Statistics Chapter 11

How many sources of error are present in a one-way within-subjects ANOVA? a. 3 b. 2 c. 0 d. 1

b. 2

Without changing the value of error variance, the ______ the between-groups variability, the more likely we are to reject the null hypothesis. a. smaller b. larger

b. larger

For the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, the more ______ participant responding between groups, the less powerful the test will be at detecting an effect. a. inconsistent b. consistent c. efficient d. inefficient

a. inconsistent

In a study with 4 groups and 10 participants in each group, the sum of squares for the between-groups source of variation is 60. What is the value for the mean square between-groups in this study? a. 10 b. 20 c. 1.67 d. 15

b. 20

A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. The sum of squares between groups is larger in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2. Using eta-squared, in which study will the effect size be larger? a. There is not enough information to answer this question. b. Study 1 c. Study 2

b. Study 1

The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 37) = 3.42, p < .05, mc067-1.jpg = .12. How many pairwise comparisons need to be made for this ANOVA result? a. 12 b. 2 c. 4 d. 3

d. 3

Computing a one-way within-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when ______. a. different participants are assigned to each group b. the same participants are observed across groups c. the levels of one or more independent variables are manipulated d. all of these

b. the same participants are observed across groups

A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA for a study in which participants are observed across five groups. If the degrees of freedom error is 56, then how many participants were observed in this study? a. 14 b. 55 c. 15 d. 4

c. 15

Which of the following is not a post hoc test for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. Fisher's LSD test b. Bonferroni test c. Tukey's HSD test d. eta-squared

d. eta-squared

To summarize a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, we report each of the following except, ______. a. the p value b. the degree of freedom c. the test statistic value d. the critical values

d. the critical values

A researcher records depression scores for 12 patients in each of 4 seasons. If depression scores for the same participants are recorded in each season, then what type of statistical design is most appropriate for this study? a. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA b. a one-way within-subjects ANOVA c. a related-samples t test d. both A and C

b. a one-way within-subjects ANOVA

The source of variation that is associated with differences between groups in a study is called ______. a. within-groups variability b. between-persons variability c. error variability d. between-groups variability

d. between-groups variability

Using a within-subjects ANOVA design, ______. a. n k participants are each observed one time b. n participants are observed k times c. different participants are observed in each group d. all of these

b. n participants are observed k times

A researcher observed the mating behavior of 10 porpoises in 5 different social conditions. What are the degrees of freedom between-groups for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA? a. There is not enough information to answer this question. b. 4 c. 9 d. 27

b. 4

The degrees of freedom for the between-groups variability is called ______. a. degrees of freedom between-groups b. degrees of freedom numerator c. both A and C d. degrees of freedom denominator

c. both A and C

A researcher conducts a within-subjects design and notes that scores increased at each level of the factor for all participants. Based on this description, does this test have high power to detect the effect? a. Yes, because participant responding was consistent. b. Yes, because participant responding was inconsistent. c. No, because participant responding was consistent. d. No, because participant responding was inconsistent.

a. Yes, because participant responding was consistent.

Without changing the value of error variance, the ______ the between-groups variability, the more likely we are to retain the null hypothesis. a. smaller b. larger

a. smaller

Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the greatest power to detect an effect? a. Tukey's HSD test b. Bonferroni test c. Schaffé test d. Fisher's LSD test

d. Fisher's LSD test

The degrees of freedom for error is called ______. a. degrees of freedom error b. degrees of freedom denominator c. degrees of freedom within-groups d. all of these

d. all of these

Using a between-subjects ANOVA design, ______. a. the same participants are observed in each group b. data are not analyzed between groups c. n participants are observed k times d. n · k participants are each observed one time

d. n · k participants are each observed one time

A researcher compares differences in positivity between participants in a low-, middle-, or upper middle-class family. If she observes 15 participants in each group, then what are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. (2, 42) b. (3, 12) c. (2, 12) d. (3, 43)

a. (2, 42)

The term "between-subjects" refers to ______. a. observing different participants one time in each group b. the type of effect size estimate measured c. observing the same participants in each group d. the type of post hoc test conducted

a. observing different participants one time in each group

A professor compared differences in class grades between students in their freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years of college. If different participants were in each group, then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study? a. a two-way between-subjects ANOVA b. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA c. both A and B d. a two-independent-sample t test

b. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA

A sex therapist has adult female clients rate their level of interest in each of six relationship situations. To analyze differences in the ratings, what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study? a. a related-samples t test b. a one-way within-subjects ANOVA c. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA d. none of these

b. a one-way within-subjects ANOVA

Which source of variation is computed using a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, but not a one-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. within-groups variation b. between-persons variation c. between-groups variation d. error variation

b. between-persons variation

What is the minimum number of groups that can be observed using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA design? a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1

c. 2

A researcher assigned participants (n = 8 per group) to read vignettes describing a person engaging in either a helpful, hurtful, or neutral act. Different participants were assigned to each group and asked to rate how positively they viewed the person described in the vignette. What is the critical value for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance? a. 4.32 b. 3.07 c. 3.47 d. 3.44

c. 3.47

Which of the following is an assumption for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, but not for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. normality b. homogeneity of variance c. homogeneity of covariance d. None of the above; each is assumed for both tests.

