Study guide

How many bonds does a carbon atom always form

4

What is pH?

A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid, and higher values are more basic.

What is an expressed gene?

A gene that is transcribed and translated into a protein.

What are the bases of DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

What tissue insulates, cushions, and stores energy?

Adipose Tissue

What are functions of membrane proteins?

Anchors, Identifiers, enzymes, receptors, carriers, and channels

What are organelles?

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

What are isotopes?

Atoms of an element with different atomic weights.

What tissue has a liquid matrix?

Blood

Where would you find smooth muscle?

Blood Vessels, the gastrointestinal tract (stomach), the bladder, or the uterus.

What products increase during cellular respiration?

CO2 and water

What are the products of cellular respiration?

CO2, water, and energy

What atoms make up a carbohydrate?

Carbon hydrogen, and oxygen

What do "pumps" do?

Carrier proteins transport substances from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.

What are daughter cells?

Cells that are made through cell division (stem cells)

What hairlike processes move mucus?

Cilia

What tissue makes up tendons and ligaments?

Connective Tissue

Where are proteins synthesized?

Cytoplasm (ribosomes)

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytosol

What are the different types of movement through cell membranes?

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport, and endocytosis

What process breaks down to food into absorbable forms?

Digestion

What is excess tissue fluid called?

Edema

What systems are responsible for integration and coordination?

Endocrine and Nervous system

What are the four major tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

What are hypertonic fluids?

Fluids with a higher osmotic pressure (more solute) than body fluids.

What polysaccharide is used as an energy-storage molecule?

Glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)

What cells produce mucus?

Goblet Cells

What structures do mucus-secreting cells have plenty of?

Golgi bodies

What are the different types of bonding?

Iconic, covalent, polar, and hydrogen.

What occurs during the cell cycle?

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytoplasmic division, and cell differentiation.

What is transcription?

Is the transfer of genetic information from the DNA to molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA)

Why is oxygen necessary for life?

It releases energy from food

What class of organic compounds do steroids belong to?

Lipids

What cells sense changes in their surroundings?

Macrophages

What glands release water, protein-rich fluids by exocytosis?

Merocrine Gland

Where does most ATP production occur?

Mitochondria

What are the characteristics of life?

Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion

What is a single covalent bond?

One pair of electrons shared.

What are the membranes of the thoracic cavity?

Parietal Pleura, the right and left pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum.

What does the genetic code consist of?

Proteins

What do proximal and distal refer to?

Proximal describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. Distal is a particular body part that is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part.

What are the various sections that the body can be divided into?

Sagittal- a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions. Transverse- a horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Coronal- a section that dives the body into anterior and posterior portions.

What compounds supply ions for cells?

Salts

What is another term to describe DNA replication?

Semi-conservative replication or duplicate.

What systems are responsible for movement?

Skeletal and Muscular Systems

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

What structures synthesize lipids?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

What are the functions of proteins?

Structural Materials, energy sources, hormones, receptors, antibodies, and enzymes

What are the different types of reactions?

Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible

What are the components of an enzymatic reaction?

The active site, the substrate and the resulting product

What is anabolism?

The buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones

What is a mutation?

The changing of the structure of a gene.

What are the components of the digestive system?

The mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, and large intestines

What determines an atom's chemical behavior?

The number of electrons on its outer shell.

What is an atomic number?

The number of protons in the atom of a particular element

What are codons?

The three base sequences which represent each amino acid.

What tissue makes up the urinary bladder?

Transitional epithelium

What is the most abundant compound in living systems?

Water

What are the requirements of life?

Water, Food, Oxygen, Heat, and Pressure

What are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

What type of energy is found in molecular bonds?

chemical energy

what are descriptors of enzymes?

complex molecules, usually proteins, that lower the amount of energy (called activation energy) required to start metabolic reactions. They also serve as catalysts and are used in very small quantities, and are not used up in the reaction.

What cavities are found in the dorsal cavity?

cranial and vertebral cavity

What cells secrete proteins that form fibers?

fibroblasts

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

glycolysis, citric acid cycle (krebs cycle), and electron transport chain.

What is chromatin?

loosely coiled fibers of DNA and proteins.

What is homeostatsis?

maintenance of a constant internal environment in organisms at a stable level.

What structures increase the small intestinal surface are?

microvilli

What substances can freely pass through a cell membrane?

molecules that are soluble in liquids such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. (Small and non polar molecules)

What are descriptors of the tissue lining respiratory passages?

mucous

What is another name for semi-permeable membrane?

selectively permeable

What type of tissue makes up air sacs in the lungs?

simple squamous epithelium or alveoli

What terms describe epithelial tissues?

simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

What system produces heat?

the Muscular System

What is the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms?

the cell