Stars⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️

Red giamt

-hydrogen used up (fusion stops and stars collapse) -heats up the core and fuses carbon and helium

Steps in the formation of a star

1. Cloud of interstellar gas and dust forms 2. collapses on itself because of gravity 3. Clouds rotation forces it into a disk shape with a hot condensed object at the center called a protostar 4. Friction from gravity continues to increase the temp of the protostar until the condensed object reaches the ignition temp for nuclear reactions and becomes a new star

Life cycles of the sun

1.stars are born in nebulae 2.huge clouds of dust and gas collapse under gravitational forces forming protostars 3.converts hydrogen into helium in its core 4.as the core runs out of hydrogen and then helium the core contacts and the outer layers expand cool and become less bright 5.star becomes a red giant the core becomes hot enough for the core to become carbon 6.star loses gas from its outer layers 7.star contracts back to normal size and becomes stable 8.outer layers expand again and are driven off entirely leaving a planetary nebula 9.core becomes exposed and is a white dwarf

Speed of light

300,000 km/sec

E=mc^2

A small amount of matter turns into a large amount of energy

White dwarf

About 20% the stars mass will be left behind cooling and shrinking to a few thousand miles in diameter

CMBI

Andes mt. NASA rival High in mt to het closer to space Smaller view--successful, detailed images of CMB

Sun

Becomes a red giant once Fewer reaction phases Begins as a nebula Loses less of its mass

Massive star

Becomes a red giant several times More reaction phases Begins as a nebula Loses much of its mass

Dynamic

Change

Nebula

Cloud of interstellar dust or gas which collapses on itself as a result of its own gravity

Neutron star

Collapsed dense core of a star that forms quickly while it's outer layers are falling inward

The size of the wavelength determines the type of energy org imagined into a chart called

Electromagnetic spectrum

Red dwarf

Fuse hydrogen fuel very slowly so never move off the main sequence

Our sun produces energy by

Fusion of hydrogen

Black holes don't lye any matter or even light escape due to their very high

Gravity

Planck

Higher resolution--13.8 billion years Dark energy falls

Protostar

Hot condensed disk shaped object at the center of a collapsing cloud

Emission spectrum

Lines of different colors and brightness showing sources is emitting colored light only in specific wavelengths (black with color lines only some wavelengths of energy emitted) Comes from a non compressed gas

Where is the sun found

Main sequence

Basic properties used to categories stars

Mass Temp Magnitude Diameter Class Luminosity

Supernova

Massive explosion that occurs when the outer layers of a star are blown off

Penzias Wilson

Microwave radiation everywhere in space 2.7 degrees K

Red shift

Moving away Longer wavelength Low frequency

Blue shift

Moving towards Shorter wavelength High frequency

WMAP

Nasa satellite Better picture Peaks---hot spots-forming stars and galaxies Cold spots-empty space

Main stages of stars

Nebula Protostar Main sequence Red giant

The final stage for a star 10x the mass of our sun where 1tsp equals the weight of our moon

Neutron star

Brown dwarf

Not a massive enough star to get hot enough in its core to start fusion

Frequency

Number of waves per second (hertz)

COBE

Orbited for two years Structure---galaxies, clusters, super clusters, filaments, empty space Blurry but could see small variations in temp

Planetary nebula

Outer layer of red giant sheds Fuses carbon

Electromagnetic spectrum (longest to shortest)

Radio- tv Micro- heating food Infrared- heat Visible- to see Ultra violet- causes cancer X-ray- medical imaging Gamma- radiation therapy

The stage in a stars life when helium fusion occurs in the core and the stars diameter expands 100 times

Red giant

The spectrum of galaxies that are moving away from us show a

Shift to red or longer wavelengths

Black hole

Small extremely dense remnant of a star whose gravity is so immense that not even light can escape its gravity field

Pulsar

Spinning neutron star that exhibits a pulsing pattern

Which type of star continues to fuse heavier and heavier elements until it reaches iron

Supergiant

Hubble

The universe is bigger than expected Galaxies are all red shifted 14 billion years Farther away from us the faster they go

Continuous spectrum

Unbroken color band which shows the source is emitting light of all visible wavelengths (rainbow) (all color and wavelengths emitted) Produced by a solid, liquid, or gas

Black dwarf

When all the heat is radiated out into space after billions of years the star is a dark cold mass

Absorption spectrum

When light from a star is seen through a cooler layer of gas the gas absorbs the energy and dark lines are seen in the place of colored lines (our view of stars from earth) (continuous color with black lines, only some wavelengths of energy emitted)

Main sequence

When the core reaches a critical temp hydrogen fusion begins 4 hydrogen atoms=1 helium atom Small amount of matter turns into a large amount of energy How long it stays depends on the mass

Hydrostatic equilibrium

When the pressure from radiation and fusion is balanced by gravity, a star is stable and won't expand or contract