T&HS ch 10
The future militants called their organization the Red Brigades, and Curcio's 1970 group of militants became known as the __________________
Historical Nucleus.
Maoist terrorism is a form of revolutionary terrorism. Its goal is to establish a________________ society similar to revolutionary China.
communist
The Tupamaros were one of the most highly ____________yet least structured terrorist groups in modern history.
organized
Uruguay's Tupamaros union organizers were composed of_________
sugar workers
The Tupamaros epitomized _____________
urban terrorism.
Ronald Osborn (2007) argues that the Shining Path was hyper-Marxist/Maoist group, unique among all groups in Latin America because of its proclivity for ______________
violence.
Pluchinsky argues that the ________________ stole the extremist agenda.
mainstream
Panama gained independence during a U.S. sponsored revolution in _________________.
1903
The NPA's income averages about _____________million per year
$30
On July 22, 2011, ______________ placed a time bomb in Oslo, Norway. It exploded, killing eight people and wounding more than 200, but it was only a diversion. Breivik went to a small island where a number of teenagers active in Norway's liberal Labor Party were attending a summer camp. Dressed as a police officer, he called the children together. Then, to the world's horror, he began methodically shooting them. Sixty-nine people died on the island, 33 under the age of 18.
Anders Breivik
American embassy takeover:
During the Iranian hostage crisis, revolutionary students (Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK)) stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran with the support of the Iranian government. They held 54 American hostages from November 1979 to January 1981.
King Gyanendra: (b. 1947)
King of Nepal from 2001 to 2008. After the attack and murder of several members of the royal family, Gyanendra became king of Nepal in 2001. He took complete power in 2005 to fight the Maoist rebellion. In the spring of 2006, he was forced to return power to parliament, and he was removed from power in 2008.
In 1986, a grand " _____________ " toppled a long-term repressive leader and promised to bring real democracy. The promise failed.
People Power Revolution
_______________ is the key to Mazzei's theory. Paramilitary death squads come into play only when power elites feel that social changes are undermining their societies and that nothing can be done to stop
Perception
A Maoist group, the _______________ ( Sendero Luminoso ), launched a campaign in rural Peru that began in 1980 and lasted for the following two decades
Shining Path
while in jail (prison) Sendic described the repression he saw in ____________ , in which he called for revolt in Montevideo.
Waiting for the Guerrilla
Red Army Faction:
a West German Marxist group modeled as Marighella-style urban guerrillas. They were the most violent and active revolutionary group during the heyday of left-wing European terrorism. After German reunification, the records of the former East German secret police led to the demise of the RAF. It was also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang when it first formed.
The com-bat striking power of the Tupamaros came from the ________________-person groups in the cells. This organization epitomized Marighella's concept of the firing unit.
four- to six
Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)
is composed of under-ground government officials who terrorize in the name of security.
The Shining Path
launched a 20-year terrorist campaign in Peru in 1980. It was a Marxist/Maoist movement that prompted a harsh governmental response. Peru's population was caught in the middle as the Shining Path systematically waged a campaign of terrorism against them. It reemerged around 2007, but its major goal was control of the drug trade. The Shining Path broke into two ma-jor factions centered on drug trafficking, and it gained a strong foothold in the coca-producing regions in southern Peru by 2012.
Right-wing terrorism is often a response to ______________violence.
left-wing
The importance of the noncombatant columns cannot be overemphasized—the strength of the Tupamaros came from its ________________ columns.
logistical
There is an interesting aspect to gender roles in the Naxalite movement. When it first began in 1967, females began protest movements, sometimes resulting in violence. Eventually, many joined the militants in the jungles. Many women regarded their activities as a "__________________," a time that defined their lives.
magic moment
Some revolutionary groups are sponsored by _______________.
nation-states
FARC operates in _________________ communities,
peasant
Montevideo government or police responded to Tupamaros ( National Liberation Movement (MLN)) by __________________ Tupamaros
torturing
The new Peruvian government created a ______________, which released a final report in 2003 after a two-year investigation. Two decades of violence had resulted in the deaths of nearly 70,000 people. The Shining Path was responsible for about 54 per-cent of the total death count om | Printed from www.chegg.com
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
The Shining Path would wage a Maoist campaign of terrorism for the next 20 years using his name.
