Stars⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
Red giamt
-hydrogen used up (fusion stops and stars collapse) -heats up the core and fuses carbon and helium
Steps in the formation of a star
1. Cloud of interstellar gas and dust forms 2. collapses on itself because of gravity 3. Clouds rotation forces it into a disk shape with a hot condensed object at the center called a protostar 4. Friction from gravity continues to increase the temp of the protostar until the condensed object reaches the ignition temp for nuclear reactions and becomes a new star
Life cycles of the sun
1.stars are born in nebulae 2.huge clouds of dust and gas collapse under gravitational forces forming protostars 3.converts hydrogen into helium in its core 4.as the core runs out of hydrogen and then helium the core contacts and the outer layers expand cool and become less bright 5.star becomes a red giant the core becomes hot enough for the core to become carbon 6.star loses gas from its outer layers 7.star contracts back to normal size and becomes stable 8.outer layers expand again and are driven off entirely leaving a planetary nebula 9.core becomes exposed and is a white dwarf
Speed of light
300,000 km/sec
E=mc^2
A small amount of matter turns into a large amount of energy
White dwarf
About 20% the stars mass will be left behind cooling and shrinking to a few thousand miles in diameter
CMBI
Andes mt. NASA rival High in mt to het closer to space Smaller view--successful, detailed images of CMB
Sun
Becomes a red giant once Fewer reaction phases Begins as a nebula Loses less of its mass
Massive star
Becomes a red giant several times More reaction phases Begins as a nebula Loses much of its mass
Dynamic
Change
Nebula
Cloud of interstellar dust or gas which collapses on itself as a result of its own gravity
Neutron star
Collapsed dense core of a star that forms quickly while it's outer layers are falling inward
The size of the wavelength determines the type of energy org imagined into a chart called
Electromagnetic spectrum
Red dwarf
Fuse hydrogen fuel very slowly so never move off the main sequence
Our sun produces energy by
Fusion of hydrogen
Black holes don't lye any matter or even light escape due to their very high
Gravity
Planck
Higher resolution--13.8 billion years Dark energy falls
Protostar
Hot condensed disk shaped object at the center of a collapsing cloud
Emission spectrum
Lines of different colors and brightness showing sources is emitting colored light only in specific wavelengths (black with color lines only some wavelengths of energy emitted) Comes from a non compressed gas
Where is the sun found
Main sequence
Basic properties used to categories stars
Mass Temp Magnitude Diameter Class Luminosity
Supernova
Massive explosion that occurs when the outer layers of a star are blown off
Penzias Wilson
Microwave radiation everywhere in space 2.7 degrees K
Red shift
Moving away Longer wavelength Low frequency
Blue shift
Moving towards Shorter wavelength High frequency
WMAP
Nasa satellite Better picture Peaks---hot spots-forming stars and galaxies Cold spots-empty space
Main stages of stars
Nebula Protostar Main sequence Red giant
The final stage for a star 10x the mass of our sun where 1tsp equals the weight of our moon
Neutron star
Brown dwarf
Not a massive enough star to get hot enough in its core to start fusion
Frequency
Number of waves per second (hertz)
COBE
Orbited for two years Structure---galaxies, clusters, super clusters, filaments, empty space Blurry but could see small variations in temp
Planetary nebula
Outer layer of red giant sheds Fuses carbon
Electromagnetic spectrum (longest to shortest)
Radio- tv Micro- heating food Infrared- heat Visible- to see Ultra violet- causes cancer X-ray- medical imaging Gamma- radiation therapy
The stage in a stars life when helium fusion occurs in the core and the stars diameter expands 100 times
Red giant
The spectrum of galaxies that are moving away from us show a
Shift to red or longer wavelengths
Black hole
Small extremely dense remnant of a star whose gravity is so immense that not even light can escape its gravity field
Pulsar
Spinning neutron star that exhibits a pulsing pattern
Which type of star continues to fuse heavier and heavier elements until it reaches iron
Supergiant
Hubble
The universe is bigger than expected Galaxies are all red shifted 14 billion years Farther away from us the faster they go
Continuous spectrum
Unbroken color band which shows the source is emitting light of all visible wavelengths (rainbow) (all color and wavelengths emitted) Produced by a solid, liquid, or gas
Black dwarf
When all the heat is radiated out into space after billions of years the star is a dark cold mass
Absorption spectrum
When light from a star is seen through a cooler layer of gas the gas absorbs the energy and dark lines are seen in the place of colored lines (our view of stars from earth) (continuous color with black lines, only some wavelengths of energy emitted)
Main sequence
When the core reaches a critical temp hydrogen fusion begins 4 hydrogen atoms=1 helium atom Small amount of matter turns into a large amount of energy How long it stays depends on the mass
Hydrostatic equilibrium
When the pressure from radiation and fusion is balanced by gravity, a star is stable and won't expand or contract