study!!! yEEE

wealth

the total valuee of what someone owns, minus any debt

social movement

collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality, and injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies.

ways humans construct kinship groups:

genealogical descent marriage

core countries

industrialized former colonial sites that dominate the world economic system

arranged marriage

marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties - Asia, Pacific, Middle East and Africa

exogamy

marriage to someone outside the kinship group

semiperiphery countries

nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy

The Anthropology of Art

- Distinction between fine art and popular art - Existence of a universal art - Assumption of quality between Western art and what is referred to as Primitive art

Arts and culture

- Not all cultures have the same perceptions of beauty, imagination, skill, and style. - Western culture- influenced by what was once called "Primitive art". ex: Venus de' Medici, Venus- Willendorf, Samoan tattoo, Picasso -African masks, Lascaux caves

Paganism

- Origin: multiple sources - followers: 1 mil - deity: mainly polytheistic sacred texts: multiple with diverse origins headquarters: none Public witches and other Pagans. 1st druid revivals, freemasonry occultism

Judaism(FINAL)

- Original of 3 Abrahamic faiths. - Originated in Middle East 3500 yrs ago. - Found by Moses: track back to Abraham - Covenant with 1 one god. Religious text: TALMUD (oral laws) <- (FINAL...know what the jewish text is called) - Mishnah: original oral law - Gemara: record of Rabbinic discussions (FINAL) TORAH (1st part of Jewish text contains first 5 books of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers & Deuteronomy)

Holy Days (Holy Jewish Days)

- Sabbath - Hanukkah: Festival of lights - Rosh Hashanah: Jewish New Year - Sukkot: remembers years spent in desert to promised land - Purim: celebrates defeat Haman - Pesach: escape Egyptian captivity - Shavuot: Moses on Mt. Sinai - Yom Kippur: High Holy day, sacred and solemn. - Simchat Torah: celebrates Torah

Jainism

- The Universe and everything is eternal. - Nothing was created nor will be destroyed-just always was. - Universe consists of 3 realms: (Heavens, Earthly realms, Hells) - Emphasize Nonviolence & Asceticism - Began in 6th cent. B.C. 24 spiritual leaders- "Ford-makers" or "Tirthankara's" Ritual centers around sacred images and mantras. ex: Mahavira: 1200 A.D.: Supreme God

The significance of art

- expression of human life - creativity is cultural - songs, dances, paintings, architecture, clothing, games, and food.

Visual Anthropology

- field of anthropology that explores the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images, focusing on the power of visual representation to influence cultural and cultural identity - In 1888, National Geographic successfully blended art, journalism photography

Sexology

-19th century -study of sexuality, played role in the creation of heterosexuality as the dominant ideal.

Deities

1) 1st. God Creator of all living things Helps with creation, upkeep & destruction 2) Destroyer then recreates. 3) Preserver of the Universe.

Rites of Passage (Arnold Gennep) (FINAL)

1) A category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or a group. 2) Religious rites of passage are life-transition rituals marking moments of intense change, such as birth, coming of age, marriage, and death. Ex: Sacred Thread Ceremony (the 8 YEAR OLD) Hinduism and Jain Sanskar

From chiefdom to kingdom

1) A centralized political organization with the king as the paramount leader. 2) In Tonga, mid-19th century,the quest for land, led to warfare, and trade with Europe, transformed system from Chiefdom into a Kingdom. ex: First King of Tonga Taufa'ahau - 1845 ex: tonga's royal family

African Creation Myths

1) Ashanti - Anansi/Spider Woman 2) Egypt - Seb - God of Time and Earth 3) Yoruba - Obatala - First to make earth for humans to live

Oceania Creation Myths

1) Hindu - Ganesha/ Wealth and Knowledge 2) Australia - Aborigines/ Rainbow Serpent 3) New Zealant - Maori - God of Wind

Asian Creation Myths

1) Japan - Izunami and Izunagi, Chaos to Matter to Humans 2) China - Pangu creates the universe and Yin and Yang

ranked society lecture

1. Positions of high prestige- as a chief- are largely inherited. Social rank is set regardless of skills, wisdom, or efforts of members in group. 2. Chief does not accumulate great wealth but maintains high prestige. Group members offer gifts or tribute to the chief, but are not kept. - They practice Redistribution

tribute serves as

1. Serves mechanism for dispense goods. 2. Way to affirm political power of chief & value of solidarity among people

identities of religion

1.Belief in powers or deities - abilities not of the natural world not be measured by scientific tools. 2. Myths / stories - reflect purpose of life, origins, and humans' place in the universe. 3. Rituals - reinforce, recall, instill, and explore beliefs. 4. Symbols - represent key aspects 5. Specialists - assist believer to understand life 6. Organization and institutions - preserve, explore, teach, and implement beliefs 6. A community of believers

industrial revolution

18th and 19th century shfit from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing. G.B. led the way and relied heavily on raw materials, cheap labor and open markets of the colonies.

Jainism

7 levels of heaven 1) Top level: Realm of Jains-reserved for liberated souls. 2) Earthly realm: Realm of Gods" "Continent of the Jambudnoa" Rose-Apple Tree" 3) Divided into 7 regions by 6 mountain ranges- with deliverance & religious merit is possible in 3 of these regions: 4) India in the South 5) Airavat in the North 6) Mahavideha in the Middle 7) Hell: 8 levels - get colder as they go down.

Ethnohistory

A field study for reconstructing & interpreting the history of indigenous peoples from their point of view as well as the points of view of the ethnohistorians

GHOST INVOCATION

A living man- considered as Elder calls forth the wrath of ancestor gods against sinner. ex: Lugbara, Uganda: believe that ancestors will afflict with illness any living kin who upset them by endangering well-being of community

tribute

A non-standardized currency culture. Tribal chiefs are given a portion of food & other goods by those in the community group then said goods are given back by the chief to the group

Origin myth (FINAL)

A story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common ancestry (identity) This is how ethnic identity is taught & reinforced.

Pastoralism (true <- know this definition... name a group that is pastoralist..starts with a m)

A strategy for food production involving the domestication and herding of animals. goats, sheep pigs may be raised to support family.

ANIMATISM

Belief that all things are endowed with spirit form oressence- an impersonal spiritual force that exists & manifest itself in people, animals or inanimate objects. Success, good fortune are signs of access to impersonal force & failure is sign of absence.

Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead <- teacher favorite: also studied in Japan (Boa's students):

Benedict wrote Patterns of Culture and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: explored the ways in which cultural traits and entire cultures are uniquely patted and integrated Mead: research in Samoa, Bali, and Papua New Guinea. he attention to enculturation and its powerful effects on cultural patterns and personality types: Coming of Age in Samoa: explored the seeming sexual freedom and experimentation of young Samoan woman and compared it with the repressed sexuality of young women in the US. suggesting the powerful role of enculturation in shaping behavior.

Homo erectus

Between 1.8 mya - 300,000yBP - found in Africa, Asia and Europe - larger than the pervious people and longer legs and shorter arms (before it was shorter legs): shows they are fully developed bipedialism. - first ancestor to migrate out of Africa - turned to cultural innovations to build adaptive strategies as they moved out of Africa - found bones of hippos, baboons, elephants indicates enchanted use of tools of throwing and thrusting (spears) a well as chopping, cutting and scraping - Acheulian stone tools -brain size increase because of protein - increased tool for food processing and preparation, from cutting to cooking, led to a reduction in the size of teeth, jaws and face - the homo erectus site at Zhoukoudian outside Beijing, China reveals the controlled use of fire. - burned remnants of bones, stone tools, plants, charcoal and ash indicate that homo erectus individuals were manipulating and controlling their environment with fire. - successfully colonized Africa, Asia and Europe with sites found in Spain and Italy.

