Studying Sheet #2 --- Cis 7/23
When two processors are employed in a computer, it is known as
Parallel processing
______ can dramatically increase computer performance when running processor-intensive programs
Parallel processing
uses multiple processors or multi-core processors to divide up processing tasks
Parallel processing
Popular CPU families including Celeron, Centrino, and Xeon belongs to which family
Pentium
Components that serve the input, output, and storage functions
Peripheral devices
the method that a processor uses to process multiple instructions simultaneously
Pipelining
Logic
Problems that need to be solved, logically.
Disadvantages of Harvard
Production of a computer with two buses and two memory storage's is more expensive and needs more time.
the most common type of keyboard; first alphabetic keys on the top left of the keyboard
QWERTY
Quantum Computing
Quantum computing studies theoretical computation systems (quantum computers) that make direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from digital computers based on transistors.
codes on products that can be read and make shopping more interactive
Quick Response code (QR code)
Computer memory or primary memory is also known as ________
RAM
Storage devices include all of the following EXCEPT
RAM
Units that work together in the CPU include all EXCEPT:
RAM
motherboard
RAM comes on cards that fit into slots located on the __________________.
Data that must be immediately available for processing in the CPU must be stored in
RAM or memory
Xerox
The Alto computer, built by ____________, was the first to use a graphical user interface (GUI).
ENIAC
The ______ was the first working, digital, general-purpose computer.
CPU
The ____________ consists of integrated circuits and serves as the heart of the computer.
Osborne
The ______________was the first portable computer
Accumulator
The accumulator is used to hold the result of operations performed by the arithmetic and logic unit, as covered in the section of the ALU.
Execute
The actual actions which occur during the execute cycle of an instruction depend on both the instruction itself, and the addressing mode specified to be used to access the data that may be required. However, four main groups of actions do exist, which are discussed in full later on.
Memory
The memory is not an actual part of the CPU itself, and is instead housed elsewhere on the motherboard. However, it is here that the program being executed is stored, and as such is a crucial part of the overall structure involved in program execution.
Opcode
The opcode is a short code which indicates what operation is expected to be performed. Each operation has a unique opcode. Once the opcode is known, the execution cycle can occur. Different actions need to be carried out dependent on opcode, with two opcodes requiring the same actions to occur. 4 actions can occur: Transfer of data between CPU and memory.
Timer or Clock
The timer or clock ensures that all processes and instructions are carried out and completed at the right time. Pulses are sent to the other areas of the CPU at regular intervals (related to the processor clock speed), and actions only occur when a pulse is detected. This ensures that the actions themselves also occur at these same regular intervals, meaning that the operations of the CPU are synchronized.
portable computer
The type of computer most vulnerable to theft is a ____________________.
Other general purpose registers
These registers have no specific purpose, but are generally used for the quick storage of pieces of data that are required later in the program execution. In the model used here these are assigned the names A and B, with suffixes of L and U indicating the lower and upper sections of the register respectively.
Coprocessors
These specialty chips are designed to improve specific computing operations such as displaying 3D images and encrypting data.
Addition and Subtraction
These two tasks are performed by constructs of logic gates, such as half adders and full adders. While they may be termed 'adders', they can also perform subtraction via use of inverters and 'two's complement' arithmetic.
FireWire
These types of ports typically provide high-speed connections to specialized devices such as camcorders and storage devices.
What is the primary reason that Macintosh computers can now run Microsoft Windows as well as the Apple OS?
They are now using Intel processors.
Which statement about vaccuum tubes is not accurate?
They seldom need to be replaced.
integrated circuits
Third-generation computers are characterized by the use of ________________
Control Unit
This controls the movement of instructions in and out of the processor, and also controls the operation of the ALU. It consists of a decoder, control logic circuits, and a clock to ensure everything happens at the correct time. It is also responsible for performing the instruction execution cycle.
Von Neumann Architecture
This describes the design architecture for an electronic digital computer with parts consisting of a processing unit containing: ALU, Control Unit, Register Array, Memory to store both data and instructions, External Mass Storage, Input and Output. Programs consist of a sequence of instructions. Instructions are executed in order they are stored in memory. Instructions, characters, data and numbers are represented in binary form.
system unit
This hardware houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system.
Harvard Architecture
This is a computer architecture with physically separate storage and signal pathways for instructions of data.
Register Array
This is a small amount of internal memory that is used for the quick storage and retrieval of data and instructions. All processors include some common registers used for specific functions, namely the program counter, instruction register, accumulator, memory address register and stack pointer.
System Bus
This is comprised of the control bus, data bus and address bus. It is used for connections between the processor, memory and peripherals, and transferal of data between the various parts.
Block virtualism
This is the abstraction(separation) of logical storage from physical storage so that it may be accessed without the regard to physical storage or varied structure. This separation allows the administrators of the storage system greater flexibility in how they manage storage for end users.
