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14. What is a government that is run by the people, either directly or indirectly? A. Democracy B. Oligarchy C. Autocracy D. Communism

A. Democracy Many different types of governments exist around the world. Each nation's government establishes control over its territory and people through law. No two nations' governments and laws are exactly the same. One type of government is a democracy, where everyone has decision-making power. A democracy can either be direct or indirect. In a direct democracy, everyone gets a vote on every major decision. This type works best for small groups. There is also an indirect democracy (also called a representative democracy or republic). This is the type of government of the United States. In an indirect democracy, the people elect a few individuals to represent them. The people trust those elected officials to make decisions in their best interest. If they don't, the people can elect new representatives.

10. These boxes describe two events relating to the U.S. government ----- Example A The U.S. Supreme Court declares a law created by Congress unconstitutional. What constitutional principles are demonstrated in examples A and B? -------Example B Congress passes a new tax law and the Internal Revenue Service enforces it. What constitutional principles are demonstrated in examples A and B? A. Example A: checks and balances; Example B: separation of powers B. Example A: checks and balances; Example B: judicial review C. Example A: separation of powers; Example B: individual rights D. Example A: separation of powers; Example B: checks and balances

A. Example A: checks and balances; Example B: The Founding Fathers were afraid of a government with too much power, which it feared could take away people's basic rights. They believed in creating a limited and constitutional government. Therefore, the U.S. Constitution divides the powers of government into three separate branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. We call this the separation of powers. Some of the powers of each branch were designed to limit, or "check," the overall power of the The Founding Fathers were afraid of a government with too much power, which it feared could take away people's basic rights. They believed in creating a limited and constitutional government. Therefore, the U.S. Constitution divides the powers of government into three separate branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. We call this the separation of powers. Some of the powers of each branch were designed to limit, or "check," the overall power of the

7. How did the U.S. Constitution address the problem under the Articles of Confederation that Congress had no power to ensure its laws were followed by the states? A. It created an executive branch to enforce laws. B. It gave each state sovereign authority over its laws. C. It required the president to resolve disputes between states. D. It required unanimous consent of states to create new laws.

A. It created an executive branch to enforce laws. One of the weaknesses of The Articles of Confederation was that the government did not have an executive branch. When Congress passed a law, the state governments were supposed to enforce it, but this did not always happen. The U.S. Constitution addressed this problem by creating an executive branch to enforce laws made by the U.S. Congress.

13. How does rule of law affect U.S. government officials and institutions? A. It holds government officials and institutions accountable to the law. B. It requires government officials and institutions to create new laws. C. It prevents government officials and institutions from making their work public. D. It ensures government officials and institutions are exempt from laws.

A. It holds government officials and institutions accountable to the law. Rule of law is the principle that both those who govern and those who are governed must obey the law and are subject to the same laws. Everyone agrees to follow the laws. Rule of law affects government leaders and groups in many ways. Everything they do must be based on the law, and they are accountable for their decisions. That means officials are held responsible for the choices they make.

6. Which of the following was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation? A. The government did not have a separate judicial branch. B. The states could not print their own currency. C. The president was able to spend taxes freely. D. The government had too much power over trade.

A. The government did not have a separate judicial branch. The Articles of Confederation were written as the first plan of government for the United States. The Founding Fathers feared the tyranny a strong central government could encourage, so they restricted the powers of the new government. However, the weaknesses of the central government created several problems. These weaknesses included: • Each state had one vote in the legislative branch. • The government did not have an executive branch. • The government did not have a separate judicial branch. • Congress could not create taxes. • Congress could not raise a national military separate from the states. • Each state printed its own currency. • Congress could not control trade between states and with other nations. • New laws would require the support of nine of the 13 states, more than a majority. • The Articles of Confederation required unanimous agreement of the states to amend the document.

9. This diagram shows the purpose of government according to the Preamble of the Constitution. -----------------------the government ---------------------of the united states _________for is't power-------exists to_________ Which phrases complete the diagram? A. depends on people; serve the people B. depends on law; maintain the law C. depends on legislators; serve legislators D. depends on liberty; maintain those liberties

A. depends on people; serve the people The first section of the Constitution describes the purpose of the document. We call this section the "Preamble." The Preamble reveals the concerns U.S. leaders had at the time. It also describes the purpose and duty of government to its citizens. The preamble, or introduction, of the Constitution, explains why the Constitution was written. "We the people" emphasizes that the government depends on people for its power and that the government exists to serve the people.

15. What is the term used in the Fourteenth Amendment to describe persons who are born or naturalized in the United States? A. Aliens B. Citizens C. Immigrants D. Residents

B. Citizens A citizen is a legal member of a state or country. The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution defines U.S. citizens as people who are "born or naturalized in the United States".

2. What did many American colonists use Thomas Paine's Common Sense to justify? A. Acts of sabotage against British merchants B. Declaring independence from Britain C. Joining the army instead of the militia D. Supporting the British monarchy

B. Declaring independence from Britain The pamphlet Common Sense was written by Thomas Paine in 1776. It blamed King George III for the problems in American Colonies. It also challenged the authority of the British government and monarchy. Thomas Paine argued that the colonists should declare their independence from Britain. The pamphlet Common Sense emphasized the right to and benefits of self-government. It was widely read and encouraged support for independence from colonial rule among many colonists.

4. The Declaration of Independence included these complaints: • Taxation without representation • Limiting judicial powers • Quartering Troops • Dissolving legislature Which complaint should be added to this list? A. Requiring colonists to send representation to Parliament B. Suspending trial by jury in many cases C. Ordering colonists to move from Native American land D. Allowing the wealthy to avoid local laws

B. Suspending trial by jury in many cases The Declaration of Independence has three main sections. The colonists began by describing their beliefs about government, including natural rights and the social contract. The middle section is the list of grievances or complaints against King George III. The document ends with the official statement of independence. Some of the complaints included in the Declaration of Independence include imposing taxes without the consent of the people, suspending trial by jury, limiting judicial powers, quartering soldiers on colonist property, and dissolving local legislatures.

12. Which viewpoint was common among Anti-Federalists? A. There is no need for a separate Bill of Rights. B. The Constitution does not give enough power to the states. C. The Constitution will not strengthen the government. D. A strong national government will protect the people in times of crisis.

B. The Constitution does not give enough power to the states. The Federalists believed in a strong, central government. They supported the Constitution as written and argued for immediate ratification. On the other hand, the Anti-federalists thought the new government proposed by the Constitution was too strong. They wanted to see a Bill of Rights added to protect state governments' power and the people's rights.

3. The diagram describes a cause that led to the writing of the Declaration of Independence. British---------------Colonists reject increase tax ------> taxes passed ------> ? ----->Decleration on colonists -------------without-----------------of independce -------------------------- representation Which action completes the diagram? A. British eliminate all taxes on colonists B. Colonists vote to elect new member of Parliament C. British ignore colonist grievances D. Colonist send troops to Britain in protest

C. British ignore colonist grievances The American colonists were upset over many polices imposed by the British. One of these polices was imposing taxes without the consent of the people. The colonists expressed their grievances with the taxes and lack of representation, but the British did not take actions that addressed the colonists concerns. Ultimately, the Continental Congress appointed five delegates to create a document declaring independence from the British government. This document became known as the Declaration of Independence.

11. The passage below is from Federalist 51, written by James Madison in 1788. "... the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places. " Which constitutional principle does Madison describe in the passage? A. Popular sovereignty B. Judicial review C. Checks and balances D. Separation of powers

C. Checks and balances Checks and Balances are a system where one branch of government may act to limit the power of the other branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. In the passage from Federalist 51 James Madison describes this principle by saying that the interior structure of government (i.e. the legislative, executive and judicial branches) must be the means of keeping each other in their proper places (i.e. not allowing one to become too powerful).

8. What does the phrase "insure domestic tranquility" in the Preamble of the Constitution mean? A. Give land to the homeless B. Fight wars on foreign soil C. Keep the homeland at peace D. Provide citizens with insurance

C. Keep the homeland at peace The first section of the Constitution describes the purpose of the document. We call this section the "Preamble." The Preamble describes the purpose and duty of government to its citizens. One of the duties of government listed in the Preamble is to "insure domestic tranquility". Tranquility means to be free from commotion. Domestic refers to something inside a particular country. So, "insure domestic tranquility" best aligns with the statement "keep the homeland at peace".

5. The passage below was written by John Locke in his Second Treatise of Civil Government. government being for the preservation of every man's right and property, by preserving him for the violence or injury of others, is for the good of the governed Based on this passage, with which complaint in the Declaration of Independence would John Locke agree? A. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. B. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people... C. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. D. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

D. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. In this passage from Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government, he states that government should preserve the peoples' rights, property and safety. The grievance from the Declaration of Independence "He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good" explains that the colonists believe the King has refused to assent (or agree) to laws which are necessary for the public good. Based on the passage, it is reasonable to conclude that John Locke would have agreed that a ruler who did not create laws to protect the public good was not fulfilling his duties.