Homo habilis

Between 2.5 & 1.8 mya. - lived in southern and eastern africa: same geographic distribution as the Australopithecines -increased cranial capacity, presumably greater mental capacity, and increased use of told. stone tools are more common here. better tools allowed more efficient processing of meat and higher protein intake. - even though the homo habilis were bipedal, the habilis did not share the efficient walking stride of later homo erectus and homo sapiens

HINDU: World Turtle: Creation of the Earth (FINAL...begins with little I)

Body of the turtle as the container or the universe itself. The earth is actually the Turtle's lower shell while the atmosphere is its body. The upper shell is what houses the heavenly realm. Within Hinduism, The Turtle is called KURMA (aka: Cosmic Turtle, Divine Turtle, World-bearing Turtle)

PROPHET

Emerge when religious image of social order fails to match daily experience of people. Will then create a new religious idea or call for purification or existing practices. ex: Moses

Early archaic Homo sapiens (Neandertals)

Emerged as early as 350,000yBP

Caste system in India

Hindu religious texts, rituals, and beliefs divide population into four Varna: castes. Each caste is associated with particular occupations and ranked according to its purity in Hindu ritual practices. 1) Brahmin: scholars, spiritual leaders 2) Ksyatriyas: soldiers, rulers 3) Vaisyas: agricultural workers, merchants 4) Shudras: laborers, artisans 5) Dalits: lowest caste, literally means: broken people- "Untouchables". Polluting work- cleaning toilets, collect garbage, tanning leather. Contaminate if touched.

Furs

North America, fur trade in beaver pelts, pulled continent into global economy. European trappers established trading relationships with Native Americans: furs-guns, metal tools, textiles.

Aesthetic experience

Perception through the human senses lec: 1. Western art traditions value of art 2. concept of aesthetics beauty, creativity, innovation

hypodescent

Sometimes known as the "one drop rule"- the assignment of children of racially 'mixed' union to the subordinate group. Sanctioned by the United States Supreme Court- began during slavery. In 1982 a court case to determine the listing of an individual born in 1977 in the South as being 'colored' but looked 'white'. All based on the % of black ancestry

Natural Selection

The evolutionary process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population "survival of the fitter" occurs when individuals within a pop. have certain characteristics that provide an advantage that enables them to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than others in the pop.

anthropologist toolkit (FINAL) <- true

all the equipment needed to conduct research: notebook, pens, camera, voice recorder, cell phone, watch, dictionary, identification

lexicon

all the words for names, ideas, and events that make up a language's dictionary

Age Sets (age-grade)

an association of people of more or less similar age who are given specific social functions.

Melanesians: Mana

as a force inherent in all objects- not physical itself but can show itself physically. ex: Warriors Amulet

unilinear descent

both matrilineal and patrilineal pattern reflect this because they build kinship groups through either one line or the other Descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either mother or fathers line. Common in non-Western societies. Child is assigned at birth to either mother or father group.

Caste system in India

carefully described Example of caste: Hindus. Complex system reflects The influences of religion, social and economic relations, nations experience with Colonialism & Globalization.

rite of passage

category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or a group

caste

closed system of stratification in a society system of stratification by organizing members of a culture into hierarchically ranked groups with unequal access to the rewards and privileges of society.

Franz Boas (said)

conducted fieldwork among the Kwakiutl people of the Pacific Northwest of US and Canada. believed in historical particularism - also turned to the idea of diffusion: borrowing of cultural traits and patterns from other cultures to explain apparent similarities -Participant Observation -Salvage Ethnography -Historical Particularism

economy

cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and to thrive Most basic level: economy : a set of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor for basic needs.

ethnology

cultural anthropologists: analyze and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures: look beyond specific local realities to see more general patterns of human behavior and to explore how local experiences intersect with global dynamics

mental maps of reality

cultural classifications of what kinds of people and things exist and the assignment of meaning to those classifications. these are maps that humans construct what kinds of people and what kinds of things exist. maps are to navigate our experience and organize all the data that comes our way. 1) classify reality (ex: subdivided of kingdom: phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. time: millennia, centuries, decades, years, seasons, months, weeks hours, morning, etc 2) assign meaning to what has been classified (ex: we classify and divide life span into categories: infant, children, teen, adults, and seniors: place different values to different ages

zeros

elements of a story or a picture that are not told or seen and yet offer key insights into issues that might be too sensitive to discuss or display publicly.

MARVIN HARRIS

emphasized environmental adaptation, technologies, & methods of acquiring or producing food in the development of culture. created the view of Cultural Materialism: all aspects of a society's culture are derived from its economic foundation

language loss

extinction of languages that have very few speakers: language revitalization: langs not written down preserving endangered langs: info the is beg. to transform the ways in which linguistic anthropologists document and preserve endangered langs.

its toolmaker not toymaker (FINAL)

false

salavge ethnography (FINAL) the answer is t/f = true

fieldwork by boas to rapidly collect cultural, material, linguistic and biological info about U.S. Native pops. being devastated by western expansion. rapid gathering of all available material: artifacts, photographs, recordings of spoken langs, songs, etc would do oral interviews than actual behavior since they were running out of them. (native cultures were rapidly disappearing)

E.E. Evans Pritchard (witchcraft)

final

Charles Darwin

first articulated the throw by Natural Selection in his book in 1859: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle

race (FINAL)

flawed system of classification, created and re-created over time , with no biological basis that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups

Pierre Bourdieu

focused on Education & Social Reproduction: Studied the French educational system in order to understand relationship among class, culture and power. He viewed the concept that education is considered as the key to upward Social Mobility found within stratified societies. He felt the Meritocracy of education- students deemed successful on basis of their individual talent & motivation- should provide all students an equal opportunity.

redistribution

form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

redistribution

form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern ex: Food aide to Zimbabwe or when we receive a paycheck, our taxes part of US govnt system of redistribution All goods goes to a central location: either chief storehouse or central government.

true (FINAL)

franz boas, mead, bronisnki, and ruth benedicts all conducted fieldwork with participation observation: TRUE

values (FINAL)

fundamental beliefs about what is important, true, or beautiful and what makes a good life.

structural gender violence

gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basic resources such as food, shelter and health care that differentially affect women in particular

survey:

information gathering tool for quantitative data analysis to reach a broader sample of participants around key issues, but rarely do they subsist for participant observation and face to fce interviews

qualitative data

information that cannot be counted but may be even more significant or understanding the dynamics of a community descriptive data drawn from non statistical sources, including participant observation, personal stories, interviews and life stories

genotype

inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form; these factors constitute the total genetic endowment that the organism, in turn, can pass down to its descendants

compassionate marriages

marriage built on love, intimacy and personal choice rather than social obligation

endogamy

marriage to someone within the kinship group

Paleontologists group our immediate ancestors into 5 primary categories

pre-australopithecus australopithecus homo habilis homo erectus homo sapiens

prehistoric archaeology

reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records) through the examination of artifacts. campsites, hunting grounds, buildings, burials, and especially garbage dumps are rich source of material. these archaeologists find tools, weapons, pottery, human and animal bones, jewelry, seeds, charcoal, ritual items, building foundations, and even coprolites (fossilized fecal matter).

globalization

refers to the worldwide intensification of interations and the increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders

Clifford Geertz interpretivist approach

saw cultures as a set of ideas or knowledge shared by a group of people that provides a common body of information about how to behave, why to behave that way and what that behavior means conceptual framework that sees culture primarily as symbolic system of deep meaning ex) wink and twitch of the eye same muscle movement but different in meaning.

Paleogeneticists

scientists who studies the past through the examination of preserved genetic material DNA mutates- scientists who specialize in this form of dating/analysis they study the genetics of DNA from generation to generation through mothers- means: all modern humans have a matrilineal- "most common ancestor"- Africa apprx. 170,000 yrs ago DNA analysis indicates all humans were originally all from Africa.100,000 yrs ago human populations began to migrate to the Middle East and then Europe

Edward Tylor and Lewis Morgan

seeked to organize the vast quantities of data about the diversity of cultures worldwide being accumulated through colonial and missionary experiences during 19th century. They were influenced by charles darwin: suggested in unilineal cultural evolution

commnitas

sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what constitutes a good life, and a commitment to take social action to move toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage

ascribed status (caste)

social position inherited, assigned as birth, and passed down from generation to generation with enforced boundaries

Rules of descent:

social rules that stipulate the nature of relationships from one generation to another. Members trace their connections back to a common ancestor through a chain of parent-child links.

marriage

socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

synchronic approach

sought roc control experiments by limiting consideration of the larger historical and social context in order to isolate as many variables as possible

ethnocentrism (FINAL)

strong human tendency to believe that one's own culture or way of life is normal, nature, and superior to the beliefs and practices of others.

Ethnomusicologist, Kyra Gaunt

studied how music and games became a part of the construction of gender

historic linguists

study how language changes over time within a culture and as it moves across cultures

kinesics (FINAL)

study of the relationship between body movements and communication (facial expressions, gestures, postures that covey messages with or without words: nods, handshakes, bows, and arms folded tightly across communicate information)

descriptive linguistcics (FINAL)

study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language and their combination into forms that communicate meaning ex) the word doesnt look like a pig but when we hear it, we automatically envision the pic of pig in our mind

sociolinguists

study of the ways culture shapes language and language shapes culture, particularly the intersection of language and systems of power such as race, gender, class and age

economics

study of ways in which choices people make combine to determine how society/culture will use scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services

phonology

study of what sounds exist and which ones are important for a particular language. (might end up with pig instead of big)

historical linguistics

suds of the development of language over time, including its change and varations

Code Switching

switching back and forth bet.. one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context What is said and how said is often influenced by variables such as: AGE GENDER RELATIVE SOCIAL STATUS

underdevelopment

term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system

bipedalism (under Pre-Australopithecines)

the ability to habitually walk on two legs; one of the key distinguishing characteristics of humans and our immediate ancestors.

Rituals embody:

the beliefs, passions and sense of solidarity of a group of people

gender stratification (FINAL)

unequal distribution of power and access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender

Fictive

unrelated individuals who are regarded & treated as relatives.

gender violence (FINAL)

forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved includes verbal abusive, stalking, harassment, and any form of psychological or physical threat that evokes the fear of violence: rape, sex trafficking, dowry death, female infanticide, female genital cutting and the battering and abuse of intimate partners and family members

Four-field approach

interrelated fields: physical anthropology, archaeology anthropology, linguistic anthropology and cultural anthropology

Holism (FINAL)

anthropological commitment to look at the whole picture of human life, include culture, biology, history, and language across space and time

Participation Observation

anthropological research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied

field notes

anthropologists written observations and reflections on places, practices, events, and interviews

developmental adaptation

way in which human growth and development an be influenced by factors other than genetics, such as nutrition, disease and stress ex) height is not only influenced by DNA but the quality and quantity of food teen and diseases experienced.

mythology area is divided into 6 different areas (geographic area) <- cultural areas: name at least 3

African mythology oceania mythology middle east mythology American mythology European mythology

Ritual

An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging.

Ambika

The mother goddess "perfect universal presence": There is also a multitude of deities who dwell in Heaven. One important deity: Ambika: Patron deity of maternal prosperity Childbirth and protection of women.

slash & burn agriculture (aka: swidden farming)

a practice of clearing land for cultivation

Bourgeoisie

capitalist class that owns the Means of Production- factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things.

prestige (weber)

reputation, influence and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups

gender studies

research into the cultural construction of masculinity and felinity across cultures as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories. Thanks to Margaret Mead: she challenged U.S. cultural assumptions about human sexuality and gender roles

interview

research strategy of fathering data through formal or informal conversation with informats

initiative magic

ritual performance that archives efficacy by imitating the desired magical result

contagious magic

ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person

emic (FINAL)

approach to gathering data that investigate how local people think and how they understand the world

Art in Human History

archaeological records humans and art- at least tens of thousands of years. - Paleolithic cave paintings in Europe - Lascaux cave, France - Altamira cave, Spain

grammar

combined set of observations about the rules governing the formation of morphemes and syntax that guide language use

asexuality

lack of erotic attraction to others

polygyny

marriage between one man and two or more woman - Nuer of Sudan, Brahmans of Nepal

polyandry

marriage between one woman and two or more men - Nyar of India, Nyimba of Tibet and Nepal

Four key evolutionary forces

mutation natural selection gene migration genetic drift

sex work

labor through which one provides sexual services for money

(FINAL)

gender identity definition

warriors of the amazon (FINAL)

they drink it as a banana soup

patrilineal

tracking kinship through the father's side

the azande trace all misfortunes to _____ and for them it involves a _____

witchcraft psychic power the tray be used consciously or unconsciously by a witch — a woman or a man — to cause misfortunes or death

Clifford Geertz

"religion as a cultural system"

Hijras

-Third gender, considered neither male or female. -Religious followers of Hindu Mother Goddess. -Are revered and feared.

Americas Creation Myths

1) Aztec- Sun God 2) Lakota - White Buffalo Calf Woman 3) Mayan - Sun/Moon Gods

Founding of Tribal Chiefs

1) Narrative tells of the founding of the Tribal chiefs of governance. It tells of the creation of theCouncil of 144 chosen from the ten Cheyenne bands. 2) Members served for ten-year terms. 3) They met only during Summer,Cheyenne nation gathered forcommunal buffalo hunts. 4) Settled disputes and organized hunts. 5) Chiefs were men of judgment & good character. ex: Cheyenne, American plains

Religion is not so much talked about:

1) performed in public dance displays, rites and rituals (danced and sung) 2) Hopi - Kachina

applied anthropology

60% are these: work outside of academic settings to apply the strategies and insights of anthropology directly to world problems

James Frazer

The Golden Bough (1890) Book (MAGIC)

multiculturalism

A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain their culture ethnic culture.

eugenics

A pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring some races over others

religion (FINAL)

A set of beliefs based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often revealed through insights into a supernatural power and lived out in community.

Kindred

A smaller group within the known bilateral relatives with whom they will interact, socialize, and rely on for economic & emotional assistance.

Fundamental concept of evolution

All living species share a common ancestry from which they have descended. The more closely the two organisms relate biologically- more recent their ancestry.

GHOST VENGENCE

Ancestor gods will inflict sickness on guilty people directly without being invoked.

Creating ethnic Identity

Anthropologists see Ethnicity as a cultural construction, not as a natural formation based on biology or inherent human nature. Barth (1969)- ethnicity is a "social organization of cultural differences"

Dogon

Awa dance/ lead souls of dead to final resting place in family alters and to consecrate their passage to rank of ancestors. (FINAL) the purpose of the joke of the awe dance is that they guide the dead to resting place in family altars ex: African - Mali

EE. EVAN PRITCHARD, in 1937 describes an elaborate religious system of the ____ in which ______ are central elements in daily life and conversation

Azande magic, witchcraft, and poison oracles

TOTEMISM (FINAL)

Belief system in which people believe they are descendents of spirit /ancestor beings who may be either human or animal. They are believed to give protection / guidance

ETHNOGRAPHY

Collecting and analyzing information about culture. The activities, beliefs, & attitudes that groups of people engage in from a daily basis

Margaret Mead (FINAL)

Coming of Age in Samoa (her book) Her focus was on Enculturation & its powerful effects on cultural patterns and personality types. its powerful effects on cultural patterns and personality types. focus explored the seeming sexual freedom & experimentation of young Samoan women- then compared it with the represses sexuality of young women in the U.S. She suggest the powerful role of enculturation in shaping behavior- even to behavior that is imagined to have biological origins.

