SW 540 Midterm

Alex interviews the same survivors of a hurricane immediately after the hurricane and then again at 3 month intervals over two years to see how the effects of the hurricane on them change over time. Alex is conducting a: a. trend study. b. cohort study c. panel study. d. cross-sectional study.

C

Compensation for participants in research should a. never be in the form of money. b. always be in the form of money. c. be large enough to provide an incentive yet not so large that it becomes coercive. d. be as large as your budget permits.

C

Culturally competent problem formulation involves a. being ethnocentric. b. making broad generalizations about the culture as a whole. c. being well read in the culture of concern before beginning any investigation in it. d. all of these.

C

Evidence-base practice:​ a. Is a list of empirically supported interventions that practitioners should employ regardless of their practice judgment. b. ​Assures practice effectiveness. c. ​Is a process for making practice decisions based on integrating the best research evidence with practice expertise and knowledge of client attributes. ​ d. Is a process for making practice decisions based solely on research evidence.

C

Evidence-based practitioners will a. assume that evidence on practice effectiveness will find its way to them. b. ​assume that the published studies they find are scientifically valid. c. use research methods to evaluate whether the evidence-based actions they take are resulting in the outcomes they seek to achieve. d. All of these. e. None of these.

C

The ethical research issue(s) raised by the Trouble in the Tearoom study was/were: a. deception b. confidentiality c. invasion of privacy and deception d. invasion of privacy

C

Which of the following statements is correct about evidence-based practice?​ a. It is mainly a cost cutting tool. b. It does not allow room for practitioner expertise to overrule the best evidence. c. It calls for practitioners to make practice decisions based on the integration of their practice expertise, their knowledge of client attributes, and the best research evidence. ​ d. It has only two stages.

C

Ethical considerations are invoked by: a. the reporting of the data. b. the analysis of the data. c. the setting in which the research is to take place. d. the kinds of individuals serving as participants. e. All of these may invoke ethical considerations.

E

In choosing an existing scale as an operational definition of self-esteem before and after an intervention, researchers should consider a. its sensitivity to change over time. b. its length. c. its reliability and validity. d. how difficult it will be for subjects to complete. e. all of these.

E

Our attempts to learn about the world we live in come from A. tradition. B. authority. C. direct experience. D. direct, personal inquiry. E. All of these.

E

Practitioners engaged in evidence-based practice will:​ a. be critical thinkers. b. ​track down evidence as an ongoing lifelong part of their practice. c. ​question things that are based on tradition or authority. d. think for themselves as to the logic and evidence supporting what others may convey as practice wisdom. ​ e. All of these.

E

The PRIMARY ethical issue raised by the Milgram Study was: a. the examination of obedience as a topic for study. b. the willingness of people to harm others when "following orders" required it. c. the effects of the methods on the learner. d. the administering of electrical shocks. e. the effects of the methods on the experimental subjects.

E

Which of the following can harm subjects? a. having them face aspects of themselves that they do not normally consider. b. asking them to reveal their unpopular attitudes. c. asking them to identify their deviant behavior. d. allowing them to easily identify themselves in the final report. e. All of these.

E

Which of the following has been recommended to enhance the cultural competence of interviews: a. use interviewers who are of the same ethnicity as the members of the minority population whom you seek to interview. b. use role playing in training interviewers c. use interviewers who have had adequate previous experience or training in working with members of the target population. d. use bilingual interviewers e. all of these

E

Which of the following illustrates the use of the inductive method? a. generalizations, theory, and observations. b. theory, observations, and generalizations. c. hypothesis, observations, accept or reject hypothesis. d. theory, hypothesis, observations, generalizations. e. observations, pattern finding, and generalizations.

E

Latinos who recently immigrated to the United States are likely to have the same level of acculturation as Latinos whose parents or grandparents have lived in the United States for several decades or longer True/False

False

The ethical issues are always readily apparent in research projects. True/False

False

The following is an example of a good hypothesis: "Social work practitioners who work in mental health agencies do not care adequately for the chronically mentally ill." True/False

False

Independent vs. Dependent Variable on Graph

IV= x-axis DV= y-axis

Qualitative Research

study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomenon in terms of the meanings people bring to them -non-positivist/interpretivist -research questions usually start with what or how; use neutral, exploratory language that does not convey conclusions expected -research methods permit the use of subjectivity to generate deeper understandings of the meaning of human experiences; allow research procedures to evolve as more observations are gathered

