System Analysis and Design (Unit 1: System Analysis Fundamentals, Lesson 3: Systems Development Tools and Lesson 4:)

prototype

A _______________ is an early version of an information system which works. This can act as an initial model used as a basis for testing the operating system, or it can build the prototype itself. Either way, prototyping greatly accelerates the process of development.

business model or requirements model

But in information systems development, the following models are the most frequently used _________________ which describes the information that a system must provide.

International Organization for Standardization

ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207 is an international standard for software life-cycle processes (________________________, 2020). It aims to be the standard defining all the tasks required for creating and maintaining software (SDLC Tutorial, n.d.).

dynamic, iterative process

In theory, the SDLC phases often appear sequentially. In reality, activities within adjacent phases often interact with one another, making system development a _______________________ (Vermaat, 2016).

V-Model

In this SDLC model, the testing and the development phases are planned in parallel. So, there are verification steps on the side and the validation steps on the other side. It is accompanied by Coding phase.

Structured design

It creates an overall plan for the information system, just like a developer might use a plan to create a house.

object model

It defines structures that combine data and processes together

network model

It defines the communications links architecture and protocols

process mode

It defines the logic used by programmers to write code modules

Modeling

It involves various techniques, including data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams, and unified modeling language diagrams (UML).

Structured Analysis

It is a development methodologies that allows the systems analyst to grasp the nature of the system and its activities in a rational way.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

It is a framework which outlines and defines tasks performed at each steps in the software development process.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

It is a method used by the IT industry to design, develop, and test high quality information systems. Its goal is to produce high-quality software that meets or exceeds customer expectations, while completing on time and within budget.

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

It is a relatively straightforward tool for deciding whether to pursue a project. In the information system project management, it is one tool that can be used mainly in identifying whether it is economically feasible or not. It is a tool that has been designed to assess the cost versus the benefits in your proposed project proposal. It starts with a list, as so many processes do.

spiral model

It is a risk-driven process. This SDLC helps the team to adopt elements of one or more process models like a waterfall, incremental, waterfall, etc. This model embraces the best features of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. The approach involves rapid prototyping and concurrency in design and development practices.

Structured Analysis

It is a structured approach, that uses graphical tools for analyzing and refining the functionality of an existing system and for creating a new system specification allowing the user to take full control of the information system.

Watefall Model

It is a widely recognized SDLC model. In this approach, the entire process of the developing software is divided into various phases. In SDLC model, the output of one phase acts as the input for the succeeding phase. This SDLC model is documentation-intensive, every phase and next steps are documented accordingly.

ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207

It is an international standard for software life-cycle processes (International Organization for Standardization, 2020). It aims to be the standard defining all the tasks required for creating and maintaining software (SDLC Tutorial, n.d.).

End-user support

It is an ongoing effort that is carried out through help desks and training programs.

systems development methodology

It is common for most business organizations to use a standard set of procedures or steps, called ___________________, for developing and maintaining information systems (Valacich & George, 2018). Following a methodology finds them beneficial.

Incremental Model

It is not a separate model. It is primarily a series of waterfall cycles. At the start of the software project, the requirements are divided into groups. The SDLC model is followed for each team to create the software,. The SDLC is repeated, with each release adding more functionality until all requirements are met. In this approach, every cycle acts as the maintenance phase for the previous software

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

It is used to appraise whether the project is worth undertaking. It gives the costs and benefits of different scenarios to determine the benefits that offset the costs.

Object-oriented analysis

It seeks to balance the focus between process and data by combining both into things called objects. Systems analysts use it to model business tasks and procedures in real-world conditions. The result is a set of objects that represent actual people, things, transactions and events. Using an O-O programming language, the programmer writes the code that creates the objects.

Systems Support and Security

It seeks to maintain the machine running productively throughout the years after its initial deployment. The activities during this phase fall into two categories: (1) providing support to end-users and (2) maintaining and enhancing the computer system. Modifications and improvements to the system take place during the system 's lifespan to sustain and expand its useful existence.

Agile Model

Its approach is a practice promoting continued interaction of development and testing during the SDLC process of any project. In this approach, the whole project is divided into small incremental builds. All of these builds are present in iterations, and each iteration lasts from one to three weeks.

Object-Oriented Analysis

Its approaches typically adopt a sequence of phases of analysis and design similar to SDLC, but there is less arrangement on the number of phases and their names. In its model, the phases tend to be more interactive.

Use the operational system.

Last step of Type II Prototype

data flow diagrams

Modeling involves various techniques, including _______________________ and entity relationship diagrams, and unified modeling language diagrams (UML).

entity relationship diagrams

Modeling involves various techniques, including data flow diagrams and _____________________, and unified modeling language diagrams (UML).

unified modeling language diagrams (UML)

Modeling involves various techniques, including data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams, and __________________________________.

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Object-oriented uses the ____________________. It is a strong modeling method that can enhance the quality of the system analysis and design and the final product.

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

One of the most popular __________________________ methods is prototyping.

blueprint

Structured analysis is based on an overall design, similar to a ___________ for a house, that is why it was called a predictive approach.

predictive approach

Structured analysis is based on an overall design, similar to a blueprint for a house, that is why it was called a ________________________________.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Structured analysis uses a sequence of stages, called the ____________________________________, to prepare, analyze, develop, execute, maintain, replace and alter or enhance an information system. Although structured analysis have developed many years ago, it remains a significant and most widely used practice.

entity

System analysts use models to solve problems. A model is an abstraction of object or activity, called an _________. It produces a graphical presentation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test and modify (Shelly & Rosenblatt, 2012).

Model

System analysts use them to solve problems. It is an abstraction of object or activity, called an entity. It produces a graphical presentation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test and modify (Shelly & Rosenblatt, 2012)..

Systems Development Tools

Systems analysts must know how to use a number of resources in addition to know business operations and techniques for developing the systems such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided-systems engineering (CASE) tools to plan, design, and implement information systems project. System analysts work with these tools in a team environment, where input from users, managers, IT staff and other stakeholders contributes to the system design.

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

The ___________________ allows the systems analysts to specify, visualize, and construct the details of information systems, as well as business models. It builds on the semantics and notations of leading object-oriented techniques and has been accepted as an industry standard and unifies them.

Determine if the prototype is acceptable

The analyst familiarizes the user in prototype use and gives an opportunity for becoming familiar with the system. The user informs the analyst whether the prototype is satisfactory. If so, step 4 is taken; if not, the prototype is continually revised by repeating steps 1, 2 and 3 with a better understanding of the user's needs.

analysis, design, and implementation activities

The development of any information system normally requires three major sets of activities. What are they?

Systems Implementation

The final system is designed , tested, and developed during it. The objective of this phase is not only to have a reliable, functioning Information system, but also to guarantee that all users are qualified and that the organization benefits from it. In this process, all the prior activities combined to culminate in an operating system.

Systems Design

The objective of it is to design the solution system. High-level design involves the development of a software application architectural structure, databases, user interface, and operating environment. It utilizes as its input the information obtained during the analysis phase. Nine major activities must be done it. Its activities are closely interrelated and generally have substantial overlap.

Systems Planning

The primary goals of it are to define the system's scope, ensure that the project is feasible, develop schedule, allocate resources, and budget for the remainder of the project.

Systems Analysis

The primary purpose of it is to recognize and record the business needs of the new system and the processing requirements. It is essentially a discovery process. During it the key words to drive the activities are discovery and understanding.

Test the operational system

The programmer checks the system against the users' needs.

Code the operational system

The prototype becomes the basis for coding the operational system.

Use the prototype

The prototype becomes the operational system.

Identify user needs

The system analyst interviews the user to get an idea of what is required from the system.

Develop a prototype

The system analyst, perhaps working with other IT professionals, uses one or more prototyping tools to develop a prototype.

Determine if the operational system is acceptable

The user informs the analyst whether the system is acceptable. If so, step 7 is taken; if not, step 5 is repeated.

structured analysis

There are several methodologies but the most popular are _____________________, which is the traditional method, object-oriented (O-O) analysis , which is a latest technique, preferred by many experts, and agile techniques, also called functional techniques, incorporating the new software development patterns.

object-oriented (O-O) analysis

There are several methodologies but the most popular are structured analysis, which is the traditional method, ______________________, which is a latest technique, preferred by many experts, and agile techniques, also called functional techniques, incorporating the new software development patterns.

agile techniques

There are several methodologies but the most popular are structured analysis, which is the traditional method, object-oriented (O-O) analysis , which is a latest technique, preferred by many experts, and ___________________, also called functional techniques, incorporating the new software development patterns.

Type II prototype

There are two types of prototypes, the Type / prototype which eventually becomes the operational system and the _____________________ which is the throwaway model that serves as the blueprint for the operational system.

Type I prototype

There are two types of prototypes, the _______________ which eventually becomes the operational system and the Type I prototype which is the throwaway model that serves as the blueprint for the operational system.

Analysis activities

They are carried out by people who provide a thorough understanding of the business' information needs and requirements. The focus of analysis is on the business needs, not on any particular technology.

CASE tools

They provide an overall framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object oriented analysis and even adaptive analysis(Shelly & Rosenblatt, 2012). They are widely used to increase analyst productivity, improve communication among analysts and users, integrate life cycle activities, and analyze and assess the impact

Systems planning, analysis, design, implementation, support and security

What are the phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

Big bang model

With little or very little planning, the paradigm relies on all forms of capital in software creation and coding. The criteria are known and applied according to the situation. This approach works best for small projects with smaller size development team which are working together. It is also common for academic software development projects. It is an ideal model where requirements are either unknown or release date is not specified.

Implementation

______________ involves the actual construction, testing, and installation of a functioning information system. Information system terms, each set of activities is a phase.

Prototyping

________________ is an iterative system development process in which specifications are converted into a work system that is constantly updated by close working experiences between analyst and customer.

Design activities

__________________ are performed by people who define the architecture and structure of a new system to satisfy requirements. It is during design that analysts begin the process of conceptualizing a computer-system solution.

Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE)

is a technique that uses a productivity software, called CASE Tools, to improve systems analyst' routine work through the use of automated support in designing and developing information systems.

data model

it describes the structures and design

Mathematical Models

usually in the form of a formula

Narrative Models

which can be boiled down to a summary

Graphical Models

which can show the main relationships

Physical Models

which represent only features of interest