Structural Engineering

Camber

A built-in upward curvature of a beam or girder to compensate for its deflection or sag

Air meter

A device for measuring the air content of concrete and mortar

Duchemins formula

A formula which is used for calculating the wind pressure, n, normal to a roof inclined at degrees to the horizontal when the wind pressure, P, on a vertical surface is known

Brittleness

A material, which implies the absence, of any plastic deformation prior to failure, It exhibits no yield point or necking down process and has a rupture strength approximately equal to its ultimate strength

Jetting

A method of driving piles or well points into sand by using a jet of water to break the soil

Beam test

A method of measuring the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) of concrete by testing a standard unreinforced beam is known as

Workability

A slump test is done in order primarily to determine the ______

28

A strength test shall be the average of the strengths of two cylinders made from the same sample of concrete and tested at ____ days or at the age designed for determination of f'

Liquefaction

A sudden drop in the shear strength of a soil

Impact test

A test which is used to determine the resistance of a material to a shock load

First

A vertically loaded beam, fixed at one end and simply supported at the other (or a propped cantilever) is indeterminate to what degree

Ductility

Ability of a material to deform in the plastic range without braking

Toughness

Ability of material to absorb energy in the plastic range

Elasticity

Behavior of an engineering material described by the following when the material returns to its original shape when the load is removed

Focal depth

Besides the epicenter, it describes the location of the earthquake

Middle thirds

Construction joint in floors shall be located within the _____ of spans of slabs, beam and girders

Pre tensioning

Described as herein stressing high strength steel wires before concrete hardens

Post tensioning

Described herein stressing high strength steel after the concrete has been cast and has attained sufficient strength

1/12

For beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange shall not exceed ____ of the span of the ebam

6

For beams with a slab on the one side only, the effective overhanging flange shall not exceed ___ times the slab thickness

4

Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled contact to act as a unit shall be limited to ____ bars in one bundle

Full sinewave

If a member is not restrained against sway, and has hinged ends, and the critical load is reached, this member will buckles laterally turning into the shape of

Necking

If a specimen undergoes a deformation after the load applied reached the maximum value, the diamter of the portion of the specimen begins to decrease because of local instability

Principal stress

If a test sample acts loaded by several forces in different directions, the tresses maybe resolved into three samples direct stresses which are in planes at right angles to each other, these stresses are called

Fatigue

If the maximum stress in the specimen does not exceed the elastic limit of the material, the specimen returns to its original position when the loadings are removed, but when the loadings are repeated thousand of times, rupture will occur at a stress much lower than the static breaking strength, this phenomenon is called

Abrams law

In concrete materials, the law for a mixture of workable consistency stated that the strength of concrete is determined by the water ratio of water to cement

4 times th e width of web

Isolated beams, in which the T shape is used to provide a flange for additional compression area, shall have an effective flange width of nor more than

Balanced design

It is a condition in which the concrete reaches its full compressive strength when the steel reaches its yield strength

Elongation

It is an increase in length or distance such as caused by stress or temperature change, and usually expressed as a percent of the original dimension

Eccentricity

It is the distance between the center of rigidity and the center of mass

Intensity

It is the measure of damage level in an earthquake

Load balancing

It is the method of designing pre stressed beams where the pre stressed force eccentricity is chosen to provide upward equivalent load that is equal and opposite to the given downward loads

Shear center

It is the point in the cross-section of the beam through which the plane of the transverse bending loads must pass so that the beam will bend without twisting

Center of mass

It is the point through which the applied seismic force acts

Center of rigidity

It is the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied force acts

Center of rigidity

It is the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral forces acts

Story drift

Lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below

Hookes law

Law that states the stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic region

Relaxation

Loss of stress that takes place with the passage of time as concrete is held at a constant strain

Homogeneous

Material has the same compression at any point

Homogeneous

Materials which have the same composition at any point

Anisotropic

Materials whose properties depend upon the direction considered

Magnitude of the earthquake

Measure by a richter scale

Actual displacement

Measured by a seismometer

25 mm

Minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be not less than

1/10

Minimum thickness of solid one way slab which has cantilever support in terms of its span

1/24

Minimum thickness of solid one way slab which has one end continuous in terms of its span

1/20

Minimum thickness of solid one way slab which is simply supported in terms of its span

1/28

Minumum thickness of solid one way slab which has both ends continous in terms of its span

