States of Consciousness- Unit 4

A circadian rhythm is a biological clock that dictates fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature over roughly Multiple Choice Question

24 hours

Adults generally need ________ hours of sleep

7-9

Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She's amused to see that McKenzie's eyes seem to be moving around under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep?

REM

________ believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.

Rosalind Cartwright

The ________ within the hypothalamus plays an important role in sleep-wake cycles.

SCN

Keesha finds it helpful to unwind at the end of the day by practicing meditation. This is defined as

The act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment

Which best fits the continual-activation theory of dreaming?

The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory

Which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen?

Visual information from the eye is bein processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know what they are visually processing

________ makes overcoming a substance abuse disorder particularly painful.

Withdrawal

The pituitary gland secretes ________ during sleep, which aids in maturation.

a growth hormone

Depressants are ________ of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.

agonists

Most stimulants are ________ for the neurotransmitter dopamine.

agonists

________ is considered a depressant because it suppresses central nervous activity.

alcohol

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by ________ waves.

alpha

Which of the following describes parasomnia?

characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep

Individual differences in circadian rhythms are known as a person's

chronotype

Molly loves early mornings but Patrick has a hard time waking up before ten each day. Molly and Patrick have different

chronotypes

A strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation

cocaine

The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with ________ theories about sleep.

cognitive

Awareness of internal and external stimuli is

consciousness

Jake is in a deep sleep, which is characterized by ________ waves.

delta

Which of the following describes sleep apnea?

disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep

While Julie was hypnotized, she acknowledged the fact that her arm was in ice water and knew that it should hurt, but didn't actually feel pain. Which theory of hypnosis does this support?

dissociation view

The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with _______ theories about sleep.

evolutionary

A substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions

hallucinogens

Which are most likely to cause altered sensory and perceptual experiences?

hallucinogens

Roger wants to learn Russian and is preparing for an exam. After studying until 10 pm, researchers would recommend that

he get a good nights sleep

________ is the major opioid drug of abuse.

heroin

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homeostasis

Which part of the brain plays a critical role in regulating homeostasis?

hypothalamus

When internal circadian cycles do not align with the environment, the result is known as

jet lag

If you dream about your teeth falling out and your friend tells you it is really about anxiety over your new job, her interpretation represents the ________ content of your dream.

latent

If Javier is in a deep sleep, an EEG would show his sleep as

low frequency, high amplitude waves

John ate something at a party and afterwards saw bright colors on the wall and had a strange sensation that he had turned into an ant and that the people around him were huge. John probably consumed

marijuana

________ is sometimes administered as a way for people to overcome heroin addictions.

methadone

Teenagers need ________ sleep than adults.

more

Stimulants include

nicotine and cocaine

________ occur during NREM sleep and often involve screaming, though the individual doesn't remember it in the morning.

night terrors

Slow-wave sleep is characterized by which of the following?

not low muscle tone or stage 1 maybe deep sleep?

Which category of drugs mimic endogenous pain-killing systems within the body?

opiates

Our bodies naturally produce ________ to reduce pain and produce euphoria.

opioids

How many cannabinoids does marijuana contain?

over 80

Which of the following describes insomnia?

persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep

The ________ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing ________, which helps regulate biological rhythms.

pineal gland, melatonin

If a person has an emotional need for a drug, they probably have a ________.

psychological dependence

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?

quick, fast eye movements and dreaming

A major sleep disruption is ________, which refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.

rotating shift work

________ causes disruptions in cognition and memory deficits.

sleep deprivation

Scarlett has slept terribly the past 3 nights as some neighbors have had visitors in town and been up making noise all night long. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will

spend more time in REM sleep

Sleep spindles appear in ________ sleep.

stage 2

________ increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulants

Which are the main categories of psychoactive drugs?

stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opioids

Which brain part is critical for regulating REM sleep?

the pons

Which theory suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism?

threat-simulation theory

After drinking casually for a few years, Eric finds that he needs more and more alcohol in order to get a "buzz." This is an example of

tolerance

A person with substance abuse disorder would be diagnosed with which of the following?

using more of a drug than they want to, compulsive drug use, and dependence despite negative consequences

________ neurotransmitters are mostly impacted by hallucinogen

various

What does blindsight reveal about unconsciousness?

vision can still place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness