Stats Test 1

A researcher records the following scores for an Olympic gymnast following her routine: 9.9, 9.8, 9.6, 9.5, 9.7, 9.1, 8.9, and 9.8. What is the range for the scores?

b. 1.0 (9.9 to 8.9)

Fill in the missing values for A and B in this frequency distribution table: (q 23 test 2)

b. A = 3.2, B = 13

A researcher records 17 scores. What is the median position of these scores?

c. the 9th score in numeric order

The fact that the sum of the differences of scores from their mean is zero best illustrates that ______.

c. the mean is the "balance point" of a distribution

A percentile point is ______.

c. the value of a score on a measurement scale below which a specified percentage of scores in a distribution fall

The mode can be used with the mean to describe which of the following variables?

c. the winning percentage of teams in a league

The following frequency distribution is an example of (q. 40 test 2)

c. ungrouped data

A measure of the average squared distance of scores from the mean is called the ____

c. variance

each of the following is an example of quantitative data, except ___

political affiliation

Grouped data can be distributed ______.

d. all of these

What is the percentile point at the 90th percentile in the following distribution?

a. 10

A researcher finds that 12 persons in a sample of 60 reported getting between 4 and 6 hr of sleep per night. What is the relative percentage for this interval?

a. 20%

The following is a simple frequency distribution table. If we convert this frequency distribution to relative percentages, which of the following gives the corresponding relative percentages in each interval listed from the top down? (q. 5 test 2)

a. 20%, 13%, 17%, 33%, 17%

Procedures that allow researchers to infer or generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected best describes ______.

a. inferential statistics

The range of scores in each interval of a grouped frequency distribution is called the ______.

a. interval width

Grouped data are distributed into ______, whereas ungrouped data are distributed into ______.

a. intervals; categories

The population mean is symbolized as ______, whereas the sample mean is symbolized as ______.

a. little fancy u; M

A researcher records the time (in seconds) that participants arrive late for a scheduled research study. Assuming these data are normally distributed, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate to describe these data?

a. mean

The variance and standard deviation can never be ______.

a. negative

A movie critic rates a movie on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest) stars. What scale of measurement are the ratings?

a. ordinal

The ______ is the percentage of scores with values that fall below a specified score in a distribution.

a. percentile rank

A characteristic (usually numeric) that describes a population is called a ____

a. population parameter

The median would be used to describe which of the following variables

a. rankings

Which type of mean is used to describe a portion of individuals in a given population?

a. sample mean

Bar charts are a lot like histograms, except ______.

a. the bars displayed in the graph do not touch

Which of the following best describes an independent variable?

a. the manipulated variable

The mathematical term x is the numerator for ______.

a. None; this term is not in the numerator for any calculation. b. the sample mean c. both A and B d. the population mean both A and B

A researcher reports, "the average patron (n = 22) in a local bar consumed more than twice the number of drinks (per day) on weekends (M = 5.4 drinks) compared to weekdays (M = 2.3 drinks)." Although not stated directly, how do we know that the patrons in this study constitute a sample, and not a population of patrons at this local bar?

a. both B and C b. We can't know for sure because this was not stated directly. c. The notation for a sample mean was used. d. The notation for sample size was used. a. both B and C

Based on the following graphical summary display, what research design was used to record and analyze these data? (q. 42 test 1)

a. correlational

The mode is an appropriate measure of central tendency for ______.

a. data that are bimodal b. use with other measures of central tendency c. data that are on a nominal scale d. all of these d. all of these

The median is an appropriate measure of central tendency for ___

a. data that are positively skewed b. data that are negatively skewed c. data that are on an ordinal scale d. all of these all of these

The use of tables and graphs to summarize data is an example of ___

a. descriptive statistics

___ are measured in whole units or categories that are not distributed along a continuum

a. discrete data

When cumulating frequencies from the top down, the data are discussed in terms of ______.

a. greater than b. at or above c. at least d. all of these d. all of these

interval scales of measurement

a. have equidistant scales

Which of the following is not a symbol used with samples ______.

a. little u

A researcher measures the amount of coffee consumed by college students while studying during the final exam week. In her study, she found that students drink 2.3 ± 0.8 (M ± SD) cups of coffee per study session. Assuming the data are normally distributed, which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?

a. most students drink between 1.5 and 3.1 cups of coffee per study session.