Gods & Goddesses

Considered as the great & remote beings usually perceived as controlling the universe with some recognized as responsible for particular parts of the universe.

China- Nuwa (FINAL)

Creation deity - portrayed as a beautiful woman half serpent. She came after Pangu and created animal life and then humans.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid: the feature of a cell that provides the genetic code for the organism, giving it a blueprint for development and growth.

Variation

Differences between species and within species. Comes from random genetic changes in individual organisms. Allows for better survival rate and reproduction when shifts in natural environment or competition for food or mates change. Evolutionary change occurs through generations.

General reciprocity

Distribution of goods with no immediate or specific return expected.

Other forms of Unilineal descent

Double descent Parallel descent Ambilineal descent

Unilineal Evolution: stage 3 (FINAL)

E.B. Tylor & Henry Morgan civilization barbarism savagery

sugar

Europeans established plantation economy in Caribbean and South America- produce sugar for export to Europe.

Negative reciprocity

Exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage & the desire to get something for nothing.

Balanced reciprocity

Exchange of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation to return them within a specified time limit. ex: Kula Ring- Trobriand Islands

Bronislaw Malinowski

FUNCTIONALISM: Culture traits have social functions that contribute to the smooth operations of the whole society. Believed social, economic & political structures organized to satisfy human needs & that diverse practices have specific functions to address needs.

ETHNOHISTORY

Field of study for reconstructing & interpreting the history of indigenous peoples from their point of view as well as the points of view of the ethnohistorians.

Ethnography

Fieldwork in a particular culture. To understand human nature requires comparative, cross-cultural studies. Human behavior is adaptable and worthy of study.

Monasticism

Five Great Vows (Mahavratas) Right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct are the three most essentials for attaining liberation. In order to acquire these, one must observe the five great vows: 1. Non-violence - Ahimsa 2. Truth - Satya 3. Non-stealing - Achaurya or Asteya 4. Celibacy/Chastity - Brahmacharya 5. Non-attachment/Non-possession - Aparigraha Ascetic lifestyle Monks and Nuns are fulltime Take 5 great vows

"Primitive" art

Franz Boas collected extensive pieces of ritual from the Kwakitul peoples. ex: Grandma Moses

Lakshmi

Goddess of wealth and purity. Portrayed as a beautiful woman with 4 arms. Standing or sitting on a Lotus petal with at least one or two white elephants standing behind, anointing water. Consort of Vishnu. Strong in Hindu mythology.

Ralph Linton

He claimed we learn our culture by growing up with it - culture is transmitted by generation to generation "culture is learned"

Sexuality Construction in US.

Homosexuality Heterosexuality Bisexuality Asexuality

Symbolic culture

Ideas people have about themselves, others, and the world, and the ways that people express these ideas.

Australopithecines

Includes Taung child and Lucy Lived between 4 & 1 may Their brain size and body size remained consistent. Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus were for a time contemporary with australopithecines. with these two new groups our ancestors experienced a dramatic increase in intelligence and the use of material culture.

Pre-Australopithecines

Intermediate form between apes and humans. Lived between 7 & 4 may - discovered in the middle awash region. -first evidence of transitional feature bet. the primate line and australopithecines and later humans

Racial Classification

Is the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories based on common ancestry.

What do you know about our Human Ancestors?

It all started at Middle Awash River Valley in northern Ethiopia one of the richest area of discovery of almost every major grouping of human ancestor over the last 6 million yrs. Allows scholars to identify patterns of continuity and change / historical record of evolutionary change in our immediate human ancestors.

rapid change

dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture characteristics of contemporary globalization

Two-Spirits

Known as Berdache Transgendered individuals adopt roles and behaviors of opposite gender. Considered having supernatural powers, allowed special priveleges

Raven (FINAL)

Kwakitul Raven Mask. aka: Culture Hero & Trickster (Franz Boas) Gets into trouble because he is mischievous. Myths surrounding his exploits.

Cultural Comparisons

Means of understanding cultural differences and similarities through data analysis rather than direct observations.

Descent group obligations

Membership can be restricted 1- based on where people live. 2- based on choice 3- most common membership restriction by making sex legally relevant instead of tracing membership back to common ancestor- membership is through male or female- tracing exclusively through one sex.

Modern Homo sapiens

Modern anatomical characteristics emerged as early as 200,000 yBP

Phratries: groups of linked clans that are usually exogamous

Moieties: groups of linked clans that divide a society into two halves, usually exogamous.

Leslie White

N. American Anthropologist who claimed that Culture consisted of 3 essential elements: Techno-economic Social Ideological Observed that human behavior originates in the use of symbols- symbols can be culturally understood by members of culture. "culture is symbolic"

Are humans the only species to have sex other than for procreation

NO, bonobos, dolphins and humans are the only mammals that have sex for fun rather than exclusively for procreation

Fetishes

Native American carving believed to have special power (animal or revered god <- Zuni fetish/wemawe) Zuni tribe, who call themselves Asiwi

Hinduism (no single founder or single scripture)

Oldest living religion with some elements dating back one thousand years (connected to Jainism/Buddism/Sikhism) Belief that soul goes through a cycle of birth, death, successive lives. Next life is dependent on how previous life was lived. - belief in karma and samara (reincarnation) Common value system : Dharma Supreme GOD- qualities and forms are represented by multitude of deities that emanate from him

Sikhism

One God (without form or gender) - everyone has direct access to God - A good life is lived as part of a community, by living honestly & caring for others - Empty religious rituals & superstitions have no value - everyone is equal before God - Cycle of Birth, life, rebirth Quality of life depends on law of Karma- living a painful life is to achieve a total knowledge of and union and God.

Christianity

One God: known as Father Trinity: Father,Son,Holy Spirit Jesus Christ: Son Of God, Savior of World. God is: - Omniscient: knows all things - Omnipotent: all powerful - Omnipresent: present everywhere - Sovereign, Holy, Just/Righteous, Love, True, Spirit, Creator, Infinite and Eternal

Avunculocal residence:

Patterns of residence after marriage in which the couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother. (husband's uncle)

modernization theories

Post-World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries.

development

Post-World War II strategy of wealthier nations to spur global economic growth , alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies.

Anne Fausto Sterling

Proposed a theory that that there is a middle ground between male and female absolute categories. -Theres approximately 1.7% of live births that do not conform to an absolute sex chromosome, gonad, genitals, or hormonal dimorphism

Jain Worship

Public: Stone Temples Home: Wooden Shrines that resemble temple

Émile Durkheim

Religion: "a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, things set apart and forbidden- beliefs and practices which unite Into one single moral community-church, all who adhere to them".

State societies

Republics empires ex: inca of peru

cargo system

Ritual system common in S. America & Central America in which wealthy people are required to hold a series of costly ceremonial offices-they provide food, alcohol, other goods during religious celebrations during the year. - Practice, value or form of social organization that evens out wealth within society. - The organization will reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good. - In U.S.- done by local, State and Federal tax codes.

RITES OF RENEWAL

Rituals performed with the goal of renewing the bounty of the earth. Usually seasonal or annual, with both sacred & secular elements are celebrated ex: Druids: Salisbury Plain, England Stonehenge

Residence rules

Rules that stipulate where a couple will reside after their marriage.

feast givers/big men

Self-made leaders able to convince relatives/neighbors to contribute goods for sake of community, only to be given away in an elaborate ritual

Photographic gaze

Shows the culture through those being photographed.

Slaves

Spanish & Portuguese plantation owners turned to African slave trade to supply labor needs. Between 16th - 18th century, millions of Africans were sold as slaves.