Soft story

One in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above is called

Elasticity

Property of a material which makes it return to its original dimension when the load is removed

Ductility

Property of material enables it to under large permanent strains before failure

Reciprocal of deflection

Referred as the rigidity of a structure

Reciprocal of stiffness

Referred to flexibility of a structure

Elastic curve

Refers to a curve which shows the deflected shape of the neutral axis of a beam subjected to bending

500

Samples for strength tests for each class of concrete placed each day, shall be taken not less than once a day or not less than once for each ______ sq m of surface area

120

Samples for strength tests of each class of concrete placed each day, shall be taken not less than once a day or not less than once for each ______ cu.m or concrete

40

Strength tests for concrete are not required if the total quantity of a given class of concrete is less than

Proportional limit

Term for the value beyond which the stress is no longer proportional to the strain

Youngs modulus

That within the elastic range, it is the constant proportionality that defines the linear relationship between stress and strain

Resilience

The ability of a material to absorb energy in the elastic range

Portal method

The approximate method in analyzing indeterminate modular building frames by assuming hinges at the center of beam spans and column height

Yielding

The behavior of a material, which deforms considerably even with a slight increase in stress

Poissons ratio

The deformation of axially loaded members, the ratio of the lateral to the longitudinal strain is called

Elastic design

The design of a structure based on working stresses which are about a half of two thirds of the elastic limit of the material

Modulus of subgrade reaction

The elastic reaction of a subgrade to a plate load test

Resultant

The force which determines whether the body will be in equilibrium of will have a varying state of motion

Proportional limit

The largest value wherein the normal stress and normal strain are independent of the direction of loading

Orthotropic

The material has the same composition at every point but the elastic may not be the same in all directions

Homogeneous

The material has the same composition at every point but the elastic properties may not be the same in all directions

Isotropic

The material has the same elastic properties in all direction

Homogeneous

The material has the same elastic properties in all directions

Modulus of resilience

The maximum amount of strain energy that can be stored in a certain material without causing a permanent set

Agitation

The process of providing gentle motion in mixed concrete just sufficient to prevent segregation or loss of plasticity

Elasticity

The property of a material in which exhibits strains caused by the application of load disappears when the load is removed

Tenacity

The property of a material to resist the effect of tensile forces without rupture

Creep

The property of a material which continues to deform with time under sustained loading is known as

Stiffness

The property that enables a material to withstand high stress without great strains

Modulus or rigidity

The ratio of shear stress to shear within the shearing proportional limit is known as

Strain

The ratio of the elongation or shortening of a material to its original length is known as

Modulus of elasticity

The ratio of the stress of an elastic material to the strain called

Kinetic Friction

The retarding force acting opposite a body in motion

Kinetic friction

The retarding force acting opposite a body in motion

Yield point

The stress at which there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of the material without any corresponding increase of load

Elastic limit

The stress beyond which the material will not return to its original shape when unloaded but will retain a permanent deformation called permanent set

Breaking strength

The stress corresponding to rupture

Ultimate strength

The stress corresponding to the maximum load applied to the specimen

Modulus of rupture

The tensile stress developed by a flexural test computed from the flexure resistance formula is known as

Compatibility

The third requirement to guarantee the correct solution to a structural analysis problem, some thing to do with constant deformations. The two being equilibrium and stress-strain relationship

450 mm

Transverse reinforcement for at T beam construction shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness or ____

16

Vertical spacing of tie bars shall not exceed _____ mm longitudinal bar diam

5 minutes

When sampling freshly mixed concrete, the maximum elapsed time allowed between obtaining the final portion of the composite sample and beginning the test for slump is

25

Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers shall be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with a clear distance between layers not less than ____ mm

Column

Which structural member has the ratio of its unsupported height to its least lateral dimension of not less than 3 and is used to primarily support axial load (pedestal, column, deep beam, or corbel)

8

Width of effective slab as a T beam flange shall not exceed one fourth the span length of the beam and the effective overhanging slab width on each side of the web shall not exceed ____ times the slab thickness

1/2

Width of slab effective as T beam flange shall not exceed one fourth the span length of the beam and the effective overhanging slab width on each side of the web shall not exceed ____ clear distance to the next web

Permanent set

Will indicate the strain does not return to zero after the load has been removed

Plastic hinge

the region where the ultimate moment strength of a member may be developed and maintained with the corresponding inelastic rotation