The mean is an appropriate measure of central tendency for _____

all of these

Each deviation in the numerator for variance is squared because ______. Selected Answer:

b. without squaring each deviation, the solution for SS would be zero

As a general rule, a simple frequency distribution should have between ______.

b. 5 and 20 intervals

A researcher measures the time (in seconds) it takes a sample of 26 participants to respond to a stimulus presented on a computer screen. The standard deviation for response times is 6. In this example, what is the value for SS?

b. 900

A researcher distributes frequencies into the following intervals: 3-6, 7-10, 11-15, 16-18, 19-22, and 23-26. What is wrong with this frequency distribution?

b. The interval width is unequal.

A psychologist wants to know how many of her clients continue with therapy for at least 12 days. If she constructs a frequency distribution for these data, what type of distribution would be most appropriate to answer her question?

b. a cumulative frequency distribution from the top down

A percentile is ______.

b. a percentile point

a population can be _____ group of interest to a researcher

b. any

he procedure of converting a categorical variable to numeric values, is called ____

b. coding

which of the follwing research designs is used to determine the causes of behavior that help to explain why the behavior occurs?

b. experimental

a therapist observes that spouses are more likely to forgive their partners for lying to them if they find out the truth from their spouses and not a third party. in this example, the dependent variable is

b. forgiveness

The advantage of squaring the deviation of each score from the mean and then summing is that ______.

b. it produces a minimal positive solution that is not zero, as long as all scores are not exactly the same value

state the four scales of measurement in order from least informative to most informative

b. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Which of the following terms are least likely to be used to describe qualitative data?

b. numeric

If a portion of people from a population are asked to complete an assessment, then the average score among that group of people would be considered a ______

b. sample mean

a researcher records the time it takes to complete a memory task in a sample of 25 participants. He finds that the average participant completed the test in 43s. the average time to complete this task is called a

b. sample statistic

you are interested in measuring the construct, work expertise. which of the following measures for this construct is quantitative and discrete?

b. the number of employees that work under an employee

which of the following measures of attraction is an example of a ratio scale measurement?

b. the physical proximity (in feet and inches) between two romantic parters

Which of the following describes a descriptive statistic?

c. summarize

Measures of variability can range in value from ______.

c. 0 to + infinity

What is the percentile point at the 50th percentile for the following distribution? (q. 33 test 2)

c. 25

A staff member records the number of victories (per 10-game season) for a new football coach during his first three seasons with a team. The coach won 1, 3, and 8 games, respectively, over the three seasons. Which conclusion is appropriate?

c. The football coach won 40% of his games during his first three seasons. Answers:a. The football coach won an average of four games per season.b. The football coach won a median of three games per season.c. The football coach won 40% of his games during his first three seasons.d. all of these d. all of these

Suppose that a researcher is interested in a group of 10 million peole who paid to see a movie playing in theaters. in this example, the 10 million moviegoers would be regarded as

c. a population of moviegoers who paid to see the movie in a theater

Which of the following is a type of graphical display used to summarize qualitative, discrete data?

c. both A and B

quantitative measures can be

c. both A and B

Ungrouped data can be distributed as ______.

c. categories

The definitional formula ______ the computational formula for SS.

c. equals

statistical analysis allows researchers to ____

c. evaluate scientific observations

The sum of the squared differences of scores from their mean is ____

c. minimal

Which of the following values is NOT needed to compute sample variance using the computational formula, but is needed to compute the definitional formula?

c. sample mean

A researcher identifies college students as a group of interest to test her hypothesis. She then identifies a few local college students and selects a small group of the local college students to be observed. In this example, the sample is ______.

c. the small group of college students who here observed

The sum of relative frequencies for each interval is ______.

d. 1.00

A researcher decides to split scores on an exam into quartiles. She determines that a score of 64 is at the 25th percentile, a score of 74 is at the 50th percentile, and a score of 80 is at the 75th percentile. What is the interquartile range (IQR) for these data?

d. 16

A researcher computes the computational formula for SS, as finds that = 39 and = 271. If this is a sample of six scores, then what would SS equal using the computational formula?

d. 17.5

simple frequency distribution

d. all of these

The sum of the squared deviations of scores from their mean _____

d. all of these

When df are in the denominator, the sample variance is ______.

d. all of these

Which of the following describes the definitional formula for variance?

d. all of these

descriptive statistics are procedures used to

d. all of these (organize a set of scores or observations, summarize a set of scores of observations, make sense of a set of scores or observations)

The mean would be used to describe which of the following variables?