Components of EBP Process

Practitioner Expertise-Contextual Assessment (client sate and circumstances)-Client's preferences and actions-Barriers (cultural conflict, etc.)-Effective services (current best evidence)

A relationship between two variables that are no longer related when a third variable is controlled is called a spurious relationship. True/False

True

According to the NASW Code of Ethics, social workers violate their ethical responsibilities if they refrain from using research to guide their practice. True/False

True

Concealing the nature of the study from those being observed violates the norm of voluntary participation. True/False

True

If we hypothesize that a school social work intervention will prevent students from dropping out of school through the mechanism of increasing their level of self esteem, then level of self esteem would be viewed as a mediating variable. True/False

True

It is often as important to report that variables are not related as to report that they are related. True/False

True

Moderating variables influence the strength or direction of relationships between independent and dependent variables. True/False

True

Number of children is an example of a variable at the ratio level of measurement. True/False

True

Studies that do NOT include adequate representation from specific minority and oppressed populations in their samples are NOT generalizable to those populations. True/False

True

The norm of voluntary participation threatens the social research goal of generalizability. True/False

True

Using anonymous enrollment procedures can enhance efforts to recruit research participants from stigmatized populations. True/False

True

Process of EBP

integrating clinical expertise with best available evidence from systematic research while considering client values and expectations-within agency mandate, legislative requirements, and environmental considerations.

Mediators (intervening variable)

the mechanism by which an independent variable affects a dependent variable

Acculturation

the process in which a group or individual changes after coming into contact with a majority culture, taking on the language, values, attitudes, and lifestyle preferences of the majority culture

Moderators

the variable that influences the strength or direction of a relationship between independent and dependent variables

Operational Definitions

translate concepts into numbers (score on a scale..)

Negative Relationship (inverse)

value of variables change in opposite directions; as one increases the other decreases

Positive Relationship (direct)

variables change in the same direction; as one increases the second decreases

Attribute

when concepts vary, the different variations or categories of the concept are called attributes (never married/married/divorced/widowed/separated are attributes of the concept marriage)

Top-Down Searches (Con)

relying on one researcher to come up with the report

Causality

some independent variable (X) is the factor whose change produces variation in a dependent variable (Y) -often, not directly observed -inferred from observations of variables

Levels of Measurement

-Nominal: describes variables that are categorical in nature -Ordinal: describes variables that can be ordered or ranked in some order of importance; most judgments about things, such as big or little, strong or weak -Interval: describes variables that have more or less equal intervals, or meaningful distances between their ranks -Ratio: describes variables that have equal intervals and a fixed zero (or reference) point

Concept

-a mental image that symbolizes an idea, an object, an event, a behavior, a person, etc. -concepts will vary among people

Quantitative Research

-an approach in which the investigator primarily uses positivist claims for developing knowledge (cause and effect thinking, reduction to specific variables and hypotheses and questions, use of measurement and observation, and the test of theories) -research questions usually contain an independent and a dependent variable; look at connections or comparisons between variables -research methods see to produce precise and generalizable findings; attempt to formulate all or most of their research procedures in advance and then try to adhere precisely to those procedures with maximum objectivity as data are collected

Confidentiality vs. Anonymity

-anonymous: no way to link info back to subject -confidential: name, just cut it out, can tie it back to subject but only research team knows

Self-Report

-ask the parents to complete an existing self-report scale that purports to measure knowledge or attitudes about permitting -testing the hypothesis: see if the average scale scores of parents receiving the innovative program are higher than the average scale scores of parents receiving the traditional program -advantages: less costly and time-consuming than DO & if scales are completed anonymously, parents might be more likely to reveal undesirable attitudes -disadvantages: parents might distort their true attitudes to convey a more socially desirable impression, the scale might not be valid, and knowledge and attitudes may not reflect actual behaviors

Direct Observation

-begin by making a list of positive parenting behaviors. Then you might directly observe the parents or foster parents in a challenging parenting situation and count the number of times the parents show positive and negative behaviors -testing the hypothesis: see if the average scores of the parents receiving the innovative program are higher than the average scores of parents receiving the traditional program -advantages: behaviors are observed first hand -disadvantages: time-consuming, parents will know they're being observed & may act different, and possibility of observer bias

