Sports Psychology- Motivation

Extrinsic influence on Intrinsic motivation

- Scholarships - Competitive success= increase in intrinsic motivation - Competitive failure= decrease in intrinsic motivation

Avoidance

Focus is on avoiding incompetence

Task orientation

Stronger influence on work ethic, persistence in the face of failure and optimal performance. Can protect against disappointment, frustration, and a lack of motivation against stronger opponents- provides greater control and motivation/persistence in the face of failure.

Motivation

The driving force which causes us to achieve goals.

Stages of Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness

1. Autonomous competence stage (self compassion) 2. Social compassion 3. Integrated stage (self and social comparisons)

Five guidelines to building motivation

1. Both SITUATIONS and TRAITS motivate people. 2. Ppl. have MULTIPLE motives for involvement. 3. Change the ENVIRONMENT to enhance motivation. 4. LEADERS influence motivation directly & indirectly 5. Use BEHAVIORS modification to change undesirable participant motives.

Implications for professional practice for motivation

1. Regonize the interaction or personal and situational factors influencing achievement behavior. 2. Emphasize mastery (task) goals and downplay outcome goals. Create a mastery motivational climate. 3. Monitor and alter attributional feedback 4. Monitor and correct inappropriate attributions

Three factors that influence intrinsic motivation

1. Social Factors 2. Psychological Factors 3. Passion

Three different goal attributions that are related to attribution theory

1. Task (Mastery) - goal is to master a particular skill. 2. Ego (Outcome/ Competitive) - goal is to outperform others. 3. Social (Social Approval) - goal is to perform maximally in order to be recognized and liked by others.

Flow

A holistic, intrinsically motivating sensation which people feel when they are totally involved in an activity or on "auto pilot"

Achievement Motivation

A person's orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure and experience pride in accomplishments. -self compassion

Incremental Focus

Adopting a task goal orientation and believing that one can change his or her ability through hard work and effort.

Entity View

Adopting an outcome goal orientation were one sees his or her ability as fixes and unable to be changed through effort. (negative motivation patterns)

How do you achieve flow?

Be motivated to perform (balance between goal and skill) and achieve optimal arousal before performing

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Controlling Aspects: - rewards perceived to control a person= DECREASE intrinsic motivation - rewards that contribute to an internal locus of casualty= INCREASE intrinsic motivation Information Aspects= -rewards that provide information and positive feedback about competence= INCREASE intrinsic motivation - rewards that suggest the person is not competent= DECREASE intrinsic motivation

Negative Side effects of flow

Dependence on an activity associated with a flow experience.

Competitiveness

Disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with come standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others. - social comparisons

Difference between Entity and Incremental view

Entity view is when you see the things that need fixing but are unable to fix them through effort, more negative mindset. Where incremental focus is believing you can change your ability through hard work and effort.

Understanding an individuals perception of "success and failure"

Examine the individuals achievement goals and how they interact with the individuals perceptions of competence, self-worth, or ability

Approach Motivation

Focus is on achieving competence

Attribution Theory

How people explain their successes and failures. - stability (situation changeability) - locus of causality (self/someone else's fault) -locus of control (w/ in ones control)

Problems with outcome orientation

Individuals with this orientation have more difficulty maintaining perceived competence. They judge their success by how their performance compares to others.

Task oriented climate

Influences adaptive behaviors (coach rewards for handwork and showing improvement)

Outcome oriented climate

Influences less adaptive (coach emphasizes punishment for poor performance and mistakes)

Influence of social goal orientation

Motivated to achieve social connection and belong to a group. Increases participant enjoyment, intrinsic motivation and competence.

Intensity of effort

Refers to how much effort an individual puts forth in a situation.

Direction of effort

Whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to situations.