Parallel Computing
This is the simultaneous use of multiple compute resources to solve a computational problem: A problem is broken into parts that can be solved concurrently Each part is further broken down to a series of instructions Instructions from each part execute simultaneously on different processors An overall control/coordination mechanism is employed
Data Bus
This is used for the exchange of data between the processor, memory and peripherals, and is bi-directional so that it allows data flow in both directions along the wires. Again, the number of wires used in the data bus (sometimes known as the 'width') can differ. Each wire is used for the transfer of signals corresponding to a single bit of binary data. As such, a greater width allows greater amounts of data to be transferred at the same time.
Decoder
This is used to decode the instructions that make up a program when they are being processed, and to determine in what actions must be taken in order to process them. These decisions are normally taken by looking at the opcode of the instruction, together with the addressing mode used. This is covered in greater detail in the instruction execution section of this tutorial.
Instruction Register
This is used to hold the current instruction in the processor while it is being decoded and executed, in order for the speed of the whole execution process to be reduced. This is because the time needed to access the instruction register is much less than continual checking of the memory location itself.
Program Counter
This register is used to hold the memory address of the next instruction that has to executed in a program. This is to ensure the CPU knows at all times where it has reached, that is able to resume following an execution at the correct point, and that the program is executed correctly.
turn a feature on or off when pressed
Toggle keys
Which of the following is NOT an OS for smartphones?
UNIX
An advanced coding scheme that incorporates Chinese, Greek, Hebrew and Japanese is known as
Unicode
Memory Address Register
Used for storage of memory addresses, usually the addresses involved in the instructions held in the instruction register. The control unit then checks this register when needing to know which memory address to check or obtain data from.
User account information can be viewed in which Control Panel category?
User Accounts and Family Safety
Von Neumann vs Harvard
With Von Neumann architecture the CPU can be either reading an instruction or reading/writing data from/to the memory. Both cannot occur at the same time since the instructions and data use the same bus system. In a computer using the Harvard architecture, the CPU can both read an instruction and perform a data memory access at the same time, even without a cache. A Harvard architecture computer can thus be faster for a given circuit complexity because instruction fetches and data access do not contend for a single memory pathway. Also, a Harvard architecture machine has distinct code and data address spaces.
Semantic GAP
With an objective of improving efficiency of software development, several powerful programming languages have been developed. They provide high level of abstraction, conciseness and power. By this evolution the semantic gap grows. To enable efficient compilation of high level language programs, CISC and RISC designs are the two options. CISC designs involve very complex architectures including a large number of instructions and addressing modes, whereas RISC designs involve simplified instruction set and adapt it to the real requirements of user programs.
flash memory
Which of these types of memory has no moving parts and is often used to transfer data between digital cameras and personal computers?
Procedures
Which part of an information system consists of the rules or guidelines for people to follow?
Immediate Addressing
With immediate addressing, no look up of data is actually required. The data is located within the operands of the instruction itself, not in a separate memory location. This is the quickest of the addressing modes to execute, but the least flexible. As such it is the least used of the three in practice.
supercomputers
_____________ are most often associated with modeling using finite element analysis.
People
_________________ are the most important part of any information system.
Expansion card
adds an additional feature to a computer system
can be used as copy machines and eliminate the need for several different devices, saving both space and money. the disadvantage is that if it needs to be repaired, all of its functions are unavailable
all-in-one printers
convert data signals into continuous electronic waves or pulses
analog input devices
translate electronic pulses into audio and video signals
analog output devices
Bay
area in the computer box for disk drives or oth devices
Gigahertz is a measure of the computer's clock speed and is a measure of _____ of clock cycles per second
billions
A ______ is a binary digit
bit
The smallest unit of information a computer can understand and process is known as a
bit
an optical disc with about 5 times the storage capacity of a DVD
blu-ray disc
What is the term for a problem or malfunction in a computer program?
bug
The wire groups that transfer data between components on the motherboard are known as the ______.
buses or system buses
A group of 8 bits is known as a
byte
Eight bits are called a ______
byte
a special type of digital modem that connects to the cable system instead of a telephone line to provide fast Internet access
cable modem
The storage area for the next likely data or instruction to be processed, preventing bottlenecks and slowing of the system, is known as
cache
Frequently-accessed information is held in ______________
cache memory
can be used to transfer data between a card and a computer or printer
card reader
Integrated circuits must be mounted on _________, which are then plugged into the system board.
chip carriers
Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of sandlike material, called silicon, are called _________________
chips
The motherboard is the
circuit board that contains a CPU and other chips
The processing speed of a microprocessor is typically represented by its
clock speed
Producing output involves
communicating information to the outside world
_________(devices serve as both input and output devices (network adapters, modems, and fax devices)
communication
These specialty chips are designed to improve specific computing operations such as displaying 3D images and encrypting data.
coprocessors
Some operating systems record system settings on a periodic basis to ____________________.
