Spring anatomy exam

Scoliosis:

Spine Curves Sideways

support:

Vertebral Column

Width of inlet of true pelvis

female is larger, more circular

Iliac crest to iliac crest

female is wider

Pubic arch

female more rounded with greater angle

female more rounded with greater angle

female more rounded with greater angle

spiral

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone, common sports fractures

Inflammatory response (non-specific defenses )

redness, heat, pain, swelling, clotting, macrophages, fever

Artificially acquired active immunity

vaccine; dead or attenuated (extremely weak) pathogens

Adduction:

movement of limb towards (sagittal plane)

Thyroxin

-Controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, how the body responds to hormones -Hypo & Hyperthyroidism (goiter, cretinism, myxedema, hashimotos)

Growth hormone (GH)

-Targets long bones & skeletal muscles -Gigantism, Acromegaly, Pituitary Dwarfism Prolactin

smooth mucle

-mono -non-striated -non-voluntary - Intestines

cardiac muscle

-mono -striated -non-voluntary -heart

skeletal muscle

-multi -striated -voluntary -attached to bones

2 main roles of lymphatic system

-returns leaked plasma to the blood vessels after cleansing it of bacteria and foreign matter -provides sites for surveillance by immune system cells

feedback loop components

1. STIMULUS A change in the environment 2. RECEPTOR The stimulus is detected by sensory cells 3. MESSAGE Sensory cells generate a message in the form of a nerve impulse or hormone 4. MODULATOR A control centre processes the messages received from the receptor 5. MESSAGE A new message is sent from the modulator 6. EFFECTOR Muscles or glands receive the message from the modulator 7. RESPONSE The effector brings about a reaction 8. FEEDBACK The response changes the original stimulus

action potential

1. resting membrane 2. stimulus initiates depolarization 3.depolarization and generation of action 4.propagation of action potential 5.repolarization

Generation of nerve impulse

1. stimulus 2. sensory receptor 3. afferent/sensory neuron 4. associative neuron/integration center 5.efferent/motor neuron 6. effector

protection of organs

: Rib Cage

primary motor area:

: in the AREA BETWEEN Frontal & Parietal, voluntary movement, fine motor control (face, hands, mouth)

cerebral edema:

After head injury, retention of water by brain

Appendicular:

All other bones

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Sacromere

Basic contracting unit of muscle cell consits of actin and myosin filaments between z-lines in a muscle cell

Flexion:

Bending elbow or knee

Osteoporosis:

Bone thinning disease

Cartilaginous

Bone-cartilage-bone Ex: Pubic symphysis

Rickets:

Bones fail to fully calcify causing the soft bones to bow outwards

examples of antagonistic pairs of hormones.

Calcitonin & PTH • Insulin & Glucagon

Amphiarthrosis is

Cartilaginous

Define hormone and target organ. Give one example of a hormone & its target organ.

Certain tissues or organs affected by hormones

Explain the changes bone undergoes as an embryo matures to a fetus and then a child.

Changes from Cartilage to ossified bone

Calcitonin

Decreases blood calcium

Osteoarthritis:

Degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease occurring with age

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

F: egg development M: sperm development

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

F: egg release (ovulation) M: testosterone production

Estrogen

Female sex hormones, development of 2nd female sex characteristics

hematopoiesis (blood cell formation):

Femur

storage of minerals:

Femur, Pelvic Girdle

Synarthrosis is

Fibrous

Epinephrine

Fight or Flight (adrenaline)

Diarthrosis

Freely movable Most common Ex: Elbow, hip, shoulder

labeled sperm

Head: DNA containing area • Flagella: undulates back & forth to propel sperm • Acrosome: enzyme containing sac that aids sperm penetration of the egg • Mid-piece: contains mitochondria (metabolic active organelle)

Progesterone

Hormone that maintains pregnancy, menstrual cycle

Movement:

Humerus

Glucagon

Increase blood sugar

List 4-5 negative effects of anabolic steroid misuse.

Increase rick of cardiovascular disease • High cholesterol levels • Acne • Liver Damage • Psychiatric symptoms: mania, aggression, violence

Norepinephrine

Increases HR, blood Glucose levels and blood flow to muscles

Synarthrosis

Immovable Ex: Sockets of teeth

Explain the function of acetylcholine in muscle contraction.

It is a neurotransmitter that initiates the action potential

Synovial

Joint cavity & synovial fluid (decreases friction) Most common Types: Hinge ball & socket Saddle Plane joint Pivot condyloid

Insulin

Lowers blood sugar

Lordosis:

Lumbar spine curves inward

Androgens (Testosterone)

Male sex hormones, development of 2nd male sex characteristics

What type of feedback controls most hormone levels in the blood?

Negative Feedback System

Define oogenesis, including a description of the number of chromosomes.

Production of eggs - 23 chromosomes

Define spermatogenesis, including a description of the number of chromosomes.

Production of sperm - 23 chromosomes

Describe the structure and function of fontanels.