E.E. Evans Pritchard

Studied Aznde people of Suda, Africa -Magic was not irrational expression but a component of a highly organized, rational, and logical system of thought that complemented science in understanding the way the world works. -Azande trace all misfortunes to witchcraft.Their witchcraft does not involve ritual, spells, or medicines. - Use psychic power consciously or unconsciously Ex: Azande Diviner

Kinship system

System of determining who one's relatives are and what one's relationship is to them.

human lang are the only one that has lang

TRUE: other species has call system out of sound

Islam

Text : Qur'an: word of God Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus all considered as great Prophets but Mohammed is considered last in series of prophets. Practice 5 pillars of Islam: Obligatory acts of worship, Testimony, Prayer, Alms-giving, Fasting and Pilgrimage to Mecca Pilgrimage to Kabba in Mecca: known as Hajj.

POLYTHEISM

The belief in multiple gods, goddesses, spirits and various aspects of one god. ex: Centered in pantheon of myths & rituals- Shinto, Ancient Greek, Roman, Germanic, Slavic,& Celtic, Chinese folk religion, Buddhism- Tantric, Hinduism, Neo-pagan faiths & Wicca: Earth Mother & other deities.

Cultural Relativism

The belief that no culture is inherently superior or inferior to another understanding a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context, without making judgements

EMPIRICISM

The practice of conducting studies through direct observation & objective description.

Assimilation (FINAL)

The process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups

Ethnomusicology

The study of music

political anthropology

The study of the ways communities plan group actions, make decisions affecting the group, select leadership, and resolve disputes.

Material culture

The tools people make and use, the clothing, and ornaments they wear, the buildings, they live in, and the household utensils they use

political organization

The ways societies are organized to plan group activities, make decisions affecting members of the group, select leadership & settle disputes.

Transhumance

This form of production usually involves herders moving livestock seasonally between high and low-altitude grazing areas

Market Exchange

Todays patterns of exchange are influenced by economic markets that facilitate buying and selling of land, natural resources, goods, services, labor, and ideas. This can vary in size such as a village market to the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street. In some areas people will barter.

KoKo (FINAL)

Trained in 1972 Mastered 1,000 ASL signs- understood more than 2,000 spoken words GORILLA

Collateral Household

Type of extended household that includes siblings and their spouses and their children

Where is domestic violence a widespread problem?

U.S. Culture

lNoam Chomsky [Universal Grammar} (FINAL)

Underlying similarities in process of learning that unites all human languages.

EVOLUTIONISM

View held by early social philosophers that human differences can be accounted for by different rates of progress, leading to different levels of cultural achievement. Individuals adapt to their social environment & historical conditions as well as they do to their physical surroundings- goal= progress & possibility of betterment

Household

Will include three or more generations. We refer to this as an Extended Family Household. Ex: Muslims of Western Bosnia- "Zadruga

Proletariat

Working class: class of laborers who own only their labor. They lacked land to grow their own food, tools to make their own products, and capital to build workshops or factories. They sold their work (their labor) to capitalists in return for wages.

Kippah/Kippot or Yarmulke

Worn to show support and follow ancient tradition to cover head as sign of respect and devout to God

E.E. Evans Pritchard

Wrote The Nuer: based research with a Sundanese tribe over 11 months. he documented the group's social structure: political, economic, and kinship. however the Sundanese were living in British resistance so a lot of anthropology were pissed at evan because the facts were totally untrue studied the Nuer of Sudan

Émile Durkheim

a French Sociologist who explored ideas of the sacred and the profane, as well as the practical effects of religious ritual.

creationism

a belief that God created earth and all living creatures in their present form as recently as six thousand years ago

key informant

a community member who advises the anthropologist on comment issues, provides feedback, and warns against culture miscues (aka: cultural consultant)

cultural adaptation

a complex innovation,such as fans, furnaces, and lights, that allows humans to cope with their environment.

dependency theory

a critique of modernization theory that argued that, despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed

affinal relationships

a kinship relationship established through marriage and/alliance, not through biology or common descent

Kinetic Orality

a musical genre combining body movement and voice.

Martyr (FINAL)

a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of religion.

hegemony

ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a pop. without the use or threat of force

E.B. Tyler

all humans, plants, animals have individual spirits: springs, rivers, mountains, stones, & the woods which may be full with a variety of unattached or free-ranging spirits.

Saints

an individual who is considered exceptionally close to God and is exalted after death.

life chances

an individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and achieve life goals

situational negotiation of identity

an individual's self identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location.

intelligent design

an updated version of creationism that claims to propose an evidence- based argument to contradict the theory of evolution. They suggested that nothing could be random because life was too complex, and that such complexity required the involvement of an intelligent designer- although that designers identity was not specific, however, it is left to the impression that it is the Christian God

mapping

analysis of the physical and or geographic space where fieldwork is being conducted

Intersectionality

analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification. Race and Gender determine how class is lived and how all three systems of power and stratification build on and shape one another.

Homosexuality

attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex

heterosexuality

attractive to and sexual relations between individuals of the opposite sex

bisexuality

attractive to and sexual relations with members of both sexes

ANCESTOR WORSHIP

belief in the importance of ancestors as they affect the lives of their survivors, protecting descendants in return for rituals of honor performed to show them respect. Serves as effective means of social control. Dead ancestors are considered to be fully functioning members of descent groups. Death of an elder marks elevation in status to supernatural being

Animism (FINAL)

belief that spirit beings animate nature

white supremacy

belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of our races

genetic adaptation

changes in genetic that occur at a pop. level in response to certain features of the environment

climate change

changes to earths climate, including global warming produced priorly by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation

Washu

chimpazz

economic behavior

choosing the method for action to maximize the perceived benefits

matrilineal

constructing kinship through the group through the mother's side of the family

militarization

contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence

neocolonialism

continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control

Art:

created received ideas techniques expression creative communication inspiration

framing process

creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements

fine art

creative expression and communication often associated with cultural elites ex: museums, galleries, operas, symphonies , ballet performances

popular art

creative expression and communication often associated with the general population ex) - less refined - less sophisticated creative expression communication associated general population.

reflexivity

critical self- examination of the role the anthropologist plays and an awareness that one's identity affects one's fieldwork and theoretical analyses

Tefillin (FINAL)

cubic black leather boxes w/straps that Orthodox men on head and arm during weekday morning prayers 12+ year old boys wear

horticulture

cultivation of plants for subsistence through non intensive use of land and labor they use simple tools such as sticks and hoes to cultivate small garden plots. Land is rotated to use and exploit more fertile ground.

incest taboo

cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives

Parallel descent

descent & inheritance follow gender-linked lines so that men consider themselves descended from their fathers & women consider themselves descended from their mothers.

etic

description of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologists perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures

Nationalism

desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state

Mutation

deviation from the standard DNA code

Every culture develops it's own set -> Patterns of Stratification

differentiates people into groups or classes. Categories are identified as: Egalitarian & Ranked societies

census (FINAL)

every 10 years, the U.S. conducts a census (began in 1790) to provide an idea of changing conception of race - 1850: White, Black, Mulatto' (mixed race) - 1870: White, Black, Mulatto, Chinese, Indian (Native American)'. - 1940: 'White, Negro, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Hindu, Korean (included Hindu which is actually a religion) - 2010 census: 14 separate "race" boxes

barter

exchange of goods and services one for the other

reciprocity

exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

reciprocity

exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties among givers and receivers; fulfill social obligations and also raised prestige among gift giver

gender (FINAL)

expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes

historic archaeology

exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or royal records.: houses, stores, factories, sunken sale ships, even polar ice caps to better understand recent human history and the impact of humans on the environment.

triangle trade

extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton and furs between Europe, Africa, and the americas in the 1500's that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic. Also brought W. Europe the goods needed to grow their national economies and expand role in international trade.

paralanguage

extensive set of noises (such as cries) and tones of voice that covey significant information about the speaker (laughs, cries, sighs, yells<- indicates whether the speaker is happy, sad, angry, tired, etc) email and text messages: emojis

means of production

factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land and financial capital needed to make things

as humans we also will form groups through work, education and politics. none compare to the power of ____ and ____ to provide support and nurture, ensure reproduction of the next generation, protect group assists and influences social, economic and political systems.

families kinship networks

family of procreation

family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children

Jane Goodail

famous and living primatologist: study chimpanzee behavior in African nature preserve by being able to conduct such field research study has been able to offer insights into

Bronislaw Malinowski

father of fieldwork. stuck on the Trobriand Islands as result of WW1 : Argonauts of the Western Pacific (book about examination of the Kula ring: alb orate system of exchange) urged anthropologist to stay at lands for a long period to learn and engage in participation observation he used participant observation

nativism

favoring certain long-term inhabitants over new immigrants 19th cent. 'Nativists' fought hard to preserve the so-called racial purity of nations Anglo-Saxon origins. Riots, violence, discrimination, anti-immigrant views common

TRUE

field work strategy developed by Franz Boas to rapidly collect cultural materials, linguistic and biological being devastated by : known by salvage ... 3rd chapter : 1st

true

field work study discussed by frnaz boas to collet biological, culturally...