Discrete vs. Continuous

-discrete variables take on fixed values or have a finite number of distinct and separate values (true/false, race, grouped income) (nominal & ordinal) -continuous variables are those that can take on an infinite number of values (age, income)

Available Records

-examine county records of the number of documented incidents of child abuse and neglect -advantages: less costly and time-consuming than both, you don't have to assume the positive parenting knowledge and skills translate into less abuse, you measure abuse per se -disadvantages: reliance on adequacy of county records, won't show whether the parents who received your intervention improved their parenting, & possibility of biased reporting

Role of theories in social work research

-explanation: it suggests how different observations might be linked and connected; it offers possible causal relationships between ne event and another -prediction: it indicates what might happen -intervention: it suggests things to do to bring about change

Mixed Methods Research (reasons for using)

-extend/interpret findings (quantify qualitative findings; explore more deeply quantitative findings) -generate research questions (inductive/deductive wheel) -corroborate/verify findings (triangulations)

Research purposes in quantitative studies

-goal: to predict and explain, to test hypotheses -isolates and defines variables (usually deductive method) -surveys/questionnaires; RCT, Quasi experiment, X-sectional, etc.; Statistics -focuses on predictions, outcomes, correlations, and associations -sample: typically a probability based sample -timing: requires well developed research questions and hypotheses -design: design described in advance -the researcher relies on various tools, instruments

Research purpose in qualitative studies

-goal: to understand, analyze, explore, interpret, generate hypotheses -define general concepts and search for patterns (usually inductive method) -field research, focus groups, interviews, ethnography, documented analysis, observation, life HX narratives -focuses on rich "think" descriptions; naturalistic enquiry, similarities and contrasts; process, context, perceptions -sample: usually a non-probability based sample -timing: formative, earlier phases; complementary; but can stand alone -design: may emerge (or be modified) as the study unfolds -the researcher is the instrument

Inductive Methods

-involves inferring something about a whole group from one or a few members of the group -begins with observed data and develops hypothesis to explain observations -arriving at a conclusion based on a set of observations

Methods for improving culturally competence in research: Measurement

-metric equivalence: is the instrument reliable and valid for the racial and ethnic groups represented in the sample -conceptual equivalence: is the concept underlying the measure used valid for the racial/ethnic population represented in the sample -linguistic equivalence: have adaptations to the instrument been made or considered for the population represented in the sample (reading level, translation, instrument formatting) -has the instrument been specifically developed for the population under study?

Steps of Inductive Method

-observe the world -search for a pattern in what is observed -make a generalization about what is occurring (theory)

Positivist Paradigms

-reality: exists independent of people's perceptions -knowing: use of objective methods (validity, reliability, neutrality) -positivists emphasize objectivity, precision, and generalizability in research -positivists study human beings in terms of observable behavior that can be recorded using objective techniques -social science is as objective of a pursuit as medicine and physics

If social workers wanted to find out how satisfied clients are, on the average, with the services they received, they would undertake a. a descriptive study. b. a trend study c. a cohort study. d. an exploratory study. e. an explanatory study.

A

Non-Positivist/Interpretevist/Social Constructionist Paradigms

-reality: subjective, constructed, multi-faceted, personal meanings -knowing: immersion in subject's life (not value-free; no reality beyond what one constructs) -interpretivists emphasize in-depth subjective understanding of people's lives -attempt to understand phenomena through the meanings that people assign to them

Deductive Methods

-reasoning involves inferring a conclusion from premises or propositions -begins with theory and derives one or more hypotheses to test in research -if the theory is correct, then hypotheses logically derived from them are correct

Methods for improving culturally competence in research: Problem formulation

-researchers should: be aware of their own cultural background and how a worldview may differ form the minority culture, understand the diversity of subcultures, and stay abreast of the recent literature -ensure the inclusion of the perspective of racial/ethnic group members in the design, conduct and analysis of the research

3 basic principles of Belmont Report and their applications in research with human subjects

-respect for persons (autonomy/self-govern and protect those with diminished autonomy-vulnerable populations)---informed consent -beneficence (do no harm, max benefits min risks)---risk/benefits ratio, IRB determines -justice (fair distribution of both benefit and tuition; research should not unduly involve persons from groups unlikely to be among the beneficiaries of subsequent applications of the research---avoid exploitation of vulnerable populations

Steps of Deductive Method

-state the hypothesis (based on theory or research literature) -collect data test the hypothesis -make decision to accept or reject the hypothesis (supports the theory or not)

