Sport Management (Chapter 1)
Topic Sectors of Sport
Amateur and Professional
Fred Corcoran
Architect of golf tournament
England
Birthplace of modern sport and sports management
1957: Walter O'Malley
Brooklyn Dodgers
Present Day Club Structure
Commitment to serving broad membership and managing an elite sports enterprise Clubs organize youth teams and academies, adult recreational leagues, and social events such as dinners and dances for membership Large built-in memberships and loyal fan bases Characterized by nonprofit status and exclusive membership: Augusta and male-only membership Change from European club system to U.S. league system
1871
Creation of National Association of Professional Baseball Players. Importance of "breakeven" financial interests of individual clubs
Academic Field
Current status Over 210 programs nationwide Global expansion North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) Daemen College
William Hulbert
Czar of baseball Took over management of National League of Professional Baseball Players Believed stability only achieved if teams were run like businesses Teams should compete against each other and not collude as in harness racing Initial members of the league were Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Hartford, Louisville, New York, Philadelphia, and St. Louis
Nineteenth century
Date of continued club evolution with clubs standardizing rules, settling disputes, and organizing schedules
Eighteenth century
Date of development of sports clubs with limited membership
Late 1950s
Date when newspapers allowed tournaments to be named after corporate sponsors
Bing Crosby
Established charity golf tournaments
American Structures
European club system did not suit United States- lack of aristocratic tradition and prohibition against gambling Evolution of harness racing: Sport of the common person Better spectator sport: Sprint vs. four-mile race; horses could compete daily, large field of competitors Managed by track owners and race promoters; more willing to create spectator interest for sport Issues of race fixing, management lacking credibility
Evolution of society and growth of leisure time
Evolution of sport as a business happened because_____
Social Changes
Evolution of sports came from _______
Success of Leagues
Excitement of pennant race Favorable media attention Appealed to fans' loyalty and pride in their towns and cities Early form of revenue sharing Rules that distributed talent
Cincinnati Red Stockings
First pro time
Baseball
First sport to move to league system
Tournaments Today
Golf tournaments have evolved into a corporate celebration of itself and its products PGA viewed as private group, and set rules of eligibility Associations not as exclusive as private clubs (Casey Martin) Trend moving away from nonprofit private associations and toward marketing agencies and/or broadcast media
Support sectors
Health and Recreation (Ex. Sports Equipment)
Controversy of leagues
League existed with some teams being paid and some not—created controversy
Academic Field
Linked to Creation of Sport Management Systems Example: NCAA, NAIA, National Governing Bodies Continuing growth of the sport industry and its importance to numerous sponsors and institutions created demand for the systematic study of sport management practices
Different sectors of sport (sources of revenue)
Participant vs. Spectator
Professional Sports Tournaments
Professional Golf Early golf professionals were club instructors and caddies. Professional leagues failed to capture public interest or attract golf professionals. Attempt to generate gate revenues at tournaments failed. Stability of tournaments was achieved when prize money was put up by companies and corporate sponsors.
Thoroughbred Racing
Races drew a broad and diverse audience; no admission charged. Local club system initially—racing existed for entertainment only, not financial gain. 1830s: Rail system allowed horses to compete nationally; speed of horse became important. Desire of owners to breed and train fast horses, and the increasing complexity of gambling, led to a more complex club system.
William Hulbert
Responsible For: Adopting strict rules were needed to ensure honest competition. Requiring team owners to take some financial risk: Abandoning seasons early to prevent losses in short term eroded long-term faith of public. Understanding that team owners must field competitive teams to be profitable. Knowing that integrity of baseball was suspect as long as the players' honesty was questionable: Gambling was prohibited and ticket prices raised. Reserve System!
The Jockey Club
Settled disputes, established rules, determined eligibility, designated officials, regulated breeding, and punished unscrupulous participants Organized, sponsored, and promoted local events Met the need for a strong national governing body that would establish rules and standards and create a mechanism for resolving disputes Served as a model for wider sport management practices in England
Leagues Today
Successful contemporary commercial sports leagues depend on consolidated league play with strong centralized control and regulation. Audience has changed: Public's perception of locus of honest effort resides more with the players than it does with the ownership structure. Single-entity structures: WNBA, MLS Individual Sports Do Not Use "League Model"
Sectors of professional sport
Team (Major and Minor) and Individual
Golf tournament
Used athletes and golf tournaments to sell advertising space to the public
1966: James Mason;
first Master's program at Ohio
Golf tournament
medium through which a celebrity, politician, manufacturer, charity, town, or a product gained exposure
Sectors of Amateur Sport
youth, scholastic, olympic, and college