Sport In Society
Status of coaching
3 million youth sport coaches (mostly volunteers) coaching standards few, low quality, set by organizing group such as National Standards for Sport Coaches Difficulty in defining coaching as profession employed by community youth sports programs, sport organizations, or volunteer high school, college, university, and professional
Trends in Sport Participation (inactive, age group)
6-18: 17.5% 18-44: 24.5% 45-64: 30.9% 65+:40.0%
Top Annual Revenue for Venue Naming Rights
AT&T Stadium (AT&T): Dallas Cowboys 20m Citi Field (Citigroup): New York Mets 20m MetLife Stadium (MetLife): New York Giants/Jets 16m Levi's Stadium (Levi Strauss & Co.) San Francisco 49ers 11m Barclays Center (Barclays): Brooklyn Nets 10m
Ownership in Pro Sport
Most owners are wealthy, powerful males. More and more teams are owned by corporations. Very few teams are owned by the public. Why? A sport team is a business investment or a means of promoting other products.
Sport Spectators
Two categories: Direct spectators: attend a live sporting event at a stadium, arena, or other venue. Indirect: watch or listen to sport through radio, television, or the Internet.
Top 10 Most Popular Sports Websites
Yahoo! Sports 125,000m ESPN: 80,000m Bleacher Report: 40,000m CBS Sports: 30,000m Sports Illustrated 20,000m NBC Sports 19,500m SBNation 19,000m Fox Sports 18,000m RantSports 13,000m Deadspin 12,500m
ethnography
based on observation, addresses data collected by researchers who immerse themselves in an environment and keep recorded conversations or notes
Marketing to Participants and Spectators
business generates considerable income for educational institutions, U.S. Olympic Committee, national sport governing bides, media, and corporate sponsors. The global reach of sport exposes the products of their sponsors worldwide. Some athletes earn more money from their sponsorship contract, appearances, and memorabilia fees than they do from their team salary.
Interplay between business, media, and sport
business impacts sport by bringing in revenue, while sport impacts business by giving business a way to provide advertisements for itself. Media and business give each other money and advertising. The different kinds of media cater to the different sports. Baseball: newspapers. Football: television.
Qualitative
collected either through interviews and observations of individuals or groups or through analysis of societal characteristics and trends
Quantifiable
facts and figures that can be counted and analyzed statistically
Youth Development through sport and physical activity
fun, better health, social integration, moral development, personal development of self-esteem and self-efficacy, cognitive development
types of social theories
functionalist, conflict, critical, feminist, interactionist, figurational
Definition of sport
institutionalized competitive activity physical skill and specialized facilities or equipment accepted rules to determine a winner changeable definition based on cultural beliefs and attitudes
historical
involves looking at trends in sport over time
Sport is studied for...
personal development, scholarly understanding, professional practice
sport
physical activity and skill, competition: outcome important and not predetermined, individualization, specialized facilities and equipment: high-school or middle-school basketball, football
Play
physical activity of childhood, free activity to explore the environment, express oneself, dream, and pretend, no firm rules or set location, outcome is unimportant, pleasure is the only objective. Examples: playground, treehouse.
conflict theory
sees economic interests as shaping the world. Those who have power exploit those who do not; change is inevitable, and struggle on the part of repressed classes is expected. Societal analysis sport benefits individuals and organizations who hold power, to the detriment of participants and members of the working class. Athletes should have more control over their sport destiny and the quality of their experience. Relies too heavily on economic factors and ignores the importance of race, ethnicity, gender, and age. Underestimates the effect of groups that empower individuals in a capitalist society. Tends to overlook participation and recreational sport for healthy living.
Categories of sports
team, individual, and action or adventure sports
Percentage of inactive people by income
under 25k: 38%(2013); 47%(2018) 25k to 49k: 32%(2013); 35.7%(2018) 50k to 74k: 27%(2013); 26%(2018) 75k to 99k: 22.5% (2013); 19.9(2018) 100k+: 18% (2013); 16.2% (2018) Conclusion: family income continues to a major factor for both sport participation AND spectatorship.