Tupac Amaru
In the early 1960s, a group of revolutionaries called the __________ surfaced in Uruguay
Tupamaros
the MLN adapted the name of the heroic Inca chieftain Tupac Amaru, killed in a revolt against the Spaniards 200 years earlier. Porzecanski notes this story but also suggests the group may have taken its name from a South Ameri-can bird. In any case, Sendic's followers called themselves the ____________
Tupamaros.
Many Philippine counterterrorist activities have taken place outside the law since 2000. Over 1,700 people have been murdered in extrajudicial executions, and the _______________ has placed the Philippine government on an international watch list for human rights violations
United Nations
The National Counterterrorism Center (2010) suggests that FARC has been weakened by several setbacks.
Uribe's aggressive counterterrorism policy struck deeply into FARC, and some of its key leaders were killed in military operations. One of the co-founders of FARC died the same year, and in 2009 security forces turned a FARC offensive back. time, government forces also captured Swedish military hardware that had been sold to Venezuela in 1980.
The NPA sustains operations by levying a "______________," extorting money from local residents and merchants.
revolutionary tax
European leftists were influenced by events in Latin America, as well as by revolutionary leaders such as ____________. The Red Army Faction (RAF)—known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang in its early days— began a campaign in Germany, followed by copycat groups and more long-term terrorist organizations in other countries.
Carlos Marighella
The FARC and ELN emerged as revolutionary groups in ______ They formed alliances with drug cartels, and their influence spread beyond Colombia. They remain operational, but their effectiveness is believed to have been reduced.
Colombia.
Scholars have debated the political orientation of the Shining Path almost from its inception. Led by a philosophy professor, Abimael Guzmán, the group was deeply influenced by China and its _____________
Cultural Revolution.
_________________ have one common base—they protect the established order. Their purpose is to stop social change, and they terrorize those who threaten their position.
Death squads
The Aspen Foundation (Van Dongen, 2012) believes that the rebellion is far from over for three reasons.
First, India is one of the most underpoliced countries of the world. Second, reversing their previous public posture, the Naxalites have begun providing social services to the poor inside the Red Corridor. Finally, the most important reason the rebellion continues is that the fundamental issues which caused the unrest have not been addressed.
Mazzei argues that the conditions giving rise to death squads develop when several factors coalesce to form a favorable environment.
First, political elites must be entrenched in a society and have a vested interest in maintaining societal structures, and these elites have a history of employing armed force to protect their positions. a reform movement that threatens to break up elite power structures and redistribute wealth and power. Third, the government must be either unwilling or unable to stop the reform movement. Finally, hard-liners among the political elites break away from their mainstream counterparts, based on the belief that moderate political elites are too soft and unable to stop the reform movement.
According to Porzecanski, the group was not willing to move outside Montevideo to begin a guerrilla war for several reasons.
First, the group was not large enough to begin a guerrilla campaign. Second, the countryside of Uruguay did not readily lend itself to a guerrilla war because unrest grew from the urban center of Uruguay. Third, the peasants were unwilling to provide popular support for guerrilla forces. Finally, Montevideo was the nerve center of Uruguay.
Guzmán led the Shining Path in a twofold strategy.
First, the guerrillas operated in rural areas, trying to create regional military forces. Second, Guzmán attempted to combine Mao Zedong's ruthless revolutionary zeal with the guerrilla philosophy of Che Guevara.
Maoist groups exhibit three striking differences from most other revolutionary terrorists.
First, they practice ruthless domination in the areas they control, and they rule by terrorism. Second, Maoist groups have a reputation for maintaining internal discipline. They purge and control their own members. Finally, and most important, Maoist groups follow the revolutionary philosophy of Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong.