create restore points
The electronic equivalent of a file cabinet is a ___________________
database
audio and video data is represented by a series of 0s and 1s in _______
digital devices
DVI stands for __________
digital video interface
Digital means that the computer information is discrete and countable, subdivided into
digits
Which of the following is generally recommended when it comes to downloading software
download the installation file to your computer
use heat to turn solid dye into a gas that is transferred to special paper
dye-sublimation printers
EULA stands for __________________
end-user license agreement
_____ cards have a port that resemble a telephone jack
ethernet
works by scanning a document and converting i into a digital format that can be transmitted over telephone lines to a receiving fax device
fax device (facsimile)
BIOS
firmware programs in ROM
small, portable, solid-state drives that can hold up to 128 GB of info
flash drives
Which of the following offers a combination of the features of RAM and ROM?
flash memory
Word processing programs allow users to select a coordinated set of character designs known as
fonts
Approximately 1,000 megabytes is a
gigabyte
GB stands for ______
gigabyte
A computer's clock speed is measure in
gigahertz
a type of scanners that is small and portable, often used in supermarket checkout lines, libraries, and shipping operations
handheld scanner
the principal mass-storage devices in a computer
hard drives
The physical components of a computer system are known as
hardware
_______ are like speakers and convert digital signals into sound
headphones
If a user needs information instantly available to the CPU, it should be stored
in RAM
The first function that computers perform is to receive _____ or information from the outside world
input
The permanently etched program in ROM that automatically begins executing the computer's instructions is the:
BIOS
allows shoppers to scan an item in a store and quickly determine which store or website has the lowest price
Barcode scanners
a program stored on a chip on the motherboard that starts the computer
Basic input/ output system (BIOS)
Image editors edit images consisting of thousands of pixels that form this type of image
Bitmap
a short-range wireless technology that connects many types of peripheral devices to computers and mobile devices; can also be found in game consoles to connect game controllers
Bluetooth
has the same dimensions as a CD but stores more than 6 times as much data; holds a minimum of 4.7GB of data, enough for a full-length movie
DVD (digital video disc; digital versatile disc)
________________ provide additional information and request user input.
Dialog boxes
compressed air
Dust can be removed from fans and cooling fins by using _______________
RISC
is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions, rather than a more specialized set of instructions often found in other types of architectures. Prime difference between RISC and CISC design is the number and complexity of instructions. CISC designs includes complex instruction sets so as to provide an instruction set that closely supports the operations and data structures used by Higher-Level Languages
1,024 bytes of data is a
kilobyte
Which platform has a price advantage over its competitors?
lINUX
use a laser beam to draw an image on a drum
laser printers
Expansion slot
location to insert a PC card, for example
CMOS
low-energy, battery powered memory
What does double-clicking the Title bar do in the Windows 7 operating system?
maximizes the window
Data transfer speed is measured in _____
megabits
can expand the storage of digital cameras, tablets, and other devices
memory cards
DIMM
memory chips on small circuit boards, double sided
SIMM
memory chips on small circuit boards, single sided
cache
memory which is faster than RAM
System units are typically composed of metal because ____________________
metal protects the storage media from magnetic fields.
The most common input devices include:
mice and keyboards
The CPU is also known as the
microprocessor
connects a computer to a telephone line for dial-up Internet access
modem
The CPU, all additional chips, and the electronic circuitry are all housed on the _______
motherboard
By putting multiple CPUs on a single chip, chip makers have created
multi-core processors
The time for the processor to retrieve data from memory is measured in
nanoseconds
a method that enables devices to share data with each other by touching them together or bringing them within a few centimeters of each other
near field communication (NFC)
establishes a connection with a network; may be an onboard expansion card or USB devices and may be wired or wireless
network adapter
ROM
nonvolatile memory
Information stored in RAM is considered volatile, which means it is
not held permanently, only temporarily
Linux is a
operating system
a form of removable storage that include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs
optical discs
A printer and a monitor are the most common ______ devices
output
ALU
part of the CPU where instructions are performed
Processing information involves
performing arithmetic or logical operations on information that is input
The input, output, and storage devices are known as
peripheral devices
External devices such as printers, keyboards, and modems are known as
peripherals
The keyboard, monitor and a DVD drive are known as
peripherals
Desktop, laptop, and tablet computers, and mobile devices are classified as_______.
personal computers.
an inkjet or dye-sublimation printer designed to print high-quality photos on special photo paper
photo printer
Hardware components are
physical parts of a computer system
If you want a certain program to always be directly accessible from the Start menu, you need to ___________ it.
pin
picture elements, each contains 3 colors, commonly referred to as RGB
pixels
Which of the following is the initial stage in the development process?
planning
____ pass an electric current through gas sealed in thousands of cells inside the screen
plasma screen monitors
easiest type of digital camera to use
point-and-shoot
input devices that enable you to interact with objects by moving a pointer on the computer screen
pointing devices
Sockets on the outside of the computer, often in the back, into which you can plug peripherals are the _______ of the computer system
ports
The part of the CPU that instructs the bus unit to read instructions stored at a certain memory address is known as the
prefetch unit
Programs that combine a variety of visual objects to create attractive visually interesting presentations are called
presentation graphics
RAM
primary memory
During which phase is data, programs, and commands stored in RAM?
