Sport Management (Chapter 1)

Topic Sectors of Sport

Amateur and Professional

Fred Corcoran

Architect of golf tournament

England

Birthplace of modern sport and sports management

1957: Walter O'Malley

Brooklyn Dodgers

Present Day Club Structure

Commitment to serving broad membership and managing an elite sports enterprise Clubs organize youth teams and academies, adult recreational leagues, and social events such as dinners and dances for membership Large built-in memberships and loyal fan bases Characterized by nonprofit status and exclusive membership: Augusta and male-only membership Change from European club system to U.S. league system

1871

Creation of National Association of Professional Baseball Players. Importance of "breakeven" financial interests of individual clubs

Academic Field

Current status Over 210 programs nationwide Global expansion North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) Daemen College

William Hulbert

Czar of baseball Took over management of National League of Professional Baseball Players Believed stability only achieved if teams were run like businesses Teams should compete against each other and not collude as in harness racing Initial members of the league were Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Hartford, Louisville, New York, Philadelphia, and St. Louis

Nineteenth century

Date of continued club evolution with clubs standardizing rules, settling disputes, and organizing schedules

Eighteenth century

Date of development of sports clubs with limited membership

Late 1950s

Date when newspapers allowed tournaments to be named after corporate sponsors

Bing Crosby

Established charity golf tournaments

American Structures

European club system did not suit United States- lack of aristocratic tradition and prohibition against gambling Evolution of harness racing: Sport of the common person Better spectator sport: Sprint vs. four-mile race; horses could compete daily, large field of competitors Managed by track owners and race promoters; more willing to create spectator interest for sport Issues of race fixing, management lacking credibility

Evolution of society and growth of leisure time

Evolution of sport as a business happened because_____

Social Changes

Evolution of sports came from _______

Success of Leagues

Excitement of pennant race Favorable media attention Appealed to fans' loyalty and pride in their towns and cities Early form of revenue sharing Rules that distributed talent

Cincinnati Red Stockings

First pro time

Baseball

First sport to move to league system

Tournaments Today

Golf tournaments have evolved into a corporate celebration of itself and its products PGA viewed as private group, and set rules of eligibility Associations not as exclusive as private clubs (Casey Martin) Trend moving away from nonprofit private associations and toward marketing agencies and/or broadcast media

Support sectors

Health and Recreation (Ex. Sports Equipment)

Controversy of leagues

League existed with some teams being paid and some not—created controversy

Academic Field

Linked to Creation of Sport Management Systems Example: NCAA, NAIA, National Governing Bodies Continuing growth of the sport industry and its importance to numerous sponsors and institutions created demand for the systematic study of sport management practices

Different sectors of sport (sources of revenue)

Participant vs. Spectator

Professional Sports Tournaments

Professional Golf Early golf professionals were club instructors and caddies. Professional leagues failed to capture public interest or attract golf professionals. Attempt to generate gate revenues at tournaments failed. Stability of tournaments was achieved when prize money was put up by companies and corporate sponsors.

Thoroughbred Racing

Races drew a broad and diverse audience; no admission charged. Local club system initially—racing existed for entertainment only, not financial gain. 1830s: Rail system allowed horses to compete nationally; speed of horse became important. Desire of owners to breed and train fast horses, and the increasing complexity of gambling, led to a more complex club system.

William Hulbert

Responsible For: Adopting strict rules were needed to ensure honest competition. Requiring team owners to take some financial risk: Abandoning seasons early to prevent losses in short term eroded long-term faith of public. Understanding that team owners must field competitive teams to be profitable. Knowing that integrity of baseball was suspect as long as the players' honesty was questionable: Gambling was prohibited and ticket prices raised. Reserve System!

The Jockey Club

Settled disputes, established rules, determined eligibility, designated officials, regulated breeding, and punished unscrupulous participants Organized, sponsored, and promoted local events Met the need for a strong national governing body that would establish rules and standards and create a mechanism for resolving disputes Served as a model for wider sport management practices in England

Leagues Today

Successful contemporary commercial sports leagues depend on consolidated league play with strong centralized control and regulation. Audience has changed: Public's perception of locus of honest effort resides more with the players than it does with the ownership structure. Single-entity structures: WNBA, MLS Individual Sports Do Not Use "League Model"

Sectors of professional sport

Team (Major and Minor) and Individual

Golf tournament

Used athletes and golf tournaments to sell advertising space to the public

1966: James Mason;

first Master's program at Ohio

Golf tournament

medium through which a celebrity, politician, manufacturer, charity, town, or a product gained exposure

Sectors of Amateur Sport

youth, scholastic, olympic, and college