Study guide
How many bonds does a carbon atom always form
4
What is pH?
A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid, and higher values are more basic.
What is an expressed gene?
A gene that is transcribed and translated into a protein.
What are the bases of DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
What tissue insulates, cushions, and stores energy?
Adipose Tissue
What are functions of membrane proteins?
Anchors, Identifiers, enzymes, receptors, carriers, and channels
What are organelles?
Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.
What are isotopes?
Atoms of an element with different atomic weights.
What tissue has a liquid matrix?
Blood
Where would you find smooth muscle?
Blood Vessels, the gastrointestinal tract (stomach), the bladder, or the uterus.
What products increase during cellular respiration?
CO2 and water
What are the products of cellular respiration?
CO2, water, and energy
What atoms make up a carbohydrate?
Carbon hydrogen, and oxygen
What do "pumps" do?
Carrier proteins transport substances from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.
What are daughter cells?
Cells that are made through cell division (stem cells)
What hairlike processes move mucus?
Cilia
What tissue makes up tendons and ligaments?
Connective Tissue
Where are proteins synthesized?
Cytoplasm (ribosomes)
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
What are the different types of movement through cell membranes?
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport, and endocytosis
What process breaks down to food into absorbable forms?
Digestion
What is excess tissue fluid called?
Edema
What systems are responsible for integration and coordination?
Endocrine and Nervous system
What are the four major tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
What are hypertonic fluids?
Fluids with a higher osmotic pressure (more solute) than body fluids.
What polysaccharide is used as an energy-storage molecule?
Glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)
What cells produce mucus?
Goblet Cells
What structures do mucus-secreting cells have plenty of?
Golgi bodies
What are the different types of bonding?
Iconic, covalent, polar, and hydrogen.
What occurs during the cell cycle?
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytoplasmic division, and cell differentiation.
What is transcription?
Is the transfer of genetic information from the DNA to molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA)
Why is oxygen necessary for life?
It releases energy from food
What class of organic compounds do steroids belong to?
Lipids
What cells sense changes in their surroundings?
Macrophages
What glands release water, protein-rich fluids by exocytosis?
Merocrine Gland
Where does most ATP production occur?
Mitochondria
What are the characteristics of life?
Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion
What is a single covalent bond?
One pair of electrons shared.
What are the membranes of the thoracic cavity?
Parietal Pleura, the right and left pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum.
What does the genetic code consist of?
Proteins
What do proximal and distal refer to?
Proximal describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. Distal is a particular body part that is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part.
What are the various sections that the body can be divided into?
Sagittal- a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions. Transverse- a horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Coronal- a section that dives the body into anterior and posterior portions.
What compounds supply ions for cells?
Salts
What is another term to describe DNA replication?
Semi-conservative replication or duplicate.
What systems are responsible for movement?
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
What structures synthesize lipids?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What are the functions of proteins?
Structural Materials, energy sources, hormones, receptors, antibodies, and enzymes
What are the different types of reactions?
Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible
What are the components of an enzymatic reaction?
The active site, the substrate and the resulting product
What is anabolism?
The buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones
What is a mutation?
The changing of the structure of a gene.
What are the components of the digestive system?
The mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, and large intestines
What determines an atom's chemical behavior?
The number of electrons on its outer shell.
What is an atomic number?
The number of protons in the atom of a particular element
What are codons?
The three base sequences which represent each amino acid.
What tissue makes up the urinary bladder?
Transitional epithelium
What is the most abundant compound in living systems?
Water
What are the requirements of life?
Water, Food, Oxygen, Heat, and Pressure
What are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
What type of energy is found in molecular bonds?
chemical energy
what are descriptors of enzymes?
complex molecules, usually proteins, that lower the amount of energy (called activation energy) required to start metabolic reactions. They also serve as catalysts and are used in very small quantities, and are not used up in the reaction.
What cavities are found in the dorsal cavity?
cranial and vertebral cavity
What cells secrete proteins that form fibers?
fibroblasts
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, citric acid cycle (krebs cycle), and electron transport chain.
What is chromatin?
loosely coiled fibers of DNA and proteins.
What is homeostatsis?
maintenance of a constant internal environment in organisms at a stable level.
What structures increase the small intestinal surface are?
microvilli
What substances can freely pass through a cell membrane?
molecules that are soluble in liquids such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. (Small and non polar molecules)
What are descriptors of the tissue lining respiratory passages?
mucous
What is another name for semi-permeable membrane?
selectively permeable
What type of tissue makes up air sacs in the lungs?
simple squamous epithelium or alveoli
What terms describe epithelial tissues?
simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
What system produces heat?
the Muscular System
What is the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms?
the cell
