ICP D To draw water into the vascular system to increase blood pressure

C Mannitol promotes osmotic diuresis by increasing the pressure gradient, drawing fluid from intracellular to intravascular spaces. Although mannitol is used for all the reasons described, the reduction of ICP in this client is a concern.

Which of the following nursing interventions is appropriate for a client with an ICP of 20 mm Hg? A Give the client a warming blanket B Administer low-dose barbiturate C Encourage the client to hyperventilate D Restrict fluids

C Normal ICP is 15 mm Hg or less. Hyperventilation causes vasoconstriction, which reduces CSF and blood volume, two important factors for reducing a sustained ICP of 20 mm Hg. A cooling blanket is used to control the elevation of temperature because a fever increases the metabolic rate, which in turn increases ICP. High doses of barbiturates may be used to reduce the increased cellular metabolic demands. Fluid volume and inotropic drugs are used to maintain cerebral perfusion by supporting the cardiac output and keeping the cerebral perfusion pressure greater than 80 mm Hg.

The nurse is planning care for the client in spinal shock. Which of the following actions would be least helpful in minimizing the effects of vasodilation below the level of the injury? A Monitoring vital signs before and during position changes B Using vasopressor medications as prescribed C Moving the client quickly as one unit D Applying Teds or compression stockings. Question 38

C Reflex vasodilation below the level of the spinal cord injury places the client at risk for orthostatic hypotension, which may be profound. Measures to minimize this include measuring vital signs before and during position changes, use of a tilt-table with early mobilization, and changing the client's position slowly. Venous pooling can be reduced by using Teds (compression stockings) or pneumatic boots. Vasopressor medications are administered per protocol.

The nurse is evaluating neurological signs of the male client in spinal shock following spinal cord injury. Which of the following observations by the nurse indicates that spinal shock persists? A Positive reflexes B Hyperreflexia C Inability to elicit a Babinski's reflex D Reflex emptying of the bladder

C Resolution of spinal shock is occurring when there is a return of reflexes (especially flexors to noxious cutaneous stimuli), a state of hyperreflexia rather than flaccidity, reflex emptying of the bladder, and a positive Babinski's reflex.

While in the ER, a client with C8 tetraplegia develops a blood pressure of 80/40, pulse 48, and RR of 18. The nurse suspects which of the following conditions? A Autonomic dysreflexia B Hemorrhagic shock C Neurogenic shock D Pulmonary embolism

C Symptoms of neurogenic shock include hypotension, bradycardia, and warm, dry skin due to the loss of adrenergic stimulation below the level of the lesion. Hypertension, bradycardia, flushing, and sweating of the skin are seen with autonomic dysreflexia. Hemorrhagic shock presents with anxiety, tachycardia, and hypotension; this wouldn't be suspected without an injury. Pulmonary embolism presents with chest pain, hypotension, hypoxemia, tachycardia, and hemoptysis; this may be a later complication of spinal cord injury due to immobility.

After striking his head on a tree while falling from a ladder, a young man age 18 is admitted to the emergency department. He's unconscious and his pupils are nonreactive. Which intervention would be the most dangerous for the client? A Give him a barbiturate. B Place him on mechanical ventilation. C Perform a lumbar puncture. D Elevate the head of his bed.

C The client's history and assessment suggest that he may have increased intracranial pressure (ICP). If this is the case, lumbar puncture shouldn't be done because it can quickly decompress the central nervous system and, thereby, cause additional damage. After a head injury, barbiturates may be given to prevent seizures; mechanical ventilation may be required if breathing deteriorates; and elevating the head of the bed may be used to reduce ICP.

A client is arousing from a coma and keeps saying, "Just stop the pain." The nurse responds based on the knowledge that the human body typically and automatically responds to pain first with attempts to: A Tolerate the pain B Decrease the perception of pain C Escape the source of pain D Divert attention from the source of pain.

C The client's innate responses to pain are directed initially toward escaping from the source of pain. Variations in individuals' tolerance and perception of pain are apparent only in conscious clients, and only conscious clients are able to employ distraction to help relieve pain.

For a male client with suspected increased intracranial pressure (ICP), a most appropriate respiratory goal is to: A prevent respiratory alkalosis. B lower arterial pH. C promote carbon dioxide elimination. D maintain partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) above 80 mm Hg

C The goal of treatment is to prevent acidemia by eliminating carbon dioxide. That is because an acid environment in the brain causes cerebral vessels to dilate and therefore increases ICP. Preventing respiratory alkalosis and lowering arterial pH may bring about acidosis, an undesirable condition in this case. It isn't necessary to maintain a PaO2 as high as 80 mm Hg; 60 mm Hg will adequately oxygenate most clients.