Arnold Van Gennep (FINAL)

folkloristL TALKED ABOUT SACRED THREAD CEREMONY: RELIGIOUS CEREMONY FOR 8 YEAR OLD: HINDUISM AND JAIN SANSKAR)

digitial natives

generation of people born after 1980 who have been raised in a digital age

dowry

gift of goods or money from the bride's family to the groom's family as part of the marriage process common in india

bridewealth

gift of goods or money from the rooms family to the brides family as part of the marriage process common in Africa to compensate her family for the loss of the bride. it establishes reciprocal rights and obligations of husband wife gives legitimacy to their children and assign the children to the husbands family

global mediascape

global culture flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries in ways unimaginable a century ago

cosmopolitanism

global outlook emerging in response to increasing globalization

economic system

goods and services are produced, distributed and consumed refers to norms governing production, distribution and consumption of goods & services within society or culture

ranked society

group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are

species

group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring

Associations

groups that link people in community on basis of shared interests & skills.

commodity chain

hands an item passes through bet. producer and consumer

false (FINAL)

he studied fijimss.... (the bird can't spell it) not seagulls

Leith Mullings (Intersectionality among Race, Gender & Class)

her work primarily focused on reexamining class by analyzing the deep connections among class, race and gender, by using the Holistic anthro approach in harlem

food foragers (FINAL this was a true/false one)

humans who subsist by hunting, fishing and gathering plants to eat ex: live in most marginal of earth's envy: cold places, forests, island, Inuit (eskimos of alaska/canada), Native Australian aborigines and inhabitants of African and south american rainforests

norms

idea are rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people: normal and appropriate behavior: may include: what to wear on certain occasions, what you say in polite company, who you can kiss, etc cultural may discourage exogamy (marriage outside ones group) and encourage endogamy (marriage within ones group)

flexible acccumlulation

increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies: advances in transportation and communication have enabled companies to move their production tactilities around the world in search of cheeper labor, lower taxes, and fewer environmental regulations.

Types or racism

individual racism racial ideology Institutional racism

Consanguines

individual related by blood

racism

individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups

Affinal

individuals related through marriage

imagined community

invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet. benedict anderson conceived the imagined community because almost all of the people within it have never met and will most likely never meet.

Archaeology

investigation of the human past by means of excavating analyzing material remains (artifacts)

informed consent

key strategy for protecting those being studied by ensuring that they re ugly informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate

descent group

kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through consanguine (blood) relatives

nuclear family

kinship unit of mother, father, and children - based in euro-american ideal that is not found in other cultural context

cultural capital

knowledge habits, and taste learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to sauce and valuable resources in society.

Neandertals

late variety of archaic homo sapiens prevalent in Europe - they have been depicted as slow, unintelligent and inarticulate cave dwellers who were far removed physically and mentally from modern humans (these are inaccurate) - neandertal brain had achieved modern size: individuals were physically active and able to survive and settle in the most extreme of natural environments (they made elaborate tools) - hunted big game with sophistication and success, revealing strength, intelligence, culture and soil organization. - they were the first to bury their dead: (fully laid out skeletons have been recovered from burial pits showing a distinct level of care and intention bet. the living and the dead (anatomy would have enabled them to speak)

Jim Crow

laws implemented after the civil war to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of south : housing, education, voting rights, property ownership and access to public services

periphery countries

least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor and markets

two types of descent groups

lineage and clans

productivity

linguistic ability to us known words to invent new word combinations

civil society organization

local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for sources and opportunity for members of its local communities

Paleoanthropology

part of physical anthro: study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record

dalits (aka: untouchables)

members of india's lowest caste, literally "broken people"

social network analysis

method for examining relationships in a community, often conducted by identifying who people turn to in times of need

social media

new forms of communication based on computer and internet based technologies the facilitate social engagement, work, and pleasure

dialect

nonstandard variation of a language

avatar

object, real, or virtual, that graphically represents a participant in a game or other activity

sex (FINAL)

observable physical differences bet. male and female, esp. biological expressions related to human reproduction

shamans (FINAL)

part time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings *know where we can find them on the test too* <- yamamon are located Lec: Derives from name given healing specialists among the seminomadic people of Siberia..now applied to healers, spiritualists, witches, and witch doctors in cultures worldwide ex: Native American, Amazon, South African

prestige language

particular way of speaking or language variation, that is associated with wealth, success, education and power

liminality

one stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participants experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community

primatology

part of physical anthro: study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior

most people in the world practice _____ descent as their primary strategy to track kin group membership

patrilineal

Institutional racism

patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems (aka: structural racism) ex: education, housing, employment, law enforcement

Double descent

people belong to kinship groups of BOTH their mother and father.

ethnic boundary markers

people create and promote this - A practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, ancestry, certain territory, or even an imagined shared physical characteristic. All of these are used to signify who is in a group and who is not in the group

Bilateral

people feel related to both mother and fathers kin at same time.

authenticity

perception of an object's antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture

individual racism

personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race

theory of evolution

physical anthropologistsconsider this to be the key to understanding the diversity of life on Earth today and how it relates to life in the past Def: theory that biological adaptations in organisms occur in response to changes in the natural environment and develop in populations over generations

melanin

pigment that gives human skin its color: produced by melanocytes in the skin

mutual transformation

potential for both the anthropologist and the members of the community being studied to be transformed by the interactions of fieldwork.

agency

potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, symbols, mental maps of reality, institutions and structures of power

agency

potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, symbols, mental maps of reality, institutions, and structures of power

colonialism

practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

colonialism

practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over and extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions. - centerpiece of European global economic activity

leveling mechanism

practices and organizations that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good

enculturation

process of learning culture

acclimatization

process of the body temporarily adjusting to the environment

ambilineal descent groups

samoans, maori, hawaiians and others in southeast asia and the pacific — trace kinship through both the mother and father (this is sometimes called bilateral or cognac)

bands

small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory lec: 1) Small , loosely organized groups. 2) Leaders are selected by personal qualities/skills. Lead by example, influence, lack authority to enforce opinions. 3) Decision making -relatively informal, open to participation to competent members. 4) Hunter/Gatherer groups- with family or households being the significant units of a band system. An egalitarian society. ex: mbuti, central africa

mobility is key (food foragers)

small, egalitarian groups followed movement of large animals and the seasonal growth of fruits, vegetables, and nuts to secure their survival.

morphemes (said) (FINAL)

smallest units of sound that carrying meaning on their own (the word cow or horse can convey meaning without needing additional sounds) Free Morpheme that can occur unattached in lang. ex: cat or dog Bound A sound that must be combined with other sounds ex: (S)

phonemes (FINAL)

smallest units of sounds that can make a different in meaning (b and p sound very similar but they make a significant difference in meaning)

achieved status (largely a class)

social position established and changeable during a person's lifetime. Social mobility contributes to change.