Challenges for the Future of Coaching
•Certification •Recruiting, training, and supporting coaches •Recruiting female and minority coaches •Protecting athletes
Autocratic Coaching Leadership Style
•Coach sets vision and goals and develops plan of operation. •Coach uses criticism and punishment for lack of effort or performance. •Coach often uses extrinsic motivation. •Coach sets rules and enforces them; expects athletes to conform to team policies. •Coach provides inspiration and enthusiasm and controls athlete behavior on and off the field.
Participants are motivated by...
•Extrinsic rewards—such as money and fame •Intrinsic rewards—such as fun and fitness
Gender of Coach by Type of Sport
Baseball/softball: Male: 64.3, female: 35.7 Basketball: 57.4m, 42.6f Cheer: 9.6m, 90.4f Dance: 10.7m, 89.3f Gymnastics: 14.3m, 85.7f Martial Arts: 68.2m, 31.8f Soccer 66.0m, 34.0f Swimming 32.7m, 67.3f Track 51m, 49f Volleyball 25.1m, 74.9f Other 47.6m, 52.4f
Top 10 Sports for Kids Ages 6-12
Basketball 14.1% Baseball 13.6% Soccer 7.4% Golf 4.9% Tennis 4.3% Gymnastics 3.4% Flag Football: 3.3% Volleyball 2.8% Tackle football 2.8% Cheerleading 2.6%
Top High School Sports for Spectators
Basketball: 170m Football: 166m Soccer: 24m Baseball: 20m Volleyball: 17m Softball 15.8m Wrestling: 10m Track: 6.8m Ice Hockey: 6m Swimming and diving: 4.8m
Percentage of Youth Coaches with Training
CPR/Basic first aid: 25.7% Concussion Management: 24.5% General Safety and injury prevention 29.3% sport skills and tactics: 27.0% effective motivation 28% (it's all going up... but is it enough?)
Coach Training: College and Pros
College: Most require coaches to have a degree and perhaps playing experience. Professional: Most require coaches to have experience in playing or coaching.
Sponsors of Youth Sport
Community and parks programs (local recreation centers) Community organizations such as YMCAs Nonprofit sport organizations Corporate sponsors: national, regional, local Commercial sport and fitness clubs Private organizations that rent private facilities
Top Professional Franchises NFL
Dallas Cowboys: 864m New England Patriots 593m New York Giants 493m Washington Redskins 491m San Francisco 49ers 470m
Sport Through the Ages
Early Greeks used it to celebrate and honor the gods. Spartans: war skills Athenians: along with academics and music, to develop a person holistically. Early Egyptian and North and Central America: had games with balls.
figurational theory
Emphasizes connections between people and their interdependence. Examines change over time. Historical research. Sport exists as part of society and can be viewed historically and over the long term. Sport tends to focus on traditional masculinity and male power. Developments in sport are seen in the context of global processes. Devotes little attention to current issues because of its focus on the long term, thus reducing the urgency to press for changes. Has been mostly popular in Europe in mature societies but rarely used in North America.
Coaching Males and Females
Females and males look for similar qualities in a coach. Females are more motivated to improve their own performance. Males are more motivated to beat others.
America's Favorite Sports to Watch
Football 37%; basketball 11%; baseball 9%; soccer 7%
Sport and Media Evolution
Late 1800s: first sport page Early to mid-1900s: primarily newspaper and radio 1950s: TV and more personal connection to sport 1980s: ESPN's rise as first all-sport network Present: rise of Internet and social media
Discuss the development of sport
Leagues would try to figure out who's who. As they did so media rights would come in and facilities would be created. Other leagues would spring up and the two or more organizations would spar until everyone realized that wasn't going to work. Then the leagues would collude. Usually new teams or championships would also be created from these collusions.