d. distance traveled in miles

three research methods common to research in the behavioral sciences are ___

d. experimental, quasi-experimental, and correlational

A researcher records the following data: 4, 4, 4, 4, and 3. How would you describe the variability of these data?

d. it is very small (close to 0) because scores are approximately the same

an animal researcher measures the number of times a rat presses a lever located at the right, center, and left of a cage for a food reward. what scale of measurement is the location of lever pressing?

d. nominal

a health practitioner measures the heart rate (in number of beats per minute) of patients under low, moderate, and high stress levels. heart rate an be best described as ___

discrete data

_____is the variable in an experiment that is manipulated between conditions being observed

independent variable

a researcher measures the body temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) of participants immediately before and immediately after following sleep. temperature is on what scale of measurement?

interval

a characteristic (usually numeric) that describes a sample is called a ____

sample statistic

Researchers measure data in a ________ to learn more about individuals in the larger _______ of interest.

sample, population

The range, a measure of variability, ______.

is the difference between the largest (L) and smallest (S) value in a list of scores b. is the most informative when used to describe data sets without outliers c. includes only two values in its computation, regardless of the number of scores in a distribution d. all of these d. all of these

A researcher records a sample of 30 exam scores and finds that if these data were treated as a population, that the population variance calculation for these data is larger than the sample variance calculation for these same data. Is this outcome for variance possible?

Answer:a. No, the sample variance will be larger because SS is divided by degrees of freedom in the denominator of the variance formula.

Which of the following is true about the computational formula for variance?

The computational formula will always produce the same solution as the definitional formula (give or take rounding errors). b. It is a shortcut method for calculating variance when the population or sample size is large. c. It is derived mathematically from the definitional formula. d. all of these d. all of these

Which of the following is a type of graphical display used to summarize quantitative, continuous data?

d. all of these

Which of the following is consistent with the empirical rule?

d. all of these

The degrees of freedom for the sample variance ______.

d. are equal to the sample size minus one

A researcher selects a sample of 6 men and 11 women. She asks participants to rate the likelihood they would do female-stereotyped jobs (such as nursing or school teaching) on a scale from 1 = not likely at all to 5 = very likely. Men indicated that they would be less likely to do these jobs (M = 2.1) compared with women (M = 4.3). What is the weighted mean for the combined sample of 17 total participants?

a. 3.5

What is the percentile point at the 80th percentile in the following distribution? (q. 43 test 2)

a. 8

State the type of graphical display for Graph A and Graph B. (q. 8 test 2)

a. B is a bar chart; A is a histogram.

______ is the variable that is believed to change in the presence of the independent variable.

a. Dependent variable

A researcher measures the mean time (in seconds) it takes two groups of children to complete an activity task. She finds that Group A (M = 22 s) completed the task more quickly than Group B (M = 36 s). She then computes a weighted mean for both groups combined and calculates = 26. Based on the information provided, which group had a larger sample size?

a. Group A

A researcher distributes frequencies into the following intervals: 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51 and above. What is wrong with this frequency distribution?

a. One interval is an open class.

A researcher records the number of classroom interruptions during each of two class sessions. Which session has the largest standard deviation?Session A: 12, 15, 18, 24, and 30Session B: 8, 10, 12, 16, and 20

a. Sample A

A researcher records the following scores for attention during a video game task for two samples. Which sample has the largest standard deviation?Sample A: 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18Sample B: 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36

a. Sample B

Which of the following is NOT a rule for constructing a simple frequency distribution?

a. The number of intervals should equal the number of values measured.

Assuming N n and all data are otherwise the same, how will the value of the sample variance be different from the population variance?

a. The sample variance will always be a larger value than the population variance.

Which characteristic of a histogram implies that it summaries continuous data?

a. The vertical bars touch at the upper boundary of each interval.

Which of the following statements about a weighted mean is true?

a. The weighted mean is used to compute the combined mean for two or more samples of scores in which the number of scores in each sample is disproportionate or unequal.

Multiplying or dividing each score in a distribution by the same constant will ____

a. When data are measured for all members of a population.

Given the same set of data for a population and sample, would the mean for both data sets be equal?

a. Yes, this would be true anytime both data sets are the same.

A researcher records the following data for the number of different food items chosen by seven participants in a buffet-style setting: 1, 6, 2, 5, 4, 3, and 7. Is the mean equal to the median in this example?

a. Yes.