c. homogeneity of covariance

A researcher measures attractiveness ratings of a male confederate among 30 women who were told the confederate was either single, dating, or married (n = 10 per group). What are the degrees of freedom for error for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. 3 b. 28 c. 2 d. 27

d. 27

A researcher conducts two studies. In Study 1, she recorded the amount consumed (in calories) among 8 participants observed at 3 meal times (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). In Study 2, she conducted the same study, except that n = 12 participants observed at each of 3 meal times. Which study is associated with a larger value for degrees of freedom between-groups for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA? a. There is not enough information to answer this question. b. Study 2 c. Study 1 d. The degrees of freedom between-groups are the same in each study.

d. The degrees of freedom between-groups are the same in each study.

Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. The population being sampled from is normally distributed. b. Participants were selected to participate using a random procedure. c. One observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation. d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the least power to detect an effect? a. Tukey's HSD test b. Studentized Newman-Keuls c. Fisher's LSD test d. None; each post hoc test is associated with the same power to detect an effect.

a. Tukey's HSD test

Homogeneity of variance is an assumption for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. What does this assumption mean? a. that participants are randomly selected to participate in a sample b. that one observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation c. that the population being sampled from is normally distributed d. that the variance is equal in each population from which samples are selected

d. that the variance is equal in each population from which samples are selected

For an analysis of variance, the term "one-way" refers to ______. a. the number of statistical tests in the design b. the number of factors in the design c. the direction that traffic should follow on a road d. the number of ways that the data can be analyzed

b. the number of factors in the design

Partial estimates of effect size make the denominator ______ because the between-persons variability is removed. a. smaller b. larger c. reciprocal d. equal to 0

a. smaller

Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way within-subjects ANOVA? a. The population being sampled from is positively skewed. b. Different participants were observed in each group. c. Independent observations were made within groups, but not between groups. d. all of these

c. Independent observations were made within groups, but not between groups.

ANOVA stands for ______. a. analysis of variety b. association of novel operating variable analyses c. analysis of variance d. analysis of variable attributes

c. analysis of variance

The term "within-subjects" refers to ______. a. the type of post hoc test conducted b. observing different participants in each group c. observing the same participants in each group d. the type of effect size estimate measured

c. observing the same participants in each group

A researcher conducts a study using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. He computes mc059-1.jpg = 120 and mc059-2.jpg = 200. What is the effect size for this test using eta-squared? a. .38 b. There is not enough information to answer this question. c. 1.67 d. .60

a. .38

A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA using a sample of eight participants. If the degrees of freedom error is 14, then how many groups were included in this study? a. 3 b. 5 c. 4 d. 2

a. 3

Which of the following statements is the appropriate way to read the degrees of freedom for an ANOVA with 10 participants in each of four groups? a. 3 and 36 degrees of freedom b. 3 or 36 degrees of freedom c. 4 and 36 degrees of freedom d. 4 and 10 degrees of freedom

a. 3 and 36 degrees of freedom

A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA in which k = 3 and n = 10. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance? a. 3.55 b. 5.48 c. 4.41 d. 3.16

a. 3.55

A researcher measures anxiety levels among participants in the presence and absence of a fearful stimulus. If the same participants are observed in each group, then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study? a. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA b. both A and C c. a related-samples t test d. a one-way within-subjects ANOVA

b. both A and C

Following a significant one-way between-subjects ANOVA in which k > 2, what is the next appropriate step? a. summarize the data; no further tests are required b. conduct post hoc tests c. interpret the data; no further tests are required d. both A and B

b. conduct post hoc tests

A one-way within-subjects ANOVA is typically associated with ______ power than the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. a. smaller b. larger c. more significant d. depleted

b. larger

A researcher conducts a study in which k = 4 and n = 22 in each group. What are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. (3, 84) b. (4, 88) c. (3, 18) d. (4, 22)

a. (3, 84)