The nurse is performing a mental status examination on a male client diagnosed with subdural hematoma. This test assesses which of the following? A Cerebellar function B Intellectual function C Cerebral function D Sensory function

C The mental status examination assesses functions governed by the cerebrum. Some of these are orientation, attention span, judgment, and abstract reasoning. Intellectual functioning isn't the only cerebral activity. Cerebellar function testing assesses coordination, equilibrium, and fine motor movement. Sensory function testing involves assessment of pain, light-touch sensation, and temperature discrimination.

A female client who was found unconscious at home is brought to the hospital by a rescue squaD. In the intensive care unit, the nurse checks the client's oculocephalic (doll's eye) response by: A introducing ice water into the external auditory canal. B touching the cornea with a wisp of cotton. C turning the client's head suddenly while holding the eyelids open. D shining a bright light into the pupil.

C To elicit the oculocephalic response, which detects cranial nerve compression, the nurse turns the client's head suddenly while holding the eyelids open. Normally, the eyes move from side to side when the head is turned; in an abnormal response, the eyes remain fixed. The nurse introduces ice water into the external auditory canal when testing the oculovestibular response; normally, the client's eyes deviate to the side of ice water introduction. The nurse touches the client's cornea with a wisp of cotton to elicit the corneal reflex response, which reveals brain stem function; blinking is the normal response. Shining a bright light into the client's pupil helps evaluate brain stem and cranial nerve III functions; normally, the pupil responds by constricting.

Nurse Amber is caring for a client who underwent a lumbar laminectomy two days ago. Which of the following findings should the nurse consider abnormal? A More back pain than the first postoperative day B Paresthesia in the dermatomes near the wounds C Urine retention or incontinence D Temperature of 99.2° F (37.3° C)

C Urine retention or incontinence may indicate cauda equina syndrome, which requires immediate surgery. An increase in pain on the second postoperative day is common because the long-acting local anesthetic, which may have been injected during surgery, will wear off. While paresthesia is common after surgery, progressive weakness or paralysis may indicate spinal nerve compression. A mild fever is also common after surgery but is considered significant only if it reaches 101° F (38.3° C).

After a hypophysectomy, vasopressin is given IM for which of the following reasons? A To treat growth failure B To prevent syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) C To reduce cerebral edema and lower intracranial pressure D To replace antidiuretic hormone (ADH) normally secreted by the pituitary.

D After hypophysectomy, or removal of the pituitary gland, the body can't synthesize ADH. Somatropin or growth hormone, not vasopressin is used to treat growth failure. SIADH results from excessive ADH secretion. Mannitol or corticosteroids are used to decrease cerebral edema.

A 22-year-old client with quadriplegia is apprehensive and flushed, with a blood pressure of 210/100 and a heart rate of 50 bpm. Which of the following nursing interventions should be done first? A Place the client flat in bed B Assess patency of the indwelling urinary catheter C Give one SL nitroglycerin tablet D Raise the head of the bed immediately to 90 degrees

D Anxiety, flushing above the level of the lesion, piloerection, hypertension, and bradycardia are symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia, typically caused by such noxious stimuli such as a full bladder, fecal impaction, or decubitus ulcer. Putting the client flat will cause the blood pressure to increase even more. The indwelling urinary catheter should be assessed immediately after the HOB is raised. Nitroglycerin is given to reduce chest pain and reduce preload; it isn't used for hypertension or dysreflexia.

A female client is admitted in a disoriented and restless state after sustaining a concussion during a car accident. Which nursing diagnosis takes highest priority in this client's plan of care? A Disturbed sensory perception (visual) B Self-care deficient: Dressing/grooming C Impaired verbal communication D Risk for injury

D Because the client is disoriented and restless, the most important nursing diagnosis is risk for injury. Although the other options may be appropriate, they're secondary because they don't immediately affect the client's health or safety.

A client was brought to the emergency department after suffering a closed head injury and lacerations around the face due to a hit-run accident. The client is unconscious and has minimal response to noxious stimuli. Which of the following assessment findings if observed after few hours, should be reported to the physician immediately? A Bleeding around the lacerations. B Withdrawal of the client in response to painful stimuli. C Bruises and minimal edema of the eyelids. D Drainage of a clear fluid from the client's nose.

D Clear drainage from the client's nose indicates that there is a leakage of CSF and should be reported to the physician immediately.