The World's Highest-Paid Athletes
Lionel Messi (soccer): 127m Cristiano Ronaldo (soccer): 109m Neymar (soccer): 105m Canelo Alvarez (boxing): 94m Roger Federer (tennis): 93.4m Russel Wilson (football): 89.5m Aaron Rodgers (football): 89.3m LeBron James (basketball): 89m Stephen Curry (basketball): 79.8m Kevin Durant (basketball): 65.4m
World's most watched sporting events
London 2012 Olympics: 3.6b Beijing 2008 Olympics: 3.5b Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup: 3.5b South Africa 2010 FIFA World Cup 3.2 Brazil 2014 FIFA World Cup 3.2 Rio 2016 Olympics 3.2 Germany 2006 FIFA World Cup 3.0 Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games 2.1 UEFA Euro 2016 France 2.0 Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games 1.8
In-Person Attendance at Professional Sports for 2018 Season and Average Game Attendance
MLB: 28,800/69,625,241 NHL: 17,446/22,174,362 NBA: 17,987/22,124,559 NFL: 67,100/17,177,581 WNBL: 7,716/1,574,078 NWSL: 6,024/650,562
Coaching Training: Youth Sport and High School
NFHS Coach Education Program Human Kinetics Coach Education SHAPE America National Youth Sports Coaches Association
Television Income for Major Professional Sports (2017-2018)
NFL: 7.0 billion (50% revenue) MLB: 3.5 billion (33%) NBA: 2.0 billion (27%) NHL: 600,000 million (14%) MLS: 100,00 million (11.7%)
Top Professional Franchises NBA
New York Knicks 443m Golden State Warriors 401m Los Angles Lakers 395m Houston Rockets 326m Cleveland Cavaliers 302m
Top Professional Franchises MLB
New York Yankees 668m Los Angeles Dodgers 549m Boston Red Sox 516m San Francisco Giants 516m Chicago Cubs 462m
Amateurs vs Professionalism
People liked the idea of playing sports solely for the purpose of enjoyment or for the body. The idea of getting paid to do what you're doing was foreign. However, that thought-process was constantly under attack when coaches began getting paid. Professional athletes started to appear, sponsored and playing for leagues.
Coach influence
People such as Bobby Knight influenced the way coaches do their jobs by having coaches who were in your face and very hard on you. They also come into contact with hundreds of people, and they can set up programs. They set the tone of the organization. They influence and touch many people's lives, the parents, spectators, players, peers, bosses, the other team...
Sponsors of Youth Sport in Broad Categories
Public Community and park programs community organizations church organizations nonprofit organizations corporate sponsors commercial sport and fitness clubs private sport organizations USOPC
Sport and the Economy
Sport is a business with a corporate structure. Athletes became workers; the team and the bottom line are emphasized. Industrialization led to sport consumption.
Sport Participants
Sport participants play an active role in the sport or activity. Participants are more likely to be spectators than non-participants—but the reverse—that spectators are more likely to be participants than non-participants— is not necessarily true. Fitness-oriented activities are more popular than competition activities. Organized play attracts more participants than casual or pickup games.
Current Trends in Spectator Sports
Sport watching has grown steadily over the years Availability of sport on television has contributed to that growth. Accurately tracking indirect spectators through television or the Internet is difficult.
Highest Percentage of Growth in Sports and Activities (2015-2019) in order: average annual growth, total growth, and actual participants
Stand-up paddleboard: 12.3 %; 61.5%; 3.4m cardio tennis: 10.3%; 57.5%; 2.5m BMX bicycling: 9.8%; 47.0%; 3.4m Pickleball: 9.7%; 48.5% 3.3m Trail running: 8.1%; 40.5; 10m Roller hockey: 6.9%; 34.5%; 1.7m Hiking: 6.9%; 34.0; 47.8m Rugby: 5.9%; 28.0%; 1.5m
Most watched television programs in USA
Super Bowl LII: 103.4m State of the Union Address: 45.6m AFC Championship 44.1 NFC Championship 42.3 NFC Division Playoff 35.6 AFC Division Playoff 31.4 NFC Wild Card Playoff 31.1 Thanksgiving NFL game 30.5 Royal wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle 29.2 NCAA College Football Championship 28.4
Does society influence sport, vice versa, or both? Use examples
The answer would be both. Sport influenced society by paving the way for minorities to become more accepted in American culture, such as Jackie Robinson. Society influenced sport with things such as football, when people continued to dislike the violence. Also, how society saw women greatly affected how long it took for women to become a part of sport.
