Standard 4.4 Through 4.6 Review For Unit Test

How did Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt support progressive reforms?

Roosevelt earned a reputation as a "trust buster" through his regulatory reforms and antitrust prosecutions. His "Square Deal" included regulation of railroad rates & Pure Food and Drug legislation; he saw it as a fair deal for both the average citizen and the businessmen.

bully pulpit

The ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals. President's use of his prestige & visibility to guide or enthuse the American public on a particular agenda/ issue.

"new" immigrants

arrived between 1880 - 1910, came from Southern & Eastern Europe, sought economic opportunity & religious tolerance, mainly Catholics, Jews, or Orthodox Christians, culturally different from American settlers, & mostly settled in cities.

Jacob Riis

authored--How the Other Half Lives (1890)--An expose book that offered a shocking account of living conditions among the urban poor, complete with photographs of apartment in dark, airless, overcrowded tenement houses.

What were the goals, motivations, successes, and long - term impact of populism?

demanded an increase in the circulating currency (to be achieved by the unlimited coinage of silver), a graduated income tax, government ownership of the railroads, a tariff for revenue only, the direct election of U.S. senators, etc.

Teddy Roosevelt's Reforms

increasing power of ICC; gov't regulation of industries; Pure Food & Drug Act; Meat Inspection Act; national parks

Knights of Labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms

ethnic neighborhood

-- An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background; oftentimes these kept the immigrants from assimilating into American culture. -- Neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city & constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs.

"Square Deal"

--Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies & workers. --domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection

Alice Paul

--Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. --organized a march aimed at pressuring the President to support women's suffrage

blacklisting

--register of people who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, or mobility. --Prevents workers from obtaining jobs in certain industries due to prior disagreements with management.

Progressives

A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.

(impact of strikes) How were the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Haymarket Incident of 1886, the Homestead Strike of 1892, and the Pullman Strike of 1894 related? What was their impact on the unions and the labor movement?

All symbolized the need for change, and also shone a spotlight onto the need for reform in big business. Showed the shift from pro-business to pro-reform.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. This act was Congress' response to the abuse of power. Outlawed closed shops; prohibited unions' unfair labor practices, and forced unions to bargain in good faith.

What role did the political machine play as the cities were expanding?

Although the primary goal of a political machine is keeping itself in power rather than providing good government, machines have been responsible for restructuring city governments to centralize authority, improving facilities & services, helping to assimilate immigrant groups, & encouraging the growth of business.

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. (graduated income tax)

Why was striking NOT very successful?

Government generally supported the big businesses in strike situations.

Woodrow Wilson's reforms

tariff reform; Federal Reserve Act; Federal Trade Commission, protection of 8-hour workday, workman's comp, Clayton Antitrust Act

What progressive reforms did President Woodrow Wilson support?

the Federal Reserve Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Federal Farm Loan Act, and a graduated income tax

Populist Movement

Movement of farmers in the late 1800s to become politically involved to protect their interest in America; movement wanted to expand the money supply and regulate Big Business; address big issues like falling prices, debt reform, etc.

Great Migration

Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920; instigated by poor cotton crop yields & other economic conditions.

Populism

Political doctrine that supports the rights & powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite.

Populist Party

Political party founded in 1891 by farmers in the Midwest who were suffering from the ill effects of high, pro-big-business tariffs. The Populists campaigned for Shorter Workdays, Nationalization of public utilities, Direct Election of senators, the recall and Referendum, a one-term limit for presidents, and cheap paper money backed by Silver (at a ratio of sixteen ounces of silver to one ounce of gold). Although William Jennings Bryan's loss in the election of 1896 broke up the party, Populist ideals endured and later coalesced into the Progressive Movement.

arbitration

using a third party to negotiate

What is the difference between an "old immigrant" and a "new immigrant" in the late 1800s?

"old immigrants" -arrived before 1800, came from Northern and Western Europe and China, sought voice in government, religious tolerance and economic opportunity, mainly Protestant Christians, culturally similar to American settlers, and settled both in cities and rural areas. "new immigrants" arrived between 1880 - 1910, came from Southern & Eastern Europe, sought economic opportunity & religious tolerance, mainly Catholics, Jews, or Orthodox Christians, culturally different from American settlers, & mostly settled in cities.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written; main goal/topic was women's suffrage.

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. --president of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration

Munn vs. Illinois

(1877) Supreme Court ruled that stated could regulate businesses clothed w/ a "public interest" including railroads. Went against "Granger laws" in which farmers wanted to fix max freight rates and warehouse charge against grain elevators.

Haymarket Incident

(1886) Chicago police advanced on a meeting that had been called to protest supposed brutalities by authorities. Dynamite bomb thrown in the crowd & dozens were killed. Knights of Labor Union were blamed for this incident, & lost public support. An explosion in the middle of a labor strike in Chicago's Haymarket Square in 1886. Although investigators later concluded that anarchists had detonated the bomb, the American people quickly placed blame on the strikers. The bombing brought an end to the union group the Knights Of Labor.

"old" immigrant

-arrived before 1800, came from Northern and Western Europe and China, sought voice in government, religious tolerance and economic opportunity, mainly Protestant Christians, culturally similar to American settlers, and settled both in cities and rural areas.

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A bill passed by Congress in 1890 that was intended to ban big business Monopolies. Ironically, lawmakers used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to prosecute more Labor Unions than corporate monopolies during the 1890s. Roosevelt and Taft later used the act to prosecute dozens of trusts like Standard Oil and the U.S. Steel Corporation.

Interstate Commerce Act

A bill passed in 1887 to restrict corrupt practices in the Railroad Industry. The act outlawed uncompetitive rebates and forced railroad companies to publish their prices outright. The act also created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to ensure that the railroad companies adhered to the new law.

Granger Movement

A farmers' organization and movement that started as a social/educational association; the Grange later organized politically to pass a series of laws to regulate railroads in various states.

(Grange Movement) What was the Grange Movement? What were their goals?

A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political & economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies. Their goal was to support relief for debtors.

Panic of 1893

A serious economic depression triggered over-speculation in the railroad industry and a run on the gold supply. *Historical Significance:* Led to Coxey's Army and a wave of strikes including he Pullman Strike.

Granger Laws

A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates.

Hull House

A social settlement founded by Jane Addams in the slums of Chicago in 1889. Hull House attempted to improve life for the city's impoverished immigrants by offering them classes, counseling, and day-care services.

yellow dog contract

An agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

Progressive Movement

An early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life.

How were the Progressive Movement and the Women's Rights Movement similar?

Both were essentially middle class movements, both used the talents of educated supporters (especially women), and both experienced significant opposition

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

What were some of the things that Teddy Roosevelt supported?

He vigorously promoted the conservation movement, emphasizing efficient use of natural resources. He dramatically expanded the system of national parks and national forests. After 1906, he moved to the left, attacking big business (trust-busting), proposing a welfare state, & supporting labor unions (Anthracite Coal Mine Strike).

front porch campaign

In 1896, William McKinley conducted this low-key campaign wherein he never left his Canton, Ohio home. Large crowds of spectators were brought to his home to meet the candidate. This campaign contrasted sharply with McKinley's opposing candidate, William Jennings Bryan, who gave over 600 speeches and traveled many miles all over the United States to campaign. McKinley outdid this by spending about twice as much money. McKinley won this election.

Pullman Strike

In Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued.

nativism

Policy of protecting interests of native born or established inhabitants over immigrants.

muckrakers

Journalists whose goals were to raise awareness of social injustice, equality, corruption, & abuse of political power to bring about reform. Exposé writers who informed the public about many corporate evils and social injustices in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Many muckraker articles and books, such as Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle, pushed the U.S. government to launch reform campaigns and contributed to the Progressive Movement.

injunction

Judicial order restraining a person from beginning or continuing an action.

How did women ultimately get President Wilson to call for the 19th Amendment?

Many women picketing the White House were arrested & thrown in jail. Some of the jailed suffragists went on a hunger strike & were force-fed by their captors. Wilson, appalled by the hunger strikes & worried about negative publicity for his administration, finally agreed to a suffrage amendment in January 1918. Women also emphasized the role of women in the war effort & the fact that other countries had already given the right to women to vote.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Incident

On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City burned, killing 145 workers; they were locked in by exits that were barred from the outside.

political machine

Organized group that controls a political party in a city & offers services to voters & businesses in exchange for political & financial support. A strong political party organization that can control political appointments and deliver votes by promising things to new supporters (usually immigrants).

What were some of the ways that women participated in the women's rights movement?

Parades, marches, protests, letters, lobbying Congressmen, meeting with President, publishing newspapers

Goals, motivations, successes and long - term impact of progressivism

Progressives were interested in establishing a more transparent & accountable government which would work to improve U.S. society. These reformers favored such policies as civil service reform, food safety laws, and increased political rights for women and U.S. workers.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, & distribution of alcoholic beverages. (also known as Prohibition)

19th Amendment

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, & until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

Name some examples of legislation to improve conditions of factories and workers that were passed during Teddy Roosevelt's administration.

Roosevelt responded pushed for the Meat Inspection Act & the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. Both pieces of legislation endeared him to the public and to those corporations that favored government regulation as a means of achieving national consumer standards.

What aspects of society were touched by progressive reform?

Seemingly every aspect. Worker & consumer issues were addressed, conservation of natural resources was initiated, plight of the urban poor was confronted, & national political movements such as women's suffrage found alliances.

Cross of Gold Speech

Speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic presidential nominating convention in 1896. In the speech, Bryan railed against the Gold Standard and proposed to issue paper money that would be backed by Silver. Though he lost the election, his speech is regarded as one of the finest speeches ever delivered in American politics.

scabs

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike; could be immigrants or African Americans.

(influence of technology on migration) How did technology ultimately drive farmers to migrate to the city?

Technological innovations such as the elevator, suspension bridges, electric trolley cars, elevated tracks, and subways allowed growth for cities, hence giving immigrants & farmers more job opportunities.

How did the federal government respond to the Granger Laws?

The Grange actively lobbied state legislatures and Congress for political goals, such as the Granger Laws to lower rates charged by railroads, and rural free mail delivery by the Post Office. The Granger laws were state laws passed in the late 1860s and early 1870s regulating the fees grain elevator companies and railroads charged farmers to store and transport their crops

(political organization of farmers) Why did farmers and workers form political organizations in the late 19th century? Were they successful? Why or why not?

The Grange, also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, was organized in 1867 to assist farmers with purchasing machinery, building grain elevators, lobbying for government regulation of railroad shipping fees & providing a support network for farm families. Yes, they were successful because they had many supporters.

Why did the Progressive Movement develop?

The Progressive Movement developed in response to the problems of the city & workplace. Was a movement of the middle class, objections to paying taxes to corrupt city governments, & desiring better city services.

What was the significance of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair?

The book exposed the meat packing industry. Workers had horrible and dangerous jobs and they were working with spoiled meat.

(explosive growth of cities) What things led to the explosive growth of the cities in early 1900s?

The growth of commerce drew thousands of farm children to the cities to work as bookkeepers, clerks, and salespeople. The expansion of factories demanded thousands of laborers, mechanics and operatives. (Immigrants, farmers, African Americans all flocked to the cities.)

supply

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.

Jane Addams

Tthe founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes. She also advocated for legislation limiting child labor.

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, & drugs.

(legislation to deal with workers & unions) What legislation does the government pass to deal with the workers/unions/strikers?

Wagner Labor Relations Act of 1935 (established the federal guidelines for unions to organize); National Labor Relations Board (federal agency to enforce the Act's pro-labor provisions); added Taft - Hartley Act in 1947 (restricted activities & power of unions).

Election of 1896: candidates and issues

William McKinley-Republican, North, industry and high tariffs. Williams Bryan-Democrat, West and South, farmers and low tariffs. The main issues were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs. --"soft" money vs. "hard" money: bimetallism v. gold standard (Bimetallism - mining and coining silver and gold to increase amount of currency in circulation) The governments role was to protect farmers and laborers.

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 & 1869, he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13 million. Soured people about the political machine and created a corruption image that machines couldn't shake.

(tariff revision) How did Wilson approach tariff revision?

Wilson focused first on tariff reform, pushing through Congress the Underwood-Simmons Act, which achieved the most significant reductions in rates since the Civil War. He argued that high tariffs created monopolies and hurt consumers, and his lower tariffs were especially popular in the South and West.

(reorganize banking system) How did Wilson's administration reorganize the banking and currency system?

Wilson's banking reform was most notably accomplished by the 1913 creation of the Federal Reserve System. It also was aided through the passage of the Federal Farm Loan Act (1916), which set up Farm Loan Banks to support farmers. He used his presidency to promote social reforms.

NWSA, AWSA, NAWSA, Congressional Union

Women's suffrage organizations that fought tirelessly for women's suffrage.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Workers rebelled because the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages by 1/3; Pullman sent in Pinkertons to break up the strike; military action was needed in order to keep mail delivery on track; injunction issued by federal government.

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Federal Trade Commission

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

first federal agency monitoring business operations, created in 1887 by the Interstate Commerce Act to oversee interstate railroad procedures

What political issues crossed over from Populism to Progressivism?

graduate income tax, direct election of senators, secret ballot, reform of industry

ward boss

head of a particular political machine; secured votes and helped the poor to gain their votes by doing favors or providing services

Wagner Act (1935)

officially "National Labor Relations Act"; established National Labor Relations Board to administer labor laws and union elections; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Highest legislative achievement for unions in US history.

Grange Movement & Grange Laws

original intent of movement was to bring farmers together to discuss agricultural styles, in an attempt to correct widespread costly and inefficient methods. Main goal of the Granger was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after the American Civil War.

demand

the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy

bimetallism

the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system