Provide spaces so that bones can squeeze and overlap during childbirth

shape and form:

Skull

Axial

Skull, Vertebral Column, rig cage

Concussion:

Slight and transient brain injury

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable Ex: Vertebrae

Diarthrosis is

Synovial

Kyphosis:

Thoracic spine curves outward

Contusion:

Traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue

Fibrous

United by fibrous tissue Ex: Skull sutures Syndesmosis allows some movement

List the characteristics of normal cerebral spinal fluid and a diagnostic tool used to test it.

Watery fluid circulating around brain and spinal cord, cushions the brain and spinal cord. Tested via Spinal Tap.

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

Dilation:

amniotic sac ruptures (water breaks), cervix progressively increase diameter, onset of labor; uterine contractions begin and increase, full dilation around 10 cm diameter for term baby

Naturally acquired passive immunity

antibodies from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in her milk

Short:

approximately as wide as they are long

Placental:

begins just after fetus is expelled, placenta physically separated from uterine wall, endometrium and chorion expelled, ends just after placenta is expelled

Expulsion:

begins when cervix fully dilated, infant passes through cervix and vagina, ends when baby finally born

Comminuted:

bone breaks into many fragments; common in aged with brittle bones

Compression:

bone crushed; common in porous bone (osteoporosis)

Irregular:

bones of non-uniform shape not falling into any other category

Impacted:

broken ends forced into each other; common when attempting to break a fall with outstretched arms

Depressed:

broken portion pressed inward; typical of skull fracture

Chlamydia:

caused by bacterium, symptoms mild or absent; can occur "silently" in female

Gonorrhea

caused by bacterium; burning sensation at urination; common cause of infertility

Syphilis:

caused by bacterium; occurs in stages; treatable, fatal if untreated

Triple screen:

checks level of substances in mother's blood made by growing fetus or placenta

Circumduction:

circular movement

Chorion:

cooperate to form the placenta

Umbilical cord:

cord: attaches the embryo to the placenta

HIV:

damages body's immune system; no cure, considered fatal

Parkinson's:

degenerative disease; loss of dopamine neurons cause severe motor symptoms (tremors, etc)

Juvenile (type 1) diabetes

destroys pancreatic beta cells, deficient production of insulin

Multiple sclerosis

destroys the white matter (myelin sheaths) of the brain and spinal cord

Rheumatoid arthritis

destruction of all the cartilages; rigidity of the joint

hinge joint:

elbow (humerus and ulna), flexion and extension in one plane; uniaxial

pivot joint:

elbow (radius and ulna), one bone rotates about another, uniaxial

Phagocytes ((non-specific body defenses.)

engulf and destroy pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers

nasal hairs traps (non-specific body defenses.)

filter and trap particles & microorganisms in nasal passages

Amniotic sac:

fluid-filled sac, surrounding the developing embryo/fetus

Huntington's:

genetic disorder in which certain nerve cells in brain waste away or degenerate

What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?

growth plate between epiphysis and diaphysis in children

Long:

having a body which is longer than it is wide

Artificially acquired passive immunity

immune serum injection (gamma globulin) from human or animal

Systemic Lupus:

immune system attacks body tissues (joints, kidneys, heart and lungs)

Myasthenia gravis

impairs communication of nerves to skeletal muscles causes muscle weakness

plane joint:

in carpals, only short gliding or sliding movements; non-axial

Naturally acquired active immunity

infected by contact with the pathogen

occipital lobe:

located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information

frontal lobe:

located at the front of the brain; associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher lever cognition, and expressive language

parietal lobe:

located in middle section of brain; associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain.

temporal lobe:

located on the bottom section of the brain; location of the auditory and olfactory senses and formation of memories.

Major organs of lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,, spleen, tonsils , peyers patch

Skin ( non-specific body defenses )

mechanical protective barrier; prevents entry of pathogens & other harmful substances; acidic pH inhibits bacteria growth; sebum toxic to bacteria

Abduction:

movement drawing limb away from median (sagittal plane)

Placenta:

organ that delivers nutrients to and disposes of wastes for fetus

interverbral discs

pads of flexible fibrocartilage that separate vertebrae , provides cushioning and absorbs shock

condyloid joint:

palm (metacarpal and phalanges), oval surface of one bone fits into depression of another bone; biaxial

Alzheimer's:

progressive degeneration of synapses and neurons in brain; destroys areas critical for learning and memory

cilia (non-specific body defenses.)

propel debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

Flat:

provide protection to vital organs; strong plates of bone, base for muscular attachment

Rotation:

rotating head side to side (movement away/towards from midline)

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

separates brain cells from substances in blood & prevents toxins such as urea from entering brain

ball and socket joint:

shoulder (humerus and scapula), spherical head of bone articulates in cup like surface of another; multiaxial

Chorionic villi testing:

small sample of cells from placenta removed and tested

What is the function of myelin on the axon?

speeds the rate of impulse transmission

Extension:

straightening of elbow or knee

Amniocentesis:

tests small amount of fluid and cells withdrawn from sac surrounding fetus

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

mucous (non-specific body defenses.)

traps microorganisms in respiratory & digestive tracts; has acids or has protein-digesting enzymes

saddle joint:

wrist (carpal and metacarpal) , one bone concave, other convex; biaxial