Ideology of Sport through media
The media emphasize certain sport-related behaviors that affect the next generation of athletes and spectators. Owned and operated by •Comcast (NBC, NBC Sports, Golf, NHL) •Disney (ESPN family of stations, ABC) •News Corp (Fox, Fox Sports) •National Amusements (CBS Sports, NFL Sports) •AT&T, Time-Warner (Turner Sports, MLB, NBA)
Barriers to Youth Participation in Sport
Time, cost, overuse injuries, overemphasis on winning, lack of training and certification for coaches, gender, location, race, ethnicity, lack of fun, household income Challenges: trained coaches, dropout rates, affordability, time requirements
Child Population by Age Group in the USA
Total: 73.3m 15-17 (17%): 12.6m 12-14 (17%): 12.6m 5-11 (28.6%): 39m 0-4 (27%): 19.9
Trends in sport marketing
changing demographics of society sport preferences separation between marketing to potential participants and marketing to potential spectators.
Influence of Coaches: negative
coaching without training, punishment of poor performance, focus on winning at all costs, instilling prejudice, inflicting physical or mental abuse
Influence of Coaches: Positive
consistency over time, innovative training methods and strategies, positive leadership (e.g. democratic), athletes' loyalty, education, and integrity
Boxing
did well for a while, was a way for the poor to go up the ranks. However, television destroyed boxing in some ways. First, it pushed for players who were showy because anything less could not be seen on the old tv's. Two, later on, the boxing world made a mistake and made their content less available. Along with there being so many different leagues and championships, interest began to fade.
functionalist theory
emphasizes maintenance of the status quo and equilibrium. Change happens only gradually, to adjust to conditions. Quantitative survey research. Sport is a valuable social institution that helps build character and instill values. Competition is valuable, and high performance is a critical outcome of sport participation. Tends to overemphasize the positive consequences of sport while ignoring people who are disenfranchised or overlooked, such as women, people in lower socioeconomic classes, certain racial groups, and people with a physical or intellectual disability
History and Benefit of Youth Sport
expanding from working-class activity (before WWII) to include all social classes Little League baseball: 1939 geared toward boys until 1970s Evolved from "play" to sport. Title IX 1972 increased girls' participation Family and societal factors affect popularity: both parents working outside home, fear of child predators, safe haven for inner-city kids, specialized training
Privatization of Youth Sport
funding for public youth sport has been reduced entrepreneurs see money in competitive travel teams and private coaching popular services include summer camps, private lessons, and sport academics
Sport Management as a Profession
gained prestige and status work in management, media, marketing, business... practical, real world experience and higher education help land jobs
Historical barriers to sport development
gambling, racial barriers, gender discrimination, money scandals, coaching scandals, academic scandals, injuries that came with violence...
current status of sport sociology
most large universities offer courses such as sport and society, social issues and sport, or sport sociology
Problem with Relying on Volunteers
need is great, so leagues welcome volunteers... results in experienced, untrained coaches. Even with training, turnover rate is high. Adds only short-term benefit to knowledge base and then new coaches are needed.
Inactive kids by household income
overall average: 17.1 under 25,000: 33.4 25k-49k: 24.5 50k-74k: 17.4 50k-74k: 17.4 75k-99k: 15 100k:9.9
Coaching problems
overwhelming autonomy. Will sometimes use their power to pressure players into doing things that they don't want to or shouldn't be doing.
Sport as monopoly
owners control competition and sales; leagues collude to eliminate new leagues; drafted players can negotiate with only one team; new or expansion teams have to pay large fees and need approval to relate; owners cannot individually sell merchandise
Work
physical or mental effort needed to perform a task it is often connected to earning a living professional athletes work when they are paid to play sport high-performance athletes may experience sport as work even if they are not paid some level of college athletics, e-sports, pro sports
Sport Pyramid
provides a helpful way to think of sport/four elements of human activity play, games, sport, work
How sport affects the media
provides revenue from a variety of sources media: relies on sport to attract viewers who pay to watch or listen to sports on television or radio. sports consumers offer the media a targeted audience for relevant sponsors to advertise their products in the hope of increasing their sales.
Interplay of Sport and Media
publicity and promotion of sport to encourage direct or indirect spectators (media). Attracts advertisers to sponsor sports or sport media. Rules change in sport to accommodate media presentations.