Which of the following describes decerebrate posturing? A Internal rotation and adduction of arms with flexion of elbows, wrists, and fingers B Back hunched over, rigid flexion of all four extremities with supination of arms and plantar flexion of the feet C Supination of arms, dorsiflexion of feet D Back arched; rigid extension of all four extremities.

D Decerebrate posturing occurs in patients with damage to the upper brain stem, midbrain, or pons and is demonstrated clinically by arching of the back, rigid extension of the extremities, pronation of the arms, and plantar flexion of the feet. Internal rotation and adduction of arms with flexion of the elbows, wrists, and fingers described decorticate posturing, which indicates damage to corticospinal tracts and cerebral hemispheres.

A male client has a history of painful, continuous muscle spasms. He has taken several skeletal muscle relaxants without experiencing relief. His physician prescribes diazepam (Valium), 2 mg P.O. twice daily. In addition to being used to relieve painful muscle spasms, diazepam also is recommended for: A long-term treatment of epilepsy. B postoperative pain management of laminectomy clients. C postoperative pain management of diskectomy clients D treatment of spasticity associated with spinal cord lesions

D In addition to relieving painful muscle spasms, diazepam also is recommended for treatment of spasticity associated with spinal cord lesions. Diazepam's use is limited by its central nervous system effects and the tolerance that develops with prolonged use. The parenteral form of diazepam can treat status epilepticus, but the drug's sedating properties make it an unsuitable choice for long-term management of epilepsy. Diazepam isn't an analgesic agent.

A 40-year-old paraplegic must perform intermittent catheterization of the bladder. Which of the following instructions should be given? A "Clean the meatus from back to front." B "Measure the quantity of urine." C "Gently rotate the catheter during removal." D "Clean the meatus with soap and water." Question 26

D Intermittent catheterization may be performed chronically with clean technique, using soap and water to clean the urinary meatus. The meatus is always cleaned from front to back in a woman, or in expanding circles working outward from the meatus in a man. It isn't necessary to measure the urine. The catheter doesn't need to be rotated during removal.

A female client has clear fluid leaking from the nose following a basilar skull fracture. The nurse assesses that this is cerebrospinal fluid if the fluid: A Is clear and tests negative for glucose B Is grossly bloody in appearance and has a pH of 6 C Clumps together on the dressing and has a pH of 7 D Separates into concentric rings and test positive of glucose

D Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ears or nose may accompany basilar skull fracture. CSF can be distinguished from other body fluids because the drainage will separate into bloody and yellow concentric rings on dressing material, called a halo sign. The fluid also tests positive for glucose.

A nurse assesses a client who has episodes of autonomic dysreflexia. Which of the following conditions can cause autonomic dysreflexia? A Headache B Lumbar spinal cord injury C Neurogenic shock D Noxious stimuli Question 21

D Noxious stimuli, such as a full bladder, fecal impaction, or a decub ulcer, may cause autonomic dysreflexia. A headache is a symptom of autonomic dysreflexia, not a cause. Autonomic dysreflexia is most commonly seen with injuries at T10 or above. Neurogenic shock isn't a cause of dysreflexia.

The nurse is caring for a client admitted with spinal cord injury. The nurse minimizes the risk of compounding the injury most effectively by: A Keeping the client on a stretcher B Logrolling the client on a firm mattress C Logrolling the client on a soft mattress D Placing the client on a Stryker frame

D Spinal immobilization is necessary after spinal cord injury to prevent further damage and insult to the spinal cord. Whenever possible, the client is placed on a Stryker frame, which allows the nurse to turn the client to prevent complications of immobility, while maintaining alignment of the spine. If a Stryker frame is not available, a firm mattress with a bed board should be used.

The nurse is caring for the client in the ER following a head injury. The client momentarily lost consciousness at the time of the injury and then regained it. The client now has lost consciousness again. The nurse takes quick action, knowing this is compatible with: A Skull fracture B Concussion C Subdural hematoma D Epidural hematoma

D The changes in neurological signs from an epidural hematoma begin with a loss of consciousness as arterial blood collects in the epidural space and exerts pressure. The client regains consciousness as the cerebral spinal fluid is reabsorbed rapidly to compensate for the rising intracranial pressure. As the compensatory mechanisms fail, even small amounts of additional blood can cause the intracranial pressure to rise rapidly, and the client's neurological status deteriorates quickly.

A male client with a spinal cord injury is prone to experiencing automatic dysreflexia. The nurse would avoid which of the following measures to minimize the risk of recurrence? A Strict adherence to a bowel retraining program B Keeping the linen wrinkle-free under the client C Preventing unnecessary pressure on the lower limbs D Limiting bladder catheterization to once every 12 hours

D The most frequent cause of autonomic dysreflexia is a distended bladder. Straight catheterization should be done every 4 to 6 hours, and foley catheters should be checked frequently to prevent kinks in the tubing. Constipation and fecal impaction are other causes, so maintaining bowel regularity is important. Other causes include stimulation of the skin from tactile, thermal, or painful stimuli. The nurse administers care to minimize risk in these areas.

An 18-year-old client is admitted with a closed head injury sustained in a MVA. His intracranial pressure (ICP) shows an upward trend. Which intervention should the nurse perform first? A Reposition the client to avoid neck flexion B Administer 1 g Mannitol IV as ordered C Increase the ventilator's respiratory rate to 20 breaths/minute D Administer 100 mg of pentobarbital IV as ordered.

D The nurse should first attempt nursing interventions, such as repositioning the client to avoid neck flexion, which increases venous return and lowers ICP. If nursing measures prove ineffective, notify the physician, who may prescribe mannitol, pentobarbital, or hyperventilation therapy.

In which order will the nurse perform the following actions when caring for a patient with possible C6 spinal cord trauma who is admitted to the emergency department? Put a comma and space between each answer choice (a, b, c, d, etc.) ____________________ a. Infuse normal saline at 150 mL/hr. b. Monitor cardiac rhythm and blood pressure. c. Administer O2 using a non-rebreather mask. d. Transfer the patient to radiology for spinal computed tomography (CT). e. Immobilize the patients head, neck, and spine.

E, C, B, A, D The first action should be to prevent further injury by stabilizing the patients spinal cord. Maintenance of oxygenation by administration of 100% O2 is the second priority. Because neurogenic shock is a possible complication, monitoring of heart rhythm and BP are indicated, followed by infusing normal saline for volume replacement. A CT scan to determine the extent and level of injury is needed once initial assessment and stabilization are accomplished.

If a male client experienced a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) that damaged the hypothalamus, the nurse would anticipate that the client has problems with: A body temperature control. B balance and equilibrium. C visual acuity. D thinking and reasoning.

A The body's thermostat is located in the hypothalamus; therefore, injury to that area can cause problems of body temperature control. Balance and equilibrium problems are related to cerebellar damage. Visual acuity problems would occur following occipital or optic nerve injury. Thinking and reasoning problems are the result of injury to the cerebrum.

A patient with a T1 spinal cord injury is admitted to the intensive care unit. The nurse will teach the patient and family that a. use of the shoulders will be preserved. b. full function of the patients arms will be retained. c. total loss of respiratory function may occur temporarily. d. elevations in heart rate are common with this type of injury.

ANS: B The patient with a T1 injury can expect to retain full motor and sensory function of the arms. Use of only the shoulders is associated with cervical spine injury. Loss of respiratory function occurs with cervical spine injuries. Bradycardia is associated with injuries above the T6 level.

The nurse is caring for the client with increased intracranial pressure. The nurse would note which of the following trends in vital signs if the ICP is rising? A Increasing temperature, increasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure. B Increasing temperature, decreasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure. C Decreasing temperature, decreasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure. D Decreasing temperature, increasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure.

B A change in vital signs may be a late sign of increased intracranial pressure. Trends include increasing temperature and blood pressure and decreasing pulse and respirations. Respiratory irregularities also may arise. Question 13

A male client is admitted with a cervical spine injury sustained during a diving accident. When planning this client's care, the nurse should assign highest priority to which nursing diagnosis? A Impaired physical mobility B Ineffective breathing pattern C Disturbed sensory perception (tactile) D Self-care deficit: Dressing/grooming

B Because a cervical spine injury can cause respiratory distress, the nurse should take immediate action to maintain a patent airway and provide adequate oxygenation. The other options may be appropriate for a client with a spinal cord injury — particularly during the course of recovery — but don't take precedence over a diagnosis of Ineffective breathing pattern.

A client who had a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy should be watched carefully for hemorrhage, which may be shown by which of the following signs? A Bloody drainage from the ears B Frequent swallowing C Guaiac-positive stools D Hematuria

B Frequent swallowing after brain surgery may indicate fluid or blood leaking from the sinuses into the oropharynx. Blood or fluid draining from the ear may indicate a basilar skull fracture.

Which of the following clients on the rehab unit is most likely to develop autonomic dysreflexia? A A client with a brain injury B A client with a herniated nucleus pulposus C A client with a high cervical spine injury D A client with a stroke

C

A nurse is assisting with caloric testing of the oculovestibular reflex of an unconscious client. Cold water is injected into the left auditory canal. The client exhibits eye conjugate movements toward the left followed by a rapid nystagmus toward the right. The nurse understands that this indicates the client has: A A cerebral lesion B A temporal lesion C An intact brainstem D Brain death

C Caloric testing provides information about differentiating between cerebellar and brainstem lesions. After determining patency of the ear canal, cold or warm water is injected in the auditory canal. A normal response that indicates intact function of cranial nerves III, IV, and VIII is conjugate eye movements toward the side being irrigated, followed by rapid nystagmus to the opposite side. Absent or disconjugate eye movements indicate brainstem damage.

Which of the following signs and symptoms of increased ICP after head trauma would appear first? A Bradycardia B Large amounts of very dilute urine C Restlessness and confusion D Widened pulse pressure

C The earliest symptom of elevated ICP is a change in mental status. Bradycardia, widened pulse pressure, and bradypnea occur later. The client may void large amounts of very dilute urine if there's damage to the posterior pituitary.

A client with a spinal cord injury suddenly experiences an episode of autonomic dysreflexia. After checking the client's vital signs, list in order of priority, the nurse's actions (Number 1 being the first priority and number 5 being the last priority). A. Check for bladder distention B. Raise the head of the bed C. Contact the physician D. Loosen tight clothing on the client E. Administer an antihypertensive medication B, D, A, C, E.

B, D, A, C, E

After falling 20', a 36-year-old man sustains a C6 fracture with spinal cord transaction. Which other findings should the nurse expect? A Quadriplegia with gross arm movement and diaphragmatic breathing B Quadriplegia and loss of respiratory function C Paraplegia with intercostal muscle loss D Loss of bowel and bladder control Question 31

A A client with a spinal cord injury at levels C5 to C6 has quadriplegia with gross arm movement and diaphragmatic breathing. Injury levels C1 to C4 leads to quadriplegia with total loss of respiratory function. Paraplegia with intercostal muscle loss occurs with injuries at T1 to L2. Injuries below L2 cause paraplegia and loss of bowel and bladder control.

Which of the following respiratory patterns indicate increasing ICP in the brain stem? A Slow, irregular respirations B Rapid, shallow respirations C Asymmetric chest expansion D Nasal flaring

A Neural control of respiration takes place in the brain stem. Deterioration and pressure produce irregular respiratory patterns. Rapid, shallow respirations, asymmetric chest movements, and nasal flaring are more characteristic of respiratory distress or hypoxia.

The nurse is caring for a client with a T5 complete spinal cord injury. Upon assessment, the nurse notes flushed skin, diaphoresis above the T5, and a blood pressure of 162/96. The client reports a severe, pounding headache. Which of the following nursing interventions would be appropriate for this client? Select all that apply. A Elevate the HOB to 90 degrees B Loosen constrictive clothing C Use a fan to reduce diaphoresis D Assess for bladder distention and bowel impaction E Administer antihypertensive medication Question 33

A, B, D, E The client has signs and symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia. The potentially life-threatening condition is caused by an uninhibited response from the sympathetic nervous system resulting from a lack of control over the autonomic nervous system. The nurse should immediately elevate the HOB to 90 degrees and place extremities dependently to decrease venous return to the heart and increase venous return from the brain. Because tactile stimuli can trigger autonomic dysreflexia, any constrictive clothing should be loosened. The nurse should also assess for distended bladder and bowel impaction, which may trigger autonomic dysreflexia, and correct any problems. Elevated blood pressure is the most life-threatening complication of autonomic dysreflexia because it can cause stroke, MI, or seizures. If removing the triggering event doesn't reduce the client's blood pressure, IV antihypertensives should be administered. A fan shouldn't be used because cold drafts may trigger autonomic dysreflexia.

A 30-year-old was admitted to the progressive care unit with a C5 fracture from a motorcycle accident. Which of the following assessments would take priority? A Bladder distension B Neurological deficit C Pulse ox readings D The client's feelings about the injury

C After a spinal cord injury, ascending cord edema may cause a higher level of injury. The diaphragm is innervated at the level of C4, so assessment of adequate oxygenation and ventilation is necessary. Although the other options would be necessary at a later time, observation for respiratory failure is the priority.

A client has signs of increased ICP. Which of the following is an early indicator of deterioration in the client's condition? A Widening pulse pressure B Decrease in the pulse rate C Dilated, fixed pupil D Decrease in LOC

D A decrease in the client's LOC is an early indicator of deterioration of the client's neurological status. Changes in LOC, such as restlessness and irritability, may be subtle. Widening of the pulse pressure, decrease in the pulse rate, and dilated, fixed pupils occur later if the increased ICP is not treated.