A researcher reports that the time (in minutes) it takes children who are "picky eaters" to finish their vegetables is negatively skewed, with children finishing their vegetables in 4.2 ± 1.0 (M ± SD) minutes. Based on Chebyshev's theorem, we can conclude that ______.

a. at least 89% of children finished their vegetables in 1.2-7.2 min

Multiplying or dividing each score in a distribution by the same constant will ______.

a. cause the mean to change by that constant

Qualitative data varies by ______; quantitative data varies by ______

a. class; amount

Recording the number of dreams recalled is an example of ______ data; whereas recording the time (in minutes) spent in a dream stage of sleep is an example of ______ data.

a. discrete; continuous

A graphical display for grouped frequency distributions with continuous data is called a ______.

a. histogram

A researcher measures the time (in seconds) that it takes children to complete a basic reading skills task. What type of graphical display would be most appropriate for summarizing the frequency of children falling into different intervals of time?

a. histogram

A researcher measures the weight (in ounces) of newborn infants in the month of March. What type of graphical display would be most appropriate for summarizing the frequency of infants falling into different intervals of weight?

a. histogram

Which of the following best describes a dependent variable?

a. the measured behavior

You are interested in measuring the construct, reinforcement. Which of the following measures for this construct is quantitative and continuous?

a. the size of a reward in grams

An interquartile range removes ______.

a. the top and bottom 25% of scores in a distribution before calculating range

A researcher records the following data for the number of times an interviewer is interrupted during a series of interviews: 0, 0, 3, 2, 5, 3, 0, 8, 0, 2, 1, and 1. Is the mode equal to the median in this example?

b. No; the median is larger than the mode

A researcher records the following motor assessment scores for two samples of athletes. Which sample has the largest standard deviation?Sample A: 8, 10, 12, 15, and 18Sample B: 16, 18, 20, 23, and 26

b. Both samples have the same standard deviation.

______ are measured along a continuum at any place beyond the decimal point

b. Continuous data

1 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mean?

b. Delete a score above the mean and the mean will increase.

The size of a population is symbolized as ______, whereas the size of a sample is symbolized as ______.

b. N; n

To measure attraction, a researcher records the following data for the distance (in inches) between two persons sitting in a waiting room: 46, 32, 10, 23, 18, 46, and 60. Is the mode equal to the median in this example?

b. No; the mode is larger than the median.

Researcher A measures academic preparedness as the percent correct responses on an entrance exam; Researcher B measures academic preparedness as the current class rank of students. Which researcher measured academic preparedness as discrete data?

b. Researcher B

A researcher records the number of individual instruments identified by students listening to a piece of classical music. He splits the data into quartiles and reports that students correctly identified three instruments at the 25th percentile, five instruments at the 50th percentile, and eight instruments at the 75th percentile. What are the IQR and SIQR for these data?

b. The IQR is 5; the SIQR is 2.5.

A researcher records the following data for how participants rated the likability (on a scale from 1 = not liked at all to 7 = very likable) of an individual who blushed after making a mistake: 5, 4, 7, 6, 6, 4, 6, 7, 2, 5, and 6. Is the mode equal to the median in this example?

b. Yes.

Which of the following will decrease the value of the mean?

b. adding a score below the mean

What terms refer to the meaning of each of the following measures, respectively: mean, median, and mode.

b. average, middle, and most

Adding the same constant to each score in a distribution (or subtracting the same constant from it) will ______.

b. cause the mean to change by that constant

Grouped data are to ungrouped data as ______.

b. continuous is to discrete

A researcher records the number of votes for each of five candidates running for class president. Based on her presentation of the following results, what type of statistics did she use?

b. descriptive statistics

A researcher selects a sample of 24 participants and has them complete a survey on dating preferences. In this example, what are the degrees of freedom for sample variance and what does this represent?

b. df = 23; it represents the number of scores that are free to vary in a sample.

The sample variance is computed by dividing SS by ______; whereas the population variance is computed by dividing SS by ______.

b. df; N

Each of the following are interval scale measurement, except ___

b. duration of sleep (in hours)

A researcher tests whether the dosage level of some drug (low, high) causes significant differences in health. To do this, the researcher randomly assigns rat subjects to receive a low or high dosage of the drug and records health-related measures in both groups. The type of method described is ______.

b. experimental

The range of scores between the upper and lower quartiles of a distribution is called the ______.

b. interquartile range

A researcher asks adult participants to rank their top five favorite songs from their childhood. Based on the scale of measurement described, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate to describe these data?