How sport-related social issues affect the media
racism among coaches, players, or organizations Economics of sport (owner profits, union demands, club payroll comparisons, extravagant player compensation, public financing of facilites) Moral issues: gambling, fan behavior, beer and cigarette sponsorship, athletes as role models Gender bias (equal pay, appropriate attire, attitudes of female athletes toward competition) Changes in technology (improved surfaces, equipment, apparel, integrity of the sport) Training regimens, equipment, and effect of training on injury prevention Drugs and the penalties
Recreational Sport as business
recreation activity increases with increased leisure time. Sales of sport equipment in United States average 44 billion year. Leagues earn participation fees. Communities use funds to maintain public recreational areas.
survey
research conducted through questionaires
content
research involves collecting information or pictures
Games
specialized form of play with more structure, mental or physical form (inactive or active), informal or formal rules, competition, outcome determined by luck, strategy, skill. Examples: family card night, playing a relaxed game of volleyball with friends
Categories of Youth Sport Development Programs
stand-alone sport and physical activity programs at-risk prevention programs academic enrichment programs, development programs, and sport programs
sport sociology
study of sport and physical activity in the context of social conditions and culture (International Sociology of Sport Association/North American Society for the Sociology of Sport)
social theories
used to examine trends in sport through a theoretical lens allows us to draw conclusions on how sport reflects the larger culture help us organize our thoughts about a particular issue help us describe existing social situations and analyze them from various perspectives involve formulating beliefs based on the findings analyzing sport through social theory helps us to consider the larger picture of how sport exists in society
societal analysis
uses social theories to examine life from a social point of view
critical theory
views life as complex and diverse. Order is obtained through struggles over ideology and power. The goal is a better life for all citizens. Sport does not simply mirror society; it provides opportunities to change society. Societal analysis. Sport must change in order to be fair to everyone, more democratic, and sensitive to diversity. Sport can help us improve our outlook on gender and sexual orientation, physical and mental disability, physical talent, race, and ethnicity. Critical theories are varied and sometimes confusing. They tend to encourage resistance to the status quo in order to protect special interests when doing so may disadvantage the majority of a group or culture. They work better for specific cases than for forming an overall ideology.
feminist theories
views social life as based on a patriarchal ideology and controlled by men in powerful positions. Argues that feminine virtues are ignored or undervalued. Questions the traditional categories of masculine and feminine. Quantifiable questionnaires, societal analysis, ethnography, and content research. Females lack equal opportunity in sport and are underrepresented in coaching and leadership positions. Traditional masculine traits of competitiveness and aggressiveness conflict with traditional feminine traits such as sensitivity and nurturing. Weakness are similar to those of other categories. Also doesn't address other factors that affect gender, such as age, race, social class, and disability.
interactionist theory
views the world from the bottom up rather than from the bottom down. Focuses on relationships between people. People make conscious decisions about how to respond and act toward the outside world. Qualitative ethnographic research. People choose to participate in sport in various ways, and the quality of the athlete's experience is important. Sport organizations should be open and democratic. Youth sport should fit the needs and desires of kids rather than those of parents and coaches. Focuses on the individual to the exclusion of the overall structure of sport. Does not address issues of power in sport as critical theories do.
interviews
with individuals or small groups (called focus groups); use more in-depth questioning and can elicit unexpected answers to open-ended questions
Manager Coaching Leadership Style
•Coach supervises, organizes, plans, facilitates, administers. •Coach fulfills player wishes. •Focuses on player unity, cohesion, and spirit. •Coach advises when asked. •Coach offers mature guidance. •Coach conveys optimism and good player morale. •Coach allows players to learn by experience. •Coach encourages respect for others, playing by the rules, and respect for the sport.
Coaching Personality
•Coaches are typically former athletes. •Coaches often have clear concepts of right and wrong based on strong religious and cultural backgrounds. •Coaches often come from working-class families that emphasized traditional values and respect for tradition and authority. •Many coaches are pressured to use an authoritative coaching style. •Many coaches are held accountable for their team's performance and sometimes use an authoritarian type of leadership when coaching.
Athlete-Centered Coaching Leadership Style
•Players participate in setting goals and developing plan. •Coach uses encouragement, positive feedback, intrinsic motivation. •Coach employs social reinforcement. •Coach focuses on full effort, improving performance. •Encourages respect for others and group. •Encourages cohesion and spirit. •Values diversity, different experiences, and viewpoints. •Coach views mistakes as opportunities for growth.