primary storage
RAM is also known as
primary storage
Peripheral
printer, scanner, or mouse, for example
RAM stands for
random access memory
2 important types of memory a computer uses
random access memory; cache memory
The CPU's ALU contains
registers
Separating data into distinct but related tables to reduce redundant data is a characteristic of a _____________ database
relational
sense pressure
resistive screens
the display ______ indicates the number of horizontal pixels by vertical pixels
resolution
Prefetch unit
retrieves an instruction
Multiple processors are typically found in ____ ?
servers
flash memory
similar to RAM but nonvolatile
Expansion cards are inserted into
slots
Port
socket on the outside of the computer
On the motherboard, the connection points for chips are referred to as ________________
sockets
A computer system is not complete without ______, which tells the hardware what to do
software
A program that tells a computer what to do with input is called ________________
software
non-mechanical storage where the data is stored on flash memory chips
solid-state storage
A _______ is needed in addition to a microphone to input voice commands or text.
sound card
Another term for various software programs that are sold together and designed to complement each other is
suite
The groups of wires that transfer data are known as the
system buses
The largest storage devices commonly available today are able to store
terabytes
All components are controlled by _____ which depends on drivers.
the processor
Binary means
there are two possibilities: on and off
create an image by heating specially coated heat-sensitive paper that changes color where the heat is applied
thermal printers
clock
timing device
The clock of a computer system is the
timing device that produces electrical pulses to synchronize the computer's operations
Logical Tests
Further logic gates are used within the ALU to perform a number of different logical tests, including seeing if an operation produces a result of zero. Most of these logical tests are used to then change the values stored in the flag register, so that they may be checked later by separate operations or instructions. Others produce a result which is then stored, and used later in further processing.
GPU
GPUs are processors which can be used for a range of tasks other than processing computer game graphics. GPUs are used to display high quality video content such as HDMI or Blu-Ray on a screen. Video editing also requires many calculations, especially where edits or effects have been made. The decoding and encoding of videos is also carried out by the GPU
First popularized by Apple computer, which type of operating system uses icons, menus, and a mouse
GUI
Which application runs solely through the Internet?
Google Docs
a processor on a video card; can contain multiple cores
Graphics processing unit (GPU)
a digital port that can transmit both audio and video signals
HDMI port
Physical components of a computer
Hardware
Decode
Here, the control unit checks the instruction that is now stored within the instruction register. It determines which opcode and addressing mode have been used, and as such what actions need to be carried out in order to execute the instruction in question.
sockets
On the motherboard, the connection points for chips are referred to as ___________________
Features of RISC
One Cycle Execution Time: RISC processors have a CPI (clock per instruction) of one cycle. Pipelining: A technique that allows simultaneous execution of parts, or stages, of instructions to more efficiently process instructions. Large Number of Registers. The RISC design philosophy generally incorporates a larger number of registers to prevent large amounts of interactions with memory
Disadvantages of Von Neumann
One bus has a bottleneck effect. Only one piece of information can be accessed at the same time. Instructions stored in the same memory as the data can be accidentally rewritten by and error in a program.
(laser printer) the image is electrostatically charged and attracts a dry ink called ______
toner
accept input from a finger or stylus
touchscreens
decode unit
translates an instruction
All of the following terms are used to describe a fix or software problems EXCEPT ________
upgrade
___________________________ are used to edit videos to enhance quality and appearance
video editors
The primary output device for computers is a..
video monitor
General-purpose applications include all of the following except
web authoring
____ connect to WiFi networks at home and in hot spots in airports and cafes
wireless adapters
Bus
wires that move data from one component to another
The number of bits a CPU can process simultaneously is the CPU's _______
word size
full-size keyboards contain ____ or ____ keys
101; 104
Part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logic calculations
ALU
the speed at which the processor executes the cycles
Clock speed
Part of the CPU that manages the movement of data
Control unit
the process the CPU uses to process each intruction
Instruction cycle (machine cycle)
a temporary storage that a computer uses to hold instructions and data
Memory
The operating systems, programs, and data being used are stored in
Random Access Memory (RAM)
sharper and have a wider viewing angle than LCDs and are ideal for watching movies and sports
active matrix OLED screens (AMOLED)
2 parts of the CPU
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit
______ measure human characteristics such as fingerprints and eye retinas
biometric scanners
senses the conductive properties of an object (i.e. finger)
capacitive screen
Dual in-line memory module (DIMM) is used by _____.
desktop memory
also called a video card, provides the data signal and connection for a monitor or projector
digital adapter
produces high-contrast images with deep blacks but are limited by having weaker reds and yellows
digital light-processing projectors (DLP)
4 steps of the machine cycle (instruction cycle)
fetch, decode, execute, store
a ________ consists of a stick, buttons, and sometimes a trigger
joystick
keyboardthe primary input device for entering text into a computer
keyboard
_____ can read info encoded in the magnetic strip on plastic cards such as driver's licenses, gift cards, library cards, credit cards, and hotel door keys
magnetic strip reader
______ convert sound into digital sounds
microphones
_______ keys are used in conjunction with other keys and include Ctrl, Alt, and Shift
modifier
the main circuit board of a computer
motherboard
a special pen-like input tool
stylus
A keyboard uses ______ and ______ to ______.
switches and circuits/ translate keystrokes into a signal a computer understands
Common expansion cards
video cards, network cards, sound cards, and TV tuners
A bit can have two values
0 and 1
The binary system uses the power of
2
A byte can represent any number between 0 and...