b. median

The ______ is the value that occurs most often or at the highest frequency in a distribution

b. mode

A consultant ranks the five most needed areas of improvement for a local business. What scale of measurement are the rankings?

b. ordinal

Recording whom students study with describes ______ types of data; whereas recording the number of hours spent studying per week describes ______ types of data.

b. qualitative; quantitative

Three key elements of control that allow researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions are ______.

b. randomization, manipulation, and comparison/control

To construct a pie chart, first distribute the data as ______.

b. relative percentages

Which of the following is an example of a distribution with NO variability?

b. scores: 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, and 5

Which of the following can be used to estimate the median?

b. the 50th percentile of a cumulative percentage distribution

What is the corresponding percentile of a percentile point?

b. the percentile rank

All other things being equal (so assuming that the value of SS never changes), as sample size increases, ______. Selected Answer:

b. the value of sample variance decreases

A relative frequency distribution is appropriate when ______.

b. there are large frequency counts in each interval

Regardless of the number of scores in a distribution, the range only includes ______ score(s) in its calculation.

b. two

A(n) ______ is a sample statistic that equals a population parameter on average.

b. unbiased estimator

A researcher computes the definitional formula for SS, as finds that = 44. If this is a sample of 12 scores, then what would the value of sample variance be using the definitional formula?

c. 4.0

A researcher records the time in seconds it takes a sample of participants to walk alone through a dark portion of campus. The researcher computes SS = 1,200. Assuming that a sample of 25 participants was observed in this study, what is the standard deviation for these data?

c. 7.1 s

A researcher records the sound (in decibels) during a series of lessons taught by a substitute teacher at a local elementary school. In his study, he found that the sound was 80 ± 6 (M ± SD) decibels. Assuming the data are normally distributed, which of the following is an appropriate conclusion?

c. At least 95% of classes were between 68 and 92 decibels.

A researcher records the following scores on a working memory quiz for two samples. Which sample has the largest standard deviation?Sample A: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8Sample B: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10

c. Both samples have the same standard deviation.

Why is it important to divide by df to compute sample variance?

c. Doing so makes the sample variance an unbiased estimator of the population variance.

A researcher records the following data for the time (in seconds) it takes five rats to cross an electrical grid to obtain reinforcement on the other side: 12, 9, 13, 4, and 12. Is the mean equal to the mode in this example?

c. No; the mode is larger than the mean.

A researcher measures the number of trials it takes two samples of participants to master a new task. In both samples, SS = 240. Sample A consisted of 12 participants and Sample B consisted of 18 participants. Which sample is associated with the largest variance?

c. Sample A

______ refer(s) to how the properties of numbers can change with different uses

c. Scales of measurement

How is the sample variance computed differently from the population variance?

c. The calculation in the denominator is different.

State the problem with this simple frequency distribution.

c. The class intervals overlap

A researcher reports that "the average shopper in the sample (n = 12) purchased $65.00 worth of items ( = $65.00) during a busy shopping day." What mistake was made is this citation?

c. The sample mean is written using the wrong notation.

A professor grades 120 research papers and reports that the average score was an 80%. What do we know about the sum of the differences of these 120 scores from their mean of 80%?

c. The sum of the differences is equal to zero.

Researchers rarely have access to entire populations. How do researchers resolve this limitation?

c. They record data from a sample of people in the larger population in order to make inferences concerning characteristics in that larger population.

A researcher records the following data for the number of dreams recalled during a night of sleep for 10 college students: 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 1, 1, 0, 2, and 0. Is the mean equal to the median in this example?

c. Yes.

A researcher wants to determine how many participants will take less than 24 s to complete a cognitive performance task. If he constructs a frequency distribution for these data, what type of distribution would be most appropriate to answer his question?

c. a cumulative frequency distribution from the bottom up

The SIQR can be defined as ______.

c. a measure of half the distance between q3 and q1

A researcher records the number of children at a local school from single-, divorced-, and married-parent homes. These frequency data would be best displayed as a ______.

c. bar chart

The three steps for constructing a simple frequency distribution are _____

c. find the real range, find the interval width, and construct the frequency distribution

A researcher summarizes a set of frequency data into five intervals. This is an example of a frequency distribution for ______.

c. grouped data

A researcher asks participants to estimate the calories they consume in a meal. The researcher records the following estimates: 450, 426, 310, 500, and 220. If the researcher removes the estimate of 220 (perhaps because the participant drops out of the study), then the value of the mean will ______.