Criteria for inferring causality

-statistical association between independent and dependent variables -independent variable occurs prior in time as the dependent variable -relationship between independent and dependent variables is not spurious

Role/Functions of Institutional Review Boards

-studies involving subjects need to obtain approval from an independent panel of professionals

Directional Hypothesis

-tentative and testable statement about a presumed relationship between variables -hypothesis should be clear and specific (identify the population of interest, identify a directional relationship between the independent and dependent variable, be value free) & be testable

Longitudinal Studies

-trend studies changes within a population over time (general social survey) -cohort studies: different people who share some characteristic of interest (those born 9/11/2001, "millennials") -panel studies: same people at differing time periods (Cambridge study in delinquent development)

Methods for improving culturally competence in research: Data analysis

-use bilingual staff -understand cultural factors influencing participation -use anonymous enrollment with stigmatized populations -choose a sensitive and accessible setting -use and train culturally competent interviewers -obtain endorsement from community leaders -use culturally sensitive approaches regarding confidentiality -employ local community members as research staff

Steps of EBP Process

1-formulate a question to answer practice needs 2-search for evidence to answer question 3-critically appraise evidence for validity, impact, and applicability 4-determine which evidence-based intervention is most appropriate for your particular client(s) 5-apply EBP intervention/strategy 6-evaluation & feedback

A theory is a. a systematic set of interrelated statements intended to explain something b. a paradigm c. a hypothesis d. All of these

A

At what level of measurement is the variable number of future incidents of child neglect? a. Ratio. b. Ordinal. c. Interval. d. Nominal.

A

Concepts are: a. mental images. b. empirical measurements. c. hypotheses. d. definitions. e. variables.

A

If a researcher wanted to know why there was a noticeable increase in the number of reported incidents of child abuse in the town of Southpaw during 2005, the researcher would design a. an explanatory study. b. a trend study. c. a longitudinal study. d. an exploratory study. e. a descriptive study.

A

In social work studies testing hypotheses involving the variable "level of social functioning" that variable is: a. an independent, dependent, or control variable, depending on what is being conceptualized and postulated in any given study. b. always the dependent variable. c. always the independent variable. d. always either the dependent or control variable.

A

Which of the following statements best typifies a mixed methods study? a. A study that combines a qualitative method with a quantitative method. b. A study that uses more then one type of qualitative method. c. A study that uses more then one type of quantitative method. d. All of these are equally likely to be called a mixed methods study.

A

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding entering your first job as a professional social worker? A. You should keep in mind that knowledge based on tradition and authority could be wrong, and seek evidence that might support or challenge that knowledge. B. You should disregard agency traditions. C. You should disregard advice based on authority, even if the authority figure has a high level of training, credentials and experience. D. All of these E. None of these

A

Which of the following statements is NOT true if you include only women in a study of a hypothesis: a. Gender is a third variable in the study. b. You are controlling for the effects of gender. c. Female is a constant in the study. d. You rule out any effect that gender might have on the two variables under study.

A

Which of the following statements is true about quantitative and qualitative methods? a. Qualitative studies are more likely than quantitative studies to be done early in order to gain familiarity with a phenomenon. b. Quantitative studies are more likely than qualitative studies to be done in the natural environment of the research participants . c. Qualitative studies are more likely than quantitative studies to be initiated after familiarity with a phenomenon has been established d. Quantitative studies are more likely than qualitative studies to be done early in order to gain familiarity with a phenomenon.

A

Which of the following statements is true about the phases of the research process in mixed methods studies? a. Data collection methods are determined during the study design phase. b. The research question is posed during the study design phase. c. Data collection methods are determined during the problem formulation phase. d. The sequence of the problem formulation phase depends on whether qualitative or quantitative methods are emphasized.

A

Which of the following statements is/are true about the need to critique research quality? A. Social work practitioners need to understand research methods so they can discriminate strong from weak studies. B. If a research study gets published practitioners can be assured that it is of high quality. C. Practitioners can rely on researchers to produce good studies, and therefore only have to know the results of those studies. D. All of these.

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

A type of research design that compares individuals of different ages to determine how they differ

A family preservation program director helps design a study that evaluates the effectiveness of her program to keep children living with their abusive parents by providing the families with daily home visits by social workers. She expects the evaluation to show a dramatic reduction in reported child abuse incidents. Instead, the results show an increase in reported child abuse incidents. The director then concludes that the program was undoubtedly effective, reasoning that there really could not possibly have been an increase in actual abuse due to her program, just an increase in reportage of abuse due to closer monitoring in the daily home visits. The director is committing the error of A. mystification. B. ex post facto hypothesizing. C. premature closure of inquiry. D. selective observation. E. illogical reasoning.

B

A social worker invents a new therapy that brings her fame, fortune, and a large following of professional disciples. Two studies evaluate her new therapy. One is scientifically weak in its design, and concludes that her therapy is extremely effective. The other is scientifically very strong in its design, but concludes that her therapy is not effective at all. She writes a letter to the journal publishing both studies. In her letter she severely criticizes the design of the strong study (and therefore also criticizes the credibility of its findings), and she praises the design and findings of the weak study. A. premature closure of inquiry. B. ego-involvement in understanding. C. mystification. D. overgeneralization. E. made-up information.

B

A study tests the hypothesis that the provision of social work intervention will reduce the school dropout rate. It finds that social work intervention reduces the dropout rate only of children whose families are experiencing high levels of family stress. In this study, what type of variable is "level of family stress"? a. mediating variable. b. moderating variable. c. dependent variable. d. independent variable.

B

A study that attempts to develop an in-depth subjective understanding of a unique cult is being guided by what paradigm? a. Positivism b. interpretivism. c. feminist research. d. critical social science.

B

Assume that Professor Rodgers had studied only people aged 65 or older and found that they experienced increasing levels of happiness in the last 20 years. Suppose he had concluded that people under 65 years of age also experienced increasing levels of happiness during the same time period. He would have committed A. the error of illogical reasoning. B. the error of overgeneralization. C. the error of inaccurate observation. D. no error. E. the error of selective observation.

B

Explanatory studies are designed to find answers to which of the following questions? a. Are people's attitudes toward public welfare changing? b. Why are people's attitudes toward public welfare changing? c. Who watches soap operas? d. All of the above.

B

Sampling with hidden and oppressed populations: a. almost always should involve probability sampling methods. b. often must utilize the snowball sampling method. c. never should combine probability and non-probability sampling methods. d. should avoid using the researcher's judgment about finding potential participants.

B

When names are removed from questionnaires and are replaced with identification numbers so that only the researcher can later link a response to a name, the researcher should tell the respondent that the information is: a. anonymous and confidential b. confidential c. harmless d. anonymous

B

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding practice effectiveness? A. It is safe to assume that well-trained social workers will be effective regardless of which interventions they employ. B. Social work practice consists largely of interventions and procedures that have not yet received adequate testing. C. Knowledge of research methods and knowledge of practice are separate and unrelated. D. All of these. E. None of these.

B

Which of the following statements is true about measurement equivalence? a. Linguistic equivalence ensures conceptual equivalence. b. Linguistic equivalence is necessary for conceptual equivalence. c. Metric equivalence is necessary for conceptual equivalence. d. Conceptual equivalence ensures metric equivalence.

B

A study of how the same clients discharged from a mental hospital in 2000 were functioning in 2001, 2002, 2003, and so on through 2007 would be a. a cross-sectional study b. a qualitative study c. a longitudinal study d. an inductive study

C

A study that attempts to maximize precision and objectivity in testing whether an intervention reduces an undesirable behavior is being guided by what paradigm? a. interpretivism. b. postmodernism. c. positivism. d. critical social science.

C

Because social scientists rarely plan studies that could physically harm subjects, the issue of no harm to subjects is not a real problem. True/False

False

Formulating a Question

CIAO: -C: Client Characteristics: in elderly clients who are depressed; poor, inner-city children; children who are abused; in families in which there is parent-child conflict -I: Intervention being considered: what method; Headstart programs; actuarial or consensual risk assessment measures; self-report -A: Alternative interventions (if any): -;-;or consensual risk assessment measures; or observation -O: Outcome: reducing depression; decreasing school dropout; predictive of future abuse; accurate in describing interaction patterns

According to the scientific method, all knowledge should be A. provisional. B. based on evidence supported by objective observations. C. subject to refutation. D. All of these

D

Acculturation occurs when a group or individual changes after coming into contact with a majority culture by taking on the _____ of the majority: a. language. b. lifestyle preferences. c. values. d. all of these.

D

An online search for evidence​ a. never be limited to looking for systematic reviews emanating from searches already completed by others. b. should be restricted to articles published in refereed journals, only. c. ​should be restricted to one search term. d. can, for feasibility reasons, be limited to looking for systematic reviews emanating from searches already completed by others.

D

At what level of measurement is the variable ethnicity? a. Ordinal. b. Interval. c. Ratio. d. Nominal.

D

Critical thinkers will:​ a. Be willing to question and alter their own beliefs based on new experiences. b. ​Be willing to question what those in authority assert as fact. c. ​Question unstated assumptions underlying accepted practice wisdom. d. ​All of these.

D

Evidence about practice effectiveness will​ a. will point toward taking an action that the client is certain to want. b. always be conclusive. c. ​usually indicate what is effective with every client or situation. d. sometimes indicate what actions NOT to take.

D

If we find that rates of behavioral disorder are lower among children who are more active in sports, then we have found what type of relationship? a. causal. b. positive. c. curvilinear. d. negative.

D

If we find that test performance improves as level of anxiety increases from low to moderate amounts and then worsens as level of anxiety increases beyond moderate amounts, then we have found what type of relationship? a. positive. b. negative. c. causal. d. curvilinear.

D

Recruitment of minority and oppressed populations in research studies can be enhanced by: a. avoiding the use of local community members as research staff. b. using probability sampling techniques instead of nonprobability techniques c. refusing to use anchor points d. obtaining endorsement from community leaders.

D

Recruitment of minority and oppressed populations in research studies can be enhanced by: a. conducting research activities in participants' homes. b. providing transportation to the research site. c. providing childcare for young children d. all of these.

D

The NASW Code of Ethics stipulates that social workers should: a. base practice on empirically based knowledge. b. use research to guide their practice. c. critically examine and keep current with emerging knowledge relevant to social work. d. All of these. e. None of these

D

When recruiting minority and oppressed populations in research studies, you should a. use exactly the same informed consent procedures as with the majority population. b. avoid the use of community members as research staff. c. use the same types of advertisements or referral sources as with the majority population. d. obtain endorsement for your study from community leaders.

D

Which of the following statements best typifies a mixed methods study? a. A study that has an equal emphasis on a qualitative and a quantitative method and implements them concurrently. b. A study that emphasizes a qualitative method but begins with a quantitative method. c. A study that begins with a qualitative method but emphasizes a quantitative method. d. All of these are equally likely to be called a mixed methods study.

D

Which of the following statements is true about quantitative and qualitative methods? a. Quantitative studies always involve large samples. b. Qualitative studies are usually deductive. c. Quantitative studies are always deductive. d. Some quantitative studies are inductive and involve small samples.

D

Which of the following statements is true about quantitative and qualitative methods? a. Quantitative studies are more likely than qualitative studies to be labor intensive and more time-consuming in data collection. b. Quantitative studies are more likely than qualitative studies to use open-ended items. c. Quantitative studies are more likely than qualitative studies to use interviews with probes. d. Qualitative studies are more likely than quantitative studies to use open-ended items.

D

Which of the following statements is true about quantitative and qualitative methods? a. Quantitative studies are more likely than qualitative studies to use grounded theory. b. Qualitative studies tend to have less contextual detail than quantitative studies. c. Qualitative studies are more likely than quantitative studies to be more generalizable. d. Quantitative studies are more likely than qualitative studies to be more generalizable.

D

Which of the following statements is/are true about the qualitative perspective on operational definitions? a. Specifying variables only in terms of observable indicators is superficial. b. We may not understand the variables well enough in advance to anticipate the best way to operationally define them. c. We may not know the most salient variables before we implement the study. d. All of these are true about the qualitative perspective. e. None of these is true about the qualitative perspective.

D

Which of the following statements, as currently stated and without the need for rewording, comes closest to being a useful hypothesis? a. The greater the number of days spent in institutions, the fewer the number of days spent outside of institutions b. The number of days spent in institutions can be decreased. c. The provision of case management services should be increased. d. The provision of case management services reduces the number of days spent in institutions.

D

Paradigm

a general way of thinking about how the world works and how we gain knowledge about the world

Evidence-Based Practice

a process of decision-making (Evidence-based process) or an outcome of designating an intervention as an EBP

Theories

a set of interrelated, abstract concepts and propositions that offer an explanation of some phenomenon

SES

an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation