Spinal Cord

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

11 thoracic spinal nerves (INCORRECT) 8 cervical spinal nerves 5 lumbar spinal nerves 5 sacral spinal nerves 1 coccygeal spinal nerve

The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age 6 months. 2 months. 4 years. 10 years. 20 years.

4 years

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the anterior gray horns. posterior gray horns. lateral gray horns. gray commissures. white commissures.

Gray commissures

Which of the following is not true of meningitis?

It only affects spinal meninges.

Regional loss of sensory or motor function from nerve trauma or compression is termed shingles. dermatome. hemisection. areflexia. peripheral neuropathy.

Peripheral neuropathy

In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. A)shingles B)neuronal damage C)Hodgkin's disease D)chickenpox E)myasthenia gravis

Shingles

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as ganglia. horns. nuclei. commissures. tracts.

Tracts

the gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

a) nerve tracts b) columns c) meninges d) nerve cell bodies e) funiculi

Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a(n) ________ ramus.

anterior

All of the following are true of muscle spindles except they

are found in tendons

The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains cell bodies of motor neurons. axons of motor neurons. cell bodies of sensory neurons. axons of sensory neurons. interneurons.

axons of sensory neurons

Spinal nerves are

both sensory and motor

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

brachial

The anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus.

brachial

All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they are the simplest form of behavior. are automatic motor responses. help preserve homeostasis. cannot be modified by the brain. involve at least two neurons.

cannot be modified by the brain

The posterior root ganglia mainly contain cell bodies of motor neurons. cell bodies of sensory neurons. axons of motor neurons. synapses. axons of sensory neurons.

cell bodies of sensory neurons

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system. afferent somatic autonomic peripheral central

central

Enlarged area of the spinal cord from which nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs arise.

cervical enlargement

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

dura mater

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the endoneurium. perineurium. metaneurium. subneurium. epineurium

endoneurium

The postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or smooth muscles in limbs are gray rami communicantes. posterior ramus. white rami communicantes. dermatomes. anterior ramus.

gray rami communicantes

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord, seen easily in microscopic spinal cord cross sections, are called

horns

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes.

innate

Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus is called

ipsilateral

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense. lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis. block autonomic regulation. affect visceral motor function. interfere with position sense.

lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. shoulder abdominal intercostal facial leg

leg

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue. would have full range of motion in all extremities. would be in a coma. might be unable to breathe on his own. could walk without difficulty.

might be unable to breathe on his own

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

myelinated axons

Masses of gray matter within the central nervous system are columns. nuclei. commissures. horns. ganglia

nuclei

You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, telling you to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyway, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a ________ neuronal circuit

parallel processing

The loss of feeling and movement of the legs is termed

paraplegia

The loss of feeling and movement of the legs is termed paraplegia. hemiplegia. quadriplegia. spinal transection. spinal shock.

paraplegia

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the median. ulnar. phrenic. radial. musculocutaneous.

phrenic

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

pia mater

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the dura mater. arachnoid mater. pia mater. subdural space. epidural space

pia mater

A cross section of the spinal cord showing anatomical landmarks (left half) and functional organization (right half). Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "4."

posterior gray horn

The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed spinal transection. spinal shock. hemiplegia. quadriplegia. paraplegia.

quadriplegia

Loss of feeling in the thumb and first two fingers is most likely due to a damaged ________ nerve. radial ulnar median axillary musculocutaneous

radial

Cross section of the spinal cord showing peripheral distribution of spinal nerves. . Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions: Ken has a herniated disc which is pinching the structure labeled "10". He is most likely experiencing impairment in which sensory pathway?

somatic and visceral sensory

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the cerebral ventricles. dura mater. arachnoid mater. subarachnoid space. epidural space.

subarachnoid space

Sensory information from visceral organs is carried by the sympathetic nerve. posterior ramus. parasympathetic nerve. anterior ramus. rami communicantes.

sympathetic nerve

Which of the following is not a way that reflexes are classified?

sympathetic/parasympathetic

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex.

tendon

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

the loss of sensation in his torso

The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ pairs of spinal nerves. five twelve twenty-five thirty-one The number varies widely among individuals.

thirty-one

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the white columns. posterior gray horns. anterior gray horns. gray commissures. central canal.

white columns

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the

white rami communcantes

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly neuroglia. unmyelinated axons. myelinated axons. nodes of Ranvier. Schwann cells.

myelinated axons

Regional loss of sensory or motor function from nerve trauma or compression is termed shingles. peripheral neuropathy. hemisection. dermatome. areflexia.

peripheral neuropathy

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called reverberating circuits. a crossed extensor reflex. a stretch reflex. a tendon reflex. reciprocal inhibition.

reciprocal inhibition.

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called reciprocal inhibition. a crossed extensor reflex. a tendon reflex. reverberating circuits. a stretch reflex.

reciprocal inhitbition

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the ________ nerve. femoral genitofemoral obturator saphenous sciatic

sciatic