c. increase

The ______ is the sum of all scores (in a sample or population) divided by the number of scores summed.

c. mean

A researcher records the hospital admission rates for coronary heart disease at 10 local hospitals. She finds that two different hospitals had the highest overall rates of hospital admissions. Which measure of central tendency did this researcher use to describe these data?

c. mode

Which graphical display lists percentages and not original scores?

c. ogive

A percentile is also called a ______.

c. percentile point

A cumulative percentage summary that indicates the percentage of scores at or below a given value is called a ______.

c. percentile rank

A psychologist reviews her notes for all her patients and determines that on average her patients complete therapy in 24 days. The average time to complete therapy among all her patients is called a(n) ______.

c. population parameter

______ data describe numeric aspects of phenomena; whereas ______ data describe nonnumeric aspects of data.

c. quantitative; qualitative

To determine the interval width, we divide the ______ by the number of intervals

c. real range

A researcher asks participants to estimate the height (in inches) of a statue that was in a waiting area. The researcher records the following estimates: 40, 46, 30, 50, and 34. If the researcher removes the estimate of 40 (say, due to an experimenter error), then the value of the mean will ______.

c. remain the same

When cumulating frequencies from the bottom up, the data are discussed in terms of ______.

d. all of these

A researcher finds that 12% of participants make between three and five visits to a physician each year. What are the real limits for this interval?

d. 2.5-5.5

A researcher computes the computational formula for SS, as finds that = 22 and = 126. If this is a sample of four scores, then what would SS equal using the computational formula?

d. 5

A researcher computes the definitional formula for SS, as finds that = 112. If this is a sample of 20 scores, then what would the value of population variance be using the definitional formula?

d. 5.6

A psychologist treats 16 patients and records the number of sessions required to complete a behavioral therapy treatment for each patient. She computes SS = 800. Assuming the 16 patients constitute all patients under her care (so the population of her patients), what is the standard deviation for these data?

d. 7.1 sessions

Which of the following is a property of the standard deviation?

d. Multiplying each score by the same constant will change the standard deviation by that constant.

A researcher records the following data for the number of complaints filed (per day) following a controversial policy change at a local business: 3, 8, 5, 0, 4, 6, 2, 1, 1, 4, 2, and 0. Is the mean equal to the median in this example?

d. No; the mean is larger than the median.

Which of the following is the best explanation for why the standard deviation is almost always reported with the mean?

d. The standard deviation measures the spread of scores from the mean, so it is important to know both the mean and the standard deviation.

A student scores in the 80th percentile on an exam. What does this mean in comparison to all other students?

d. The student scored higher than 80% of all others who took the exam.

A researcher selects a sample of six professors, six students, and six administrators at a local school and has them rate the effectiveness of an innovative new teaching style. In this example, is it possible that the weighted mean ratings will equal the arithmetic mean for the entire sample of 18 participants?

d. Yes, because there are an equal number of participants in each sample.

A reason for squaring deviations to compute SS in the numerator includes which of the following?

d. all of these

A researcher distributes frequencies into the following classes: absent, tardy, and present. What type of data is distributed?

d. all of these

The following is a simple frequency distribution table. Suppose we convert this table to a cumulative frequency distribution. The frequencies in each interval of the cumulative frequency distribution would be

d. both A and B, depending on how the data were summarized

Which of the following requires the calculation of a real range

d. frequency distributions for grouped data

A ______ is plotted at the midpoint of each interval, whereas a ______ is plotted at the upper boundary of each interval.

d. frequency polygon; ogive

The distribution of annual household income in the United States is positively skewed. If the median annual income is about $56,000, this implies that the mean annual household income in the United States is ______.

d. larger

The ______ is the middle value in a distribution of scores that are listed in numeric order

d. median

An education counselor records the number of high school graduates enrolled in community colleges, 4-year colleges, and universities. What scale of measurement is the type of college?

d. nominal

A researcher compares the amount of college debt (in dollars) that undergraduate students incur up to their 4-year degree. College debt is on what scale of measurement?

d. ratio

Which of the following distributions has the largest variability?

d. scores: 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12

A researcher records 52 scores. What is the median position of these scores?

d. the average of the 26th and 27th scores in numeric order

The ______ is an arithmetic mean of a weighted or disproportionate set of scores

d. weighted mean

A researcher records the following scores: 5, 3, 7, 6, 2, 8, 0, and 1. In terms of these data, the sum of the squared differences of scores from their mean is ______.

d. 60