255
In ASII, _______ characters can be created
256
used for medical imaging, paleontology, architecture, and creating sculpture and jewelry
3-dimensional printers
Register
32 or 64 bit storage for the ALU
The word size of a typical PC's CPU is
32 or 64 bits
word size
32 or 64 bits processed simultaneously
A 32-bit-word computer can access
4 bytes at a time
A 32-bit-word computer can access ______________
4 bytes at a time
Laptops and tablets use ________ that are typically located outside the system unit.
AC adapters
The most widely used code of computer systems is ______
ASCII
The most widely used code that represents each character as a unique 8-bit code is
ASCII
Expansion slots
Most personal computers allow users to expand their systems by providing these on the system board.
consists of 2 or more processors that are integrated on a single chip
Multi-core processor
All of the following are commonly used units of measurement to describe memory capacity, EXCEPT
Nanobyte (NB)
processing insurance claims.
Which of the following uses would be most appropriate for a mainframe computer?
Which of the following ports is used for connecting musical instruments to a sound card?
Choices MIDI S/PDIF MiniDP eSATA Correct answer: MIDI
processor
Clock speed measures the speed of the ________________
File Virtualism
Addresses the NAS challenges by eliminating the dependencies between the data accessed at the file level and the location where the files are physically stored.
A byte is formed by a group of __________.
8 bits.
Backward compatibility means that
A Pentium 4 chip can handle processing previously done by a Pentium 3
data
A collection of unprocessed facts and figures, such as student names and Social Security numbers, is known as __________________-
Snipping Tool program
A full or partial screen shot of a window can be done with the _________________
Machine Language
A mixture of electrical signals/string of binary bits that are unintelligible to humans.
Multicore Systems
A multi-core processor is an integrated circuit to which two or more processors have been attached for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption, and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks
ribbon
A power cable and a(n) __________________ cable connect an optical drive to the motherboard.
Serial Computing
A problem is broken into a discrete series of instruction. Instructions are executed sequentially one after another and executed on a single processor. Only one instruction may execute at any moment in time.
Serial Computing
A serial computer is typified by bit-serial architecture — i.e., internally operating on one bit or digit for each clock cycle. Machines with serial main storage devices such as acoustic or magnetostrictive delay lines and rotating magnetic devices were usually serial computers.
byte
A(n) __________ is 8 bits.
Von Neumann Continued
All parts of the computer are connected together by Bus. Memory and devices are controlled by CPU. Data can pass through bus to and from CPU. Memory holds both programs and data. Memory is addressed linearly; this means that there is an address for each and every memory location. Memory is addressed by the location number without regard to the data contained within.
When a program is installed, it is added to the ______ menu in Windows 7.
All programs
ASCII stands for
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
OpenOffice
An alternative application suite to Microsoft Office is ___________________.
CPU
Central Processing Unit - Brain of the computer; fetches, decodes and executes instructions.
Which of the following is not a character encoding standard?
Answer: CISC From options: Unicode CISC ASC11 EBCDIC
Which of the following is true about sharing software?
Answers: a. When a desktop computer uses software from a server, the software files remain permanently in RAM of the desktop computer. b. If the server where the software is installed is not functioning, the other desktop computers can still use the software. c.: Even if software is installed on a server, portions of it must also be installed on the desktop computers. d. Software only has to be installed and updated on one computer. Correct Software only has to be installed and updated on one computer.
Which computer platform is well known for the strength of its graphic and audio capabilities?
Apple
Which of the following is NOT a clickable category accessible from the Control Panel Content pane?
Applications
ALU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit - Deals with all arithmetic and logic within the computer. The part of the central processing unit that deals with operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication of integers and Boolean operations. It receives control signals from the control unit telling it to carry out these operations.
the oldest type of optical disc still in use and has a storage capacity of about 700 MB
CD (compact disc)
The memory that stores the computer's date, time, and calendar is the
CMOs
The hardware device commonly referred to as the "brain" of the computer
CPU
The unit that transforms input into output is known as the
CPU
CPU Performance
CPU Time = Seconds/Program = Instructions/Program X Cycles/Instructions X Seconds/Cycle. The CPU performance is dependent upon instruction Count, SPI (Cycles per Instruction) and Clock cycle time. All three are affected by the instruction set architecture.
stores frequently accessed info close to the processor
Cache memory
CPU stands for..
Central Processing Unit
Disadvantages of RISC
Code Quality. The performance of a RISC processor depends greatly on the code that it is executing. If the programmer (or compiler) does a poor job of instruction scheduling, the processor can spend quite a bit of time stalling: waiting for the result of one instruction before it can proceed with a subsequent instruction. Code Expansion. CISC machines perform complex actions with a single instruction; RISC machines may require multiple instructions for the same action, code expansion can be a problem. Code expansion refers to the increase in size that you get when you take a program that had been compiled for a CISC machine and re-compile it for a RISC machine. The exact expansion depends primarily on the quality of the compiler and the nature of the machine's instruction set. System Design. Another problem that faces RISC machines is that they require very fast memory systems to feed them instructions. RISC-based systems typically contain large memory caches, usually on the chip itself. This is known as a first-level cache.
CISC
Commonly implemented within large computers, this just uses one instruction to execute everything, instead of using multiple instructions.
Comparison
Comparison operations compare values in order to determine such things as whether one number is greater than, less than or equal to another. These operations can be performed by subtraction of one of the numbers from the other, and as such can be handled by the aforementioned logic gates. However, it is not strictly necessary for the result of the calculation to be stored in this instance.. the amount by which the values differ is not required. Instead, the appropriate status flags in the flag register are set and checked to determine the result of the operation.
UNIVAC
Completed in 1951, the first commercially successful electronic digital computer was the ___________.
Characteristics of CISC
Complex instruction-decoding logic: It is driven by the need for a single instruction to support multiple addressing modes. Small number of general purpose registers: Instructions which operate directly on memory, and only the limited amount of chip space is dedicated for general purpose registers. Several special purpose registers: Many CISC designs set aside special registers for the stack pointer, interrupt handling, and so on. This can simplify the hardware design somewhat, at the expense of making the instruction set more complex. 'Condition code" register: This register reflects whether the result of the last operation is less than, equal to, or greater than zero and records if certain error conditions occur.
Advantages of Von Nuemann
Control unit gets data and instructions in the same way from memory. It simplifies design and development of the control unit. Data from memory and from devices are accessed in the same way. Memory organisation is in the hands of programmers.
All of the following are methods to protect a computer from theft EXCEPT ________.
Correct Answer: placing identification tags on the system unit and monitor Incorrect options below: securing the computer to the desk or table with cables and locks controlling access to computer labs carefully safeguarding a portable computer when traveling
Which of the following is true about flash memory?
Correct answer: It can be plugged into a USB port. Options It can be plugged into a USB port. It is faster than RAM. It has multiple moving parts. It requires constant power to store data.
Input and output device settings can be customized for users with physical limitations in which Control Panel category?
Ease of Access
Most personal computers allow users to expand their systems by providing these on the system board.
Expansion slots
XML stands for ______
Extensible Markup Language
These types of ports typically provide high-speed connections to specialized devices such as camcorders and storage devices.
Firewire
______ memory is nonvolatile and often used in digital cameras and cell phones
Flash
Direct Addressing
For direct addressing, the operands of the instruction contain the memory address where the data required for execution is stored. For the instruction to be processed the required data must be first fetched from that location.
parallel processing
For multicore processors to be used effectively, computers must understand how to divide tasks into parts that can be distributed across each core—an operation called ________.
These are specialized graphics programs for editing or modifying digital photographs.
Image editors.
Pipelining
In computers, a pipeline is the continuous and somewhat overlapped movement ofinstruction to the processor or in the arithmetic steps taken by the processor to perform an instruction. Pipelining is the use of a pipeline. Without a pipeline, a computer processor gets the first instruction from memory, performs the operation it calls for, and then goes to get the next instruction from memory, and so forth. While fetching (getting) the instruction, the arithmetic part of the processor is idle. It must wait until it gets the next instruction. With pipelining, the computer architecture allows the next instructions to be fetched while the processor is performing arithmetic operations, holding them in a buffer close to the processor until each instruction operation can be performed. The staging of instruction fetching is continuous. The result is an increase in the number of instructions that can be performed during a given time period. Pipelining is sometimes compared to a manufacturing assembly line in which different parts of a product are being assembled at the same time although ultimately there may be some parts that have to be assembled before others are. Even if there is some sequential dependency, the overall process can take advantage of those operations that can proceed concurrently. Computer processor pipelining is sometimes divided into an instruction pipeline and an arithmetic pipeline. The instruction pipeline represents the stages in which an instruction is moved through the processor, including its being fetched, perhaps buffered, and then executed. The arithmetic pipeline represents the parts of an arithmetic operation that can be broken down and overlapped as they are performed. Pipelines and pipelining also apply to computer memory controllers and moving data through various memory staging places.
Multiplication and Division
In most modern processors, the multiplication and division of integer values is handled by specific floating-point hardware within the CPU. Earlier processors used either additional chips known as maths co-processors, or used a completely different method to perform the task.
microprocessor
In most personal computer systems, the CPU is contained on a single chip called the ___________________.
Which of the following is a function of the control unit?
It directs movement of electronic signals between memory and the arithmetic-logic unit.
The ______, by Intel, is a 64-bit processor
Itanium
A program that runs on a ______ operating system cannot run on Windows
Linux
Which of the following is known as open-source?
Linux
Opcode Short Codes
MOV Moves a data value from one location to another ADD Adds to data values using the ALU, and returns the result to the accumulator STO Stores the contents of the accumulator in the specified location END Marks the end of the program in memory
Add-on programs for a variety of mobile devices including smartphones and tablets.
Mobile apps.
32-bit or 64bit
Most PCs today have processors that use ____________ words.
Reduced Instruction Set Architecture(RISC)
RISC does the opposite, reducing the cycles per instruction at the cost of instruction per program.
Nonvolatile memory, etched at the factory, is called ______
ROM
Altaire
Released in 1975, the ____________ computer was the first personal computer.
The circuit board that contains RAM chips is known as a
SIMM
Hard disk drives, DVD drives and floppy drives are all forms of ______ storage
Secondary or permanent
Bit Shifting
Shifting operations move bits left or right within a word, with different operations filling the gaps created in different ways. This is accomplished via the use of a shift register, which uses pulses from the clock within the control unit to trigger a chain reaction of movement across the bits that make up the word.
Characteristics of RISC
Simple Instructions Limited fixed length instructions and no instructions combine load/store with arithmetic Few Data Types Supports simple data types such as integers/characterrs to complex data structures such as records Simple Addressing modes Use simple addressing modes and fixed length instructions to facilitate pipelining. Memory indirect addressing isn't provided. Identical general purpose Registers Allow any register to be used in any context Harvard Architecture Harvard memory model - The instruction stream and data stream are conceptually separated.
Advantages of Harvard
Since it had two memory locations, the allows parallel access to data and instructions. Data and instructions are accessed in the same way.
SIMM stands for ______
Single in-line memory module
Advantages of RISC
Speed. Since a simplified instruction set allows for a pipelined, superscalar design RISC processors often achieve 2 to 4 times the performance of CISC processors using comparable semiconductor technology and the same clock rates. Simpler hardware. Because the instruction set of a RISC processor is so simple, it uses up much less chip space. Smaller chips allow a semiconductor manufacturer to place more parts on a single silicon wafer, which can lower the per-chip cost dramatically. Shorter design cycle. Since RISC processors are simpler than corresponding CISC processors, they can be designed more quickly, and can take advantage of other technological developments sooner than corresponding CISC designs, leading to greater leaps in performance between generations. Efficient Code. Higher-level language compilers produce more efficient code than formerly because they have always tended to use the smaller set of instructions to be found in a RISC computer. Simplicity. The simplicity of RISC allows more freedom to choose how to use the space on a microprocessor.
Storage Virtualization
Storage systems typically use special hardware and software along with disk drives in order to provide very fast reliable storage for computing and data.
jumpers
Switches on hard drives are also known as ___________
Complex Instruction Set Architecture(CISC)
The CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of instruction per program, sacrificing the number count per instruction.
Operand
The Operand indicates where the data required for the operation can be found and how it can be accessed.
Address Bus
The address bus contains the connections between the microprocessor and memory that carry the signals relating to the addresses which the CPU is processing at that time, such as the locations that the CPU is reading from or writing to. The width of the address bus corresponds to the maximum addressing capacity of the bus, or the largest address within memory that the bus can work with. The addresses are transferred in binary format, with each line of the address bus carrying a single binary digit. Therefore the maximum address capacity is equal to two to the power of the number of lines present (2^lines).
0s and 1s
The binary numbering system uses _________________
Parallel
The computational problem should be able to: Be broken apart into pieces of work that can be solved simultaneously; Execute multiple program instructions at any moment in time; Be solved in less time with multiple compute resources than with a single compute resource. The compute resources are typically: A single computer with multiple processors/cores An subjective number of such computers connected by a network
Control Bus
The control bus carries the signals relating to the control and co-ordination of the various activities across the computer, which can be sent from the control unit within the CPU. Different architectures result in differing number of lines of wire within the control bus, as each line is used to perform a specific task. For instance, different, specific lines are used for each of read, write and reset requests.
Control Logic Circuits
The control logic circuits are used to create the control signals themselves, which are then sent around the processor. These signals inform the arithmetic and logic unit and the register array what they actions and steps they should be performing, what data they should be using to perform said actions, and what should be done with the results.
Fetch
The fetch cycle takes the address required from memory, stores it in the instruction register, and moves the program counter on one so that it points to the next instruction.
Flag register / status
The flag register is specially designed to contain all the appropriate 1-bit status flags, which are changed as a result of operations involving the arithmetic and logic unit. Further information can be found in the section on the ALU.
The primary difference between RAM and secondary storage devices is:
The length of time data is stored
Virtual Storage
Virtual storage is the pooling of physical storage from multiple network storage devices into what appears to be a single storage device that is managed from a central console.
Parallel Computers
Virtually all stand-alone computers today are parallel from a hardware perspective: (Multiple functional units (L1 cache, L2 cache, branch, fetch, decode, floating-point, graphics processing (GPU), integer, etc.) Multiple execution units/cores Multiple hardware threads
The operating system
What enables application software to work with specific types of hardware?