_________________ are part of Colombia's problem with terrorism.
Illegal drugs
Few analysts of terrorism—indeed, few scholars, politicians, soothsayers, or prophets—predicted three key events that changed the political landscape of Europe and the world.
In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down, leading to the reunification of Germany. To the south, new nations emerging from the former Yugoslavia took up arms and resumed a centuries-old struggle. The Soviet Union dissolved,
Georgios Karyotis (2007) explains Greek counterterrorism policy by examining three phases of recent history.
In the first phase, Greek security forces simply did not consider terrorism to be a problem. point, the Greek political system deemed terrorism to be a problem, but instead of developing a strong security policy, Greek politicians debated the issue of terrorism until 1999. Karyotis says that the third phase of the Greek response came in 1999, when authorities accepted the reality of the threat and developed security mechanisms to deal with it.
The MeK fought against the revolutionary government of _____________.
Iran
John Wolf (1981, p. 31) believes that an executive committee of the Tupamaros controlled all activities in Montevideo. The executive committee was responsible for two major functions.
It ran the columns that supervised the terrorist operations, and it also administered a special Committee for Revolutionary Justice.
Modern revolutionary terrorism
It was a global movement expressing dissatisfaction in the wake of anticolonialism.
Maoist terrorism
Its goal is to establish a communist society similar to that of revolutionary China.
It is estimated to have about 3,800 members, and Saddam Hussein used its services during the Iran-Iraq War. It is the largest and most militant group opposed to the Islamic Republic of Iran. The group espouses a mixture of Marxism and Islam, and its original purpose was to overthrow the governments of the Shah and to replace it with a socialist government.
Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK)
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld changed the members' status in 2004 without a legal review, stating that all members were civilian "protected persons." According to a RAND study
Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK)
The Tupamaros were nominally guided by a _________________, which had authority in all matters of policy and operations.
National Convention
In 1963, the group (Uruguay, Tupamaros) adopted its official name, the ____________
National Liberation Movement (MLN).
Anthropologist George Kunnath (2006). He believes that this grass-roots movement gained strength because the landlord system had created a virtual feudal state.
Naxalite movement
The Naxalites emerged in a 1967 uprising in West Bengal. Peasants demanding the right to land ownership and better wages staged mass demonstrations with the support of the communist party. Police confronted the demonstrators with deadly force, and protests turned into rebellion. The confrontation occurred in the Indian village of Naxalbari, and the unorganized groups of rebels that gathered in the countryside were known collectively as _______________
Naxalites.
With Porzecanski, Wolf classifies Tupamaros logistical supporters into two categories.
One group operated in the open and provided intelligence and background information to the noncombatant sections. The other type of supporters worked on getting supplies to the operational sections.
Alvaro Uribe: (b. 1952)
President of Colombia, 2002-2010. He was known for his tough stance against FARC and other revolutionary movements.
Alberto Fujimori: (b. 1938)
President of Peru from 1990 to 2000. He fled to Japan in 2000 but was extradited to Peru in 2007. He was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to prison.
Renato Curcio: (b. 1941)
The founder and leader of the Red Brigades in Italy.
The structure of the Shining Path organization reveals two interesting social patterns.
The role of families was prominent in day-to-day operations, and the Shining Path was committed to feminism. It actively recruited and engaged the services of revolutionary females, and Guzman's second-in-command was a woman from 1980 until she was killed in 1988
The Maoist rebels
They had international connections through their leftist positions, yet their specific objectives were aimed only at the national (Nepal) level. They sought to dismantle autocratic, futile social structures and to create a democratically inclusive government. They also sought to end Nepal's monarchy
The small Himalayan nation of Nepal experienced a ruthless Maoist rebellion from ___________________.
1995 to 2005
as a result of the maoist, Over the next ten years, _____________ people would be killed, and 100,000 peasants would be displaced.
12,000
Unfortunately, Uruguay's Tupamaros promise started to fade in ___________. The export economