Spring anatomy exam
Scoliosis:
Spine Curves Sideways
support:
Vertebral Column
Width of inlet of true pelvis
female is larger, more circular
Iliac crest to iliac crest
female is wider
Pubic arch
female more rounded with greater angle
female more rounded with greater angle
female more rounded with greater angle
spiral
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone, common sports fractures
Inflammatory response (non-specific defenses )
redness, heat, pain, swelling, clotting, macrophages, fever
Artificially acquired active immunity
vaccine; dead or attenuated (extremely weak) pathogens
Adduction:
movement of limb towards (sagittal plane)
Thyroxin
-Controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, how the body responds to hormones -Hypo & Hyperthyroidism (goiter, cretinism, myxedema, hashimotos)
Growth hormone (GH)
-Targets long bones & skeletal muscles -Gigantism, Acromegaly, Pituitary Dwarfism Prolactin
smooth mucle
-mono -non-striated -non-voluntary - Intestines
cardiac muscle
-mono -striated -non-voluntary -heart
skeletal muscle
-multi -striated -voluntary -attached to bones
2 main roles of lymphatic system
-returns leaked plasma to the blood vessels after cleansing it of bacteria and foreign matter -provides sites for surveillance by immune system cells
feedback loop components
1. STIMULUS A change in the environment 2. RECEPTOR The stimulus is detected by sensory cells 3. MESSAGE Sensory cells generate a message in the form of a nerve impulse or hormone 4. MODULATOR A control centre processes the messages received from the receptor 5. MESSAGE A new message is sent from the modulator 6. EFFECTOR Muscles or glands receive the message from the modulator 7. RESPONSE The effector brings about a reaction 8. FEEDBACK The response changes the original stimulus
action potential
1. resting membrane 2. stimulus initiates depolarization 3.depolarization and generation of action 4.propagation of action potential 5.repolarization
Generation of nerve impulse
1. stimulus 2. sensory receptor 3. afferent/sensory neuron 4. associative neuron/integration center 5.efferent/motor neuron 6. effector
protection of organs
: Rib Cage
primary motor area:
: in the AREA BETWEEN Frontal & Parietal, voluntary movement, fine motor control (face, hands, mouth)
cerebral edema:
After head injury, retention of water by brain
Appendicular:
All other bones
Cerebellum
Balance and coordination
Sacromere
Basic contracting unit of muscle cell consits of actin and myosin filaments between z-lines in a muscle cell
Flexion:
Bending elbow or knee
Osteoporosis:
Bone thinning disease
Cartilaginous
Bone-cartilage-bone Ex: Pubic symphysis
Rickets:
Bones fail to fully calcify causing the soft bones to bow outwards
examples of antagonistic pairs of hormones.
Calcitonin & PTH • Insulin & Glucagon
Amphiarthrosis is
Cartilaginous
Define hormone and target organ. Give one example of a hormone & its target organ.
Certain tissues or organs affected by hormones
Explain the changes bone undergoes as an embryo matures to a fetus and then a child.
Changes from Cartilage to ossified bone
Calcitonin
Decreases blood calcium
Osteoarthritis:
Degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease occurring with age
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
F: egg development M: sperm development
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
F: egg release (ovulation) M: testosterone production
Estrogen
Female sex hormones, development of 2nd female sex characteristics
hematopoiesis (blood cell formation):
Femur
storage of minerals:
Femur, Pelvic Girdle
Synarthrosis is
Fibrous
Epinephrine
Fight or Flight (adrenaline)
Diarthrosis
Freely movable Most common Ex: Elbow, hip, shoulder
labeled sperm
Head: DNA containing area • Flagella: undulates back & forth to propel sperm • Acrosome: enzyme containing sac that aids sperm penetration of the egg • Mid-piece: contains mitochondria (metabolic active organelle)
Progesterone
Hormone that maintains pregnancy, menstrual cycle
Movement:
Humerus
Glucagon
Increase blood sugar
List 4-5 negative effects of anabolic steroid misuse.
Increase rick of cardiovascular disease • High cholesterol levels • Acne • Liver Damage • Psychiatric symptoms: mania, aggression, violence
Norepinephrine
Increases HR, blood Glucose levels and blood flow to muscles
Synarthrosis
Immovable Ex: Sockets of teeth
Explain the function of acetylcholine in muscle contraction.
It is a neurotransmitter that initiates the action potential
Synovial
Joint cavity & synovial fluid (decreases friction) Most common Types: Hinge ball & socket Saddle Plane joint Pivot condyloid
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar
Lordosis:
Lumbar spine curves inward
Androgens (Testosterone)
Male sex hormones, development of 2nd male sex characteristics
What type of feedback controls most hormone levels in the blood?
Negative Feedback System
Define oogenesis, including a description of the number of chromosomes.
Production of eggs - 23 chromosomes
Define spermatogenesis, including a description of the number of chromosomes.
Production of sperm - 23 chromosomes
Describe the structure and function of fontanels.
Provide spaces so that bones can squeeze and overlap during childbirth
shape and form:
Skull
Axial
Skull, Vertebral Column, rig cage
Concussion:
Slight and transient brain injury
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable Ex: Vertebrae
Diarthrosis is
Synovial
Kyphosis:
Thoracic spine curves outward
Contusion:
Traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue
Fibrous
United by fibrous tissue Ex: Skull sutures Syndesmosis allows some movement
List the characteristics of normal cerebral spinal fluid and a diagnostic tool used to test it.
Watery fluid circulating around brain and spinal cord, cushions the brain and spinal cord. Tested via Spinal Tap.
Hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
Dilation:
amniotic sac ruptures (water breaks), cervix progressively increase diameter, onset of labor; uterine contractions begin and increase, full dilation around 10 cm diameter for term baby
Naturally acquired passive immunity
antibodies from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in her milk
Short:
approximately as wide as they are long
Placental:
begins just after fetus is expelled, placenta physically separated from uterine wall, endometrium and chorion expelled, ends just after placenta is expelled
Expulsion:
begins when cervix fully dilated, infant passes through cervix and vagina, ends when baby finally born
Comminuted:
bone breaks into many fragments; common in aged with brittle bones
Compression:
bone crushed; common in porous bone (osteoporosis)
Irregular:
bones of non-uniform shape not falling into any other category
Impacted:
broken ends forced into each other; common when attempting to break a fall with outstretched arms
Depressed:
broken portion pressed inward; typical of skull fracture
Chlamydia:
caused by bacterium, symptoms mild or absent; can occur "silently" in female
Gonorrhea
caused by bacterium; burning sensation at urination; common cause of infertility
Syphilis:
caused by bacterium; occurs in stages; treatable, fatal if untreated
Triple screen:
checks level of substances in mother's blood made by growing fetus or placenta
Circumduction:
circular movement
Chorion:
cooperate to form the placenta
Umbilical cord:
cord: attaches the embryo to the placenta
HIV:
damages body's immune system; no cure, considered fatal
Parkinson's:
degenerative disease; loss of dopamine neurons cause severe motor symptoms (tremors, etc)
Juvenile (type 1) diabetes
destroys pancreatic beta cells, deficient production of insulin
Multiple sclerosis
destroys the white matter (myelin sheaths) of the brain and spinal cord
Rheumatoid arthritis
destruction of all the cartilages; rigidity of the joint
hinge joint:
elbow (humerus and ulna), flexion and extension in one plane; uniaxial
pivot joint:
elbow (radius and ulna), one bone rotates about another, uniaxial
Phagocytes ((non-specific body defenses.)
engulf and destroy pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers
nasal hairs traps (non-specific body defenses.)
filter and trap particles & microorganisms in nasal passages
Amniotic sac:
fluid-filled sac, surrounding the developing embryo/fetus
Huntington's:
genetic disorder in which certain nerve cells in brain waste away or degenerate
What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?
growth plate between epiphysis and diaphysis in children
Long:
having a body which is longer than it is wide
Artificially acquired passive immunity
immune serum injection (gamma globulin) from human or animal
Systemic Lupus:
immune system attacks body tissues (joints, kidneys, heart and lungs)
Myasthenia gravis
impairs communication of nerves to skeletal muscles causes muscle weakness
plane joint:
in carpals, only short gliding or sliding movements; non-axial
Naturally acquired active immunity
infected by contact with the pathogen
occipital lobe:
located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information
frontal lobe:
located at the front of the brain; associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher lever cognition, and expressive language
parietal lobe:
located in middle section of brain; associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain.
temporal lobe:
located on the bottom section of the brain; location of the auditory and olfactory senses and formation of memories.
Major organs of lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,, spleen, tonsils , peyers patch
Skin ( non-specific body defenses )
mechanical protective barrier; prevents entry of pathogens & other harmful substances; acidic pH inhibits bacteria growth; sebum toxic to bacteria
Abduction:
movement drawing limb away from median (sagittal plane)
Placenta:
organ that delivers nutrients to and disposes of wastes for fetus
interverbral discs
pads of flexible fibrocartilage that separate vertebrae , provides cushioning and absorbs shock
condyloid joint:
palm (metacarpal and phalanges), oval surface of one bone fits into depression of another bone; biaxial
Alzheimer's:
progressive degeneration of synapses and neurons in brain; destroys areas critical for learning and memory
cilia (non-specific body defenses.)
propel debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages
Flat:
provide protection to vital organs; strong plates of bone, base for muscular attachment
Rotation:
rotating head side to side (movement away/towards from midline)
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
separates brain cells from substances in blood & prevents toxins such as urea from entering brain
ball and socket joint:
shoulder (humerus and scapula), spherical head of bone articulates in cup like surface of another; multiaxial
Chorionic villi testing:
small sample of cells from placenta removed and tested
What is the function of myelin on the axon?
speeds the rate of impulse transmission
Extension:
straightening of elbow or knee
Amniocentesis:
tests small amount of fluid and cells withdrawn from sac surrounding fetus
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
mucous (non-specific body defenses.)
traps microorganisms in respiratory & digestive tracts; has acids or has protein-digesting enzymes
saddle joint:
wrist (carpal and metacarpal) , one bone concave, other convex; biaxial