Republics

societies with elected rather than inherited leadership.

Empires

states expanded into larger units through conquest and the occupation or annexation of new territories.

language (FINAL)

system of communication that uses symbols such as words, sounds and gestures to convey information

culture

system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, and shared by a group of people: includes norm, values, symbols, maps or reality, and material objects as well as structures of power: including media, education , religion, and politics (these are not universal, they vary from culture to culture)

kinship

system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities

class

system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources

Nation

term used to describe a group of people who shared a place of origin; now used interchangeably with Nation-state.

Bilocal residence

the couple alternates between living with the wife & husband's kin.

Neolocal residence

the couple establishes a new, independent household separate from their relatives

family of orientation

the family group in which one is born, grows up and develops life skills

TRUE (FINAL)

the in guides of india are known as the third gender. they are referred to the third gender because they have no private areas

Gene Migration

the movement of genetic material within a pop. and among diverse pop. The swapping of genetic material with a population and among diverse population. Genes travel from population to another in species/ increases the diversity of the gene pool in particular populations and decreases genetic diversity among groups. Explains genetic similarities in human population.

carrying capacity

the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region In some food production groups the resources will be locally limited. (foragers, pastoralists, horticulturalists & lower-intensity agriculturalists).

karl marx referred to religion as:

the opiate of the masses

social reproduction

the phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next bourdieu found this in french school system

sexual dimorphism (FINAL)

the phenotypic differences bet. males and females of the same species that is they differ physically in primary sexual characteristics as well as secondary sexual characteristic (breast size, hair, voice pitch)

multiregional continuity thesis

the theory that modern homo sapiens evolved directly from archaic homo sapiens living in regions across the world

"out of africa" theory

the theory that modern homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, migrated outward, and eventually replaced the archaic homo sapiens (aka: replacement theory)

gender performance

the way gender identity is expressed through action

phenotype

the way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form as a result of genotype interactions with environmental factors (both visible and invisible) such as nutrition, disease, and stress - on the base of phenotype alone, we may consider someone to be smarter, faster, stronger, better at math, etc, more prone to alcohol. We assume we can know something just by their genetic makeup but is this really true? no

cultural construction of gender

the ways humans learn to b shave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context humans are born with biological sex, but we learn to be men and women. from the moment of brirth, we learn culture: walk, talk, eat, dress,think. we also learn what kids of behaviors are perceived as masculine or feminine

unilineal culture evolution

theory proposed by 19th century anthropologist that all cultures naturally evolve throughout eh same sequence of stages from simple to complex using the terms: savage, barbarian and civilized

cultural materialism

theory that argues that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, including religious principles

false (FINAL)

there are 10 different perspectives in the discilipines of anthropology

sociolinguists

those who study language in its social and cultural contexts. for ex): examine how different speakers use language in different situations or with different people.

racialization

to categorize, to differentiate, and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people.

kinship analysis

traditional strategy of examine genealogies to uncover the relationships built upon structures such as marriage and family tie

Mafwe

traditional worship dance to Sun and Moon ex: African - Namibia

sex tourism

travel, usually organized through the tourism sector, to facilitate commercial sexual relations bet. tourists and local residents

enables a group of members to utilize known as economy (FINAL)

true

footages known for etc (FINAL)

true

lucy was the first to walk on 2 legs (FINAL)

true

3 identities to reciprocity (FINArL): general balanced and negative

truee

clan

type of decent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation

lineage

type of descent group that races genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor

historical linguistics

understanding language through history

tylor

understood behavior learned over time, passed down by generations and shared by members of a particular group believed that similarities among cultures emerge through independent invention as different cultures independently arrive at similar solutions to similar problems did not conduct own research; worked at home analyzing reports of others (morgan was an exception who didn't do this)

uneven development

unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization

magic

use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil

polyvocality

uses of many voices in ethnographic writing and research question development, allowing the refer to hear more directly from the people in the study; By bringing the stories more to life, more vibrant and available to the readers

STRUCTURALISM CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS

view that cultural differences can be explained by differences in forms or conceptual categories rather than in meanings. - used theories from structural linguistics to analyze symbolic expressions of culture in terms of their structures or patterns, in addition to their meanings.

focal vocabulary

words and terminology that develop with particular sophistication to describe the unique cultural realities experienced by a group of people

Sapir- Whorf hypothesis

work of edward sapir and benajmin whorf: the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking

one greek god (FINAL)

zeus

serial monogamy

individuals who marry again and over again, such as in divorce or death

Sacred

Anything that is considered holy.

Profane

Anything that is considered not holy

tribes

Associations. Age Sets (age-grade) ex: samburu, kenya

Egalitarian society

BOOK DEF: a group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence Form of structure came from the Hunter/Gatherer society- as they are based in a sharing of resources to promote group success. Egalitarian societies ensure group success with an absence of hierarchy and violence within or among other groups. Such groups build a system of reciprocity

descent

The order and how individuals and family members feel and determine their kinship relationships and ancestral connections.

RELATIVISTIC PERSPECTIVE

Values & standards of cultures differ and deserve respect.

whiteness (FINAL)

a culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of U.S. racial stratification

life history (FINAL)

a form of interview that traces the biography of a person over time, examine change and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community

deep time

a framework for considering the span of human history within the much larger age of the universe and planet Earth Universe age: 14 billion yrs. old Earth age: 4.5 billion yrs. old Life on Earth: 3.5 billion yrs. ago in form of single-celled organisms. Dinosaurs: 230-65 million yrs. ago Primates: between 65-55mya Our ancestor branch led: 7-6mya First Modern human: 170,000 yrs. ago

transgender (FINAL)

a gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one's assigned sex at birth ex) hijras:

Egalitarian societies:

a group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence. ex: Ju/'hoansi (known formally as Bushmen of Kalahari desert-Southern Africa)

melting pot (FINAL)

a metaphor used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture In the melting point, minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and eventually cease to exist as separate groups: assimilation -eventually all cooked in the same pot, diverse groups become assimilated into one big stew.

Nation-state

a political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people. (ex: Japan- considered the largest Nation-state in the world)

gender stereotypes

a preconceived notion about the attributes of, difference bet. and proper roles for men and women in a culture ex) men are stereotyped to be more aggressive while women are expected to be more nurturing

ethnicity

a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group Ethnic Identity Most powerful identities that humans develop. It is a sense of connection to a group of people who are believed to share a common history, culture, and at times, ancestry. They are distinct from others outside the group. It is more expansive than kinship.

Racial ideology

a set of popular ideas about race that allow the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational and normal. ex: media, school, government caused people in the US to believe that slavery was natural

hegemony

ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force

displacement (FINAL)

ability to use words to refer to objects not immediately present or events occurring in the past or future

increasing migration

accelerated movement of people within and between countiries

Wiccan (Gerald Gardner)

acknowledges the polarity of the Divine- both male and female deities are honored. honor simply a non-specific god and goddess, or they may choose to worship specific deities of their tradition, whether it be Isis and Osiris, Cerridwen and Herne, or Apollo and Athena. In Gardnerian Wicca, the true names of the gods are revealed only to initiated members, and are kept secret from anyone outside the tradition. ex: Autumn Equinox- Moonsong

marriage to scientists is also known as

affinal relationships

art

all ideas, forms, techniques and strategies the humans employ to express themselves creatively and to communicate their creativity and inspiration to others

false (FINAL)

all primates have spoken language only humans have spoken language

state

an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory Have existed for thousands of years beginning in regions as: Iraq, China, India

state

an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central govnt authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory lec: 1) Highly formal organized, government, centralized political systems with a hierarchical structure of authority. 2) Ultimate authority & power rest with head of state-President,King, Emperor. 3) Head of state delegates responsibilities to advisers/assistants. Has procedures to formally select leaders. 4) Also uses social control. ex: USA

universal gaze

an intrinsic way of perceiving art - thought by many in the western art world to be found across cultures — that informs what people consider to be art or not art

ethnology

analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures

Max Weber

analyzed the emerging structures of stratification and added power and prestige for economic Stratification of wealth and income. Certain occupations might hold a higher or lower prestige in a culture. Ex: Physicians and farmers. Prestige affects Life Chances: individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and achieve life goals

Karl Marx

analyzed the increasing inequalities among rural land workers and emerging capitalist economy of 19th century Europe. He distinguished between two Distinct classes of people. - Bourgeoisie - Proletariat

Mutagen

any agent that increases the frequency or extent of mutations EX: X RAYS, toxic chemicals

symbol

anything that signifies something else lec: create a sense of order and resist chaos by building and reinforcing a larger worldview- ideas about what is real, what exists, and what it means.

symbols (FINAL)

anything that signifies something else: stands for something else: language, art, religion, politics, and economics — that covey meaning to other participants

chiedoms

autonomous political unit composed of a # of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief lec: 1) Stratified society organized by Kinship. 2) Structured method of choosing leaders from within kin groups. 3) Chief/leader performs political & economic functions. 4) Chiefs & families have high status. Social prestige, economic & political privileges. They have authority but not power. They can not coerce others but can advise, encourage & request labor and support. ex: olmecs, mexico

Monotheism (FINAL to name the 3 monotheism)

belief in one supreme deity or god ex: islam, christianity, judaism

habitus

bourdieu's term to describe the self-perceptions and beliefs that develop as part of one's social identity and shape one's conceptions of the world and where on fits in it

descriptive linguists

carefully describe spoken languages and preserve them as written language: those who analyze languages and their component parts.

authorizing process

complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning

sexuality

complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural

structural functionalism

conceptual framework positing that eau element of society serves a particular function oak rep the entire system in equilibrium

Relative dating

date the context in which the fossil was found. entails comparing the fossil to what is found nearby, including plants, animals or cultural artifacts such as stone tools whose dates have been previously established Relative dating relies on stratigraphy- process that determines the ages of the layer of sediment above and below the fossil.

absolute dating

date the fossil itself: 2 chemical assessments: Radiocarbon (carbon-14)- organic material this traces the half-life of carbon as it decays in organic matter Radiopotassium (postassium-40)- nonorganic matter this does not measure the organic material in a fossil, but the amount of argon in volcanic rock/ash found

genocide (FINAL)

deiberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group Ex: Nazi, Germany, Dar, Sudan, Native American Indian groups, United States

ethnic cleansing (FINAL)

efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area *example (FINAL) is bosnia In former Yugoslavia (late 1980's) fighting between Catholic Croats, Orthodox Christian Serbs & Bosnian Muslims- saw a practice of Ethnic cleansing practiced on Bosnian Muslims.

potlach

elaborate redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kwakiutl of the pacific northwest The chief establishes and reestablishes claims to prestige and status by holding a feast and gift -giving potlatch. Gives guest from his personal possessions: food, cooking pots, blankets, weapons, and boats. The more the elaborate of the gift-giving the more status and rank the chief gained in the community, as well as applying pressure to the guests to reciprocate in like manner or more elaborately in a later ceremony.

historical particularism

idea attributed to Franz Boas that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories believed you couldn't rely on a formula to explain differences among cultures but must study the particular history of each culture to see how it developed

language continuum

idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance so that groups of people who live near one anther speak in a way that is mutually intelligible.

intersexual (FINAL)... know the other name for it too

individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes

Ambilineal descent

individuals may choose to affiliate with either mother's or father's kinship group.

industrial agriculture

intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production 20th century, agricultural production shifted from individual farms and farmers to large corporate-run farms Use: machines, irrigation, pesticides, fertilizers.

agriculture

intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land: Irrigation, fertilizer, draft animals, and machinery: such as: plows and tractors provide the technology and labor for successful agriculture.

built environment

intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure and public spaces.

tribes

originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multi band population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state lec: 1) Society has more formalized organization & leadership. 2) Village & Intervillage councils where members meet regularly to settle disputes & plan community activities. Councils may have coercive power over others. 3) Tribal chiefs- enforcement powers are selected formally however, still an egalitarian society with social ethics . ex: blackfeet, montana

ethnographic fieldwork Participant Observation

primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives. THE HEART OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: key anthropological reach strategy involving both participative in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied. -power to educate by 1) making what may at first seem very unfamiliar into something that ultimately seems quite familiar 2) taking what has seemed very familiar and making it seem very strange

literature review

process of reading all the available published material about a research site and/or research issues, usually done before fieldwork begins: must learn the language of the field site, search out possible contacts, and anthropologist toolkit

Genetic Drift (FINAL) <- uno the definition

process whereby one segment of a pop. is removed from the larger pool, thereby limiting the flow of genetic materials bet. the two groups. A small number of successful mutations can more easily influence the smaller population.

anoymity

provides identities of the people involved in a study by changing or minting their names or other identifying characteristics

time space compression

rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies has transformed the way we think about space ( distance) and time: jet travel, super highways, telephone, fax machines, Internet

Franz Boas/Bronislaw Malinowski believed in same thing

rejected these two and saw the unilineal culture as being too Eurocentric, too hierarchical and lacking adequate data to support its claims. focused on developing a four field approach to anthropological research.

monogamy

relationship between only two partners

rapport

relationships of trust and familiarity developed with members of the community being studied

Stratigraphy

relative dating (relies on this): process that determines the ages of the layer of sediment above and below the fossil.

pilgrimage

religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment ex on lec: 1) Hajj- Mecca 2) Lourdes- French grotto 3) Jerusalem: Wailng Wall ex: muslims, mecca, jesus, christians, and muslims

fossils

remains of an organism that have been preserved through a natural chemical process that turns them into partially or wholly into rock: may include hair, skin, or other tissues, or even leaves, seeds, and feathers

gender ideology

set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical about the essential character of different genders (men's and women's capabilities and value that conscious or unconsciously) that functions to promote and justify gender stratification

syntax

specific patterns and rules for constructing phrases and sentences.(we would say my pig not pig my)

quantitative data

statistical information about a community that can be measured and compared: population demographics ad economic activity

Acheulian stone tools (under Homo erectus)

stone tools associated with homo erectus, including specialized hand axes for cutting, pounding, and scaling.

Oldowan tools (under Australopithecines)

stone tools shaped for chopping and cutting found in the Olduvai Gorge and associated with Australopithecus garhi: found by Mary and Louis Leakey recovering animal bones show cut marks where stone tools were used to remove flesh from the bone. made to manipulate and adapt to the natural world around them

linguistic anthropology (FINAL)

study of human language in the past and the present

Physical anthropology

study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly focused on human evolution

morphology (said)

study of patterns and rules of how sounds combine to make morphemes

cultural anthropology

study of people's everyday lives and their communities, their behavior, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together: explore all aspects of human culture, such as war, violence, love and hate, and death, sexuality.

Anthropology (FINAL)

study of the full scope of human diversity past and present and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another.

social mobility (bourdieu)

the moment of one's class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies

straitifcation

the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture some place ware drawn into the center of the culture while others are ignored, marginalized or annihilated power may be stratified along lines of gender, racial, class, age, family, religion, sexuality. as a result, some people are able to participate more fully in culture than others.

sexual violence

violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape

wharf has made modern humans so successful at survival

we learn to adapt to changing world - genetic adaptation through evolution - development adaptation during the individual life cycle - acclimatization to immediate environmental changes -cultural adaptation using tools to moderate or control the effects of the natural environment

income

what people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investment, along with rents and royalties