BASIC
What programming language transformed the software industry because beginning students could learn it easily?
Execution Cycle
When a program is loaded into memory, it has to be executed.
Memory Buffer/Data Register
When an instruction or data is obtained from the memory or elsewhere, it is first placed in the memory buffer register. The next action to take is then determined and carried out, and the data is moved on to the desired location.
Indirect Addressing
When using indirect addressing, the operands give a location in memory similarly to direct addressing. However, rather than the data being at this location, there is instead another memory address given where the data actually is located. This is the most flexible of the modes, but also the slowest as two data look ups are required.
System software
Which of the following is a collection of programs rather than a single program?
Linux
Which of the following platforms is free?
eSATA
Which of the following ports provide high-speed connections for external hard-disk drives, optical discs, and other large secondary storage devices?
Firewire was released by _____ in _____.
Apple; 1995
Brain of the computer that is housed inside the system unit on the motherboard
Central Processing Unit (CPU), or processor
the most versatile and expensive type of digital cameras
Digital single lens reflex (DSLRs)
enables you to record video that can be easily uploaded to your computer where it can be edited, stored, and shared
Digital video camera
located in the system unit; hold the storage devices and provide openings for peripheral devices to connect to expansion cards on the motherboard
Drive bays
______ places the most commonly used letters where they are more easily accessed to increase efficiency and reduce fatigue
Dvorak Simplified Keyboard
have a curved shape and keep the wrists in a more natural position to reduce strain
Ergonomic keyboards
hot-swappable; can connect up to 63 devices perport; allows for peer-to-peer communication between devices without computer use ( i.e. 2 video cameras)
FireWire (IEEE 1394)
keep the processor from overheating; composed of metal or ceramic and draws heat away from the processor
Heat sink
an ______ passes light through a prism that divides the light into 3 beams - red, green, and blue - then the beams are passed through an LSD screen
LCD projector
an electronic component that emits light when an electrical current is passed through it
Light-emitting Diole (LED)
consist of 2 layers of glass that are glued together with a layer of liquid crystals between them
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
small circuit boards that contain memory chips.
Memory boards
are pressed in conjunction with other keys (i.e. Control, Alt, or Shift)
Modifier keys
Small outline dual in-line memory module (SODIMM) is used by _____.
Notebooks
is used in inventory tracking, electronic toll collection, and contactless credit card transactions
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
stores BIOS program; nonvolatile form of memory that doesn't need power to keep its data
Read-only memory (ROM)
the case that encloses and protects the power supple, motherboard, processor, and memory of a computer
System unit
2 common ports
USB; Firewire
a standard port type that connects many kinds of devices (printers, mice, keyboards, digital cameras, and external drives)
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
part of most modern display adapters
VRAM (video RAM)
specialized video cameras that provide visual input for online communication
Webcams
a technique used in movies and video games that make it sound as if the audio surrounds the listener
braille embossers
allows several pictures to be taken in a burst, by holding down the shutter button
burst mode
advanced point-and-shoot cameras that have interchangeable lenses, some manual controls, 10x to 26x optical zoom lenses, and the ability to capture HD video
compact system cameras (CSCs)
the standard digital video port found on video cards
digital visual interface port (DVI)
a _______ interacts with a video game
game controller
headphones that also include a microphone
headsets
accounts for camera shake and results in sharper images
image stabilization
the most common type of personal printer that work by spraying droplets of ink onto paper
inkjet printers
4 tasks of computers
input, processing, output, storage
large, interactive touch-sensitive displays; enable users to control the computer from the screen; capture what is written on the screen with special pens
interactive whiteboards
2 common types of input devices
keyboards and mice
a small keyboard that does not contain all the alphabet keys and is used by people who enter a lot of numbers
keypad
includes 1 or more buttons and a scroll wheel; works by moving across a smooth surface to signal movement of the pointer.
mouse
reduce the effect of ambient noise, and are especially useful in a noisy environment
noise-cancelling headphones
detects motion by bouncing light from a red LED (Light-emitting Diole) off the surface below it
optical mouse
an ______ can convert a photo or document into a digital file
optical scanner
the newest technology in monitors, which consists of extremely thin panels of organic molecules sandwiched between 2 electrodes
organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
_____ devices return info to the user
output
the RFID ______ can read the info
scanner
input devices that can be used to archive old documents, check out customers in grocery stores, organize libraries, and assist law enforcement; increases the speed and accuracy of data entry, and converts info into a digital format that can be saved, copied, and manipulated
scanners
the time between pressing the button and the camera snapping the picture
shutter lag
provides audio connections for both input devices such as microphones and synthesizers, and for output devices such as speakers and headphones
sound card
______ convert digital signals from a computer or media player into
speakers
the RFID ______ contains a tiny antenna for receiving and sending a radio-frequency signal
tag
_____ keys turn a feature on or off and include Caps Lock and Unlock
toggle
a device that detects motion using a touch-sensitive surface and contains buttons that function like mouse buttons
touchpad
enables you to verbally control a computer and dictate text
voice-recognition software