Which of the following post hoc tests uses the t critical value in the calculation to determine the critical value for the test? a. SNK test b. Schaffé test c. Fisher's LSD test d. Tukey's HSD test

c. Fisher's LSD test

A researcher conducts a study in which k = 5 and N = 80. What are the degrees of freedom between-groups for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. 5 b. 75 c. 395 d. 4

d. 4

A researcher recorded the shooting percentage of 28 professional basketball players in each of 4 quarters in a game. What are the degrees of freedom error for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA? a. 81 b. 3 c. There is not enough information to answer this question. d. 27

a. 81

A researcher notes that the variability attributed to difference between group means is quite large. Which source of variation is the researcher referring to? a. error b. between-persons c. between-groups d. within-groups

c. between-groups

A researcher conducts a study in which k = 6 and n = 6 per group. What are the critical values for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance? a. 3.70 b. 2.42 c. 3.47 d. 2.53

d. 2.53

In a study with 3 groups and 13 participants in each group, the sum of squares for the within-groups source of variation is 18. What is the value for the mean square within-groups in this study? a. 3 b. 0.5 c. 2 d. 9

b. 0.5

The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 37) = 3.42, p < .05, mc068-1.jpg = .12. How many participants were observed in this study? a. 12 b. 40 c. 37 d. 39

b. 40

The following result is reported for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 27) = 3.20, p < .05 (mc069-1.jpg = .14). Which value in the summary suggests that the design was within-subjects? a. the test statistic value b. the p value c. the partial estimate for eta-squared d. the degrees of freedom

c. the partial estimate for eta-squared

A researcher divides participants into groups that will engage in low, moderate, or intense levels of exercise. The total calories consumed by participants following the exercise are then recorded. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study? a. a two-independent-sample t test b. a related-samples t test c. both B and C d. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA

d. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA

How does omega-squared for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA correct for the fact that eta-squared tends to be a biased estimate of effect size? a. It corrects for the size of error by including MSE in the formula. b. It includes the degrees of freedom between groups (dfBG) in the formula. c. It accounts for the number of groups that were observed. d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following is a source of variation that is measured using the one-way within-subjects ANOVA? a. between-groups variation b. within-groups variation c. between-persons variation d. all of these

d. all of these

A lowercase k is used to denote ______ using a one-way ANOVA. a. both A and C b. the number of participants in a study c. the number of levels of the factor in a study d. the number of groups in a study

a. both A and C

"Within-subjects" is also called ______. a. random sampling b. between-subjects c. within-groups d. repeated measures

d. repeated measures

The source of variability associated with error variance in the one-way between-subjects ANOVA is called ______. a. between-groups variability b. degrees of freedom c. both A and B d. within-groups variability

d. within-groups variability

Which of the following is a measure of proportion of variance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. omega-squared b. both A and B c. eta-squared d. estimated Cohen's d

b. both A and B

A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA in which k = 4 and n = 20. What are the degrees of freedom error for this test? a. 79 b. There is not enough information to answer this question. c. 80 d. 57

d. 57

A researcher observes the same participants in each of five different settings. Which source of variation is the variability attributed to observing the same participants across all five settings? a. error variability b. within-groups variability c. between-groups variability d. between-persons variability

d. between-persons variability

Computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when ______. a. different participants are observed one time in each of two or more groups for one factor b. the same participants are observed in each of two or more groups for one factor c. the levels of one or more factors are manipulated d. all of these

a. different participants are observed one time in each of two or more groups for one factor

Which of the following designs are associated with greater power to detect an effect, particularly when there is consistent participant responding between groups? a. within-subjects design b. between-subjects design

a. within-subjects design

When the variability attributed to between-groups is equal to the variability attributed to error, then the value of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is ______. a. equal to 1 b. significant at any sample size c. equal to 0 d. undefined in that the test statistic cannot be computed in this case

a. equal to 1

Which measure of proportion of variance tends to overestimate the size of an effect in a population? a. eta-squared b. omega-squared c. none of these

a. eta-squared

Post hoc tests are computed ______. a. following a significant ANOVA test to make pairwise comparisons b. to determine which set of degrees of freedom can be attributed to the variability between-groups c. to determine if groups means differ, even for tests in which the decision is to retain the null hypothesis d. prior to conducting a hypothesis test

a. following a significant ANOVA test to make pairwise comparisons

A researcher measures the time it takes eight participants to complete three successive tasks. What are the degrees of freedom between-persons for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA? a. 7 b. There is not enough information to answer this question. c. 2 d. 14

a. 7

A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. The sum of squares between groups is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares total is the same in both studies. Using eta-squared, in which study will the effect size be larger? a. There is not enough information to answer this question. b. Study 2 c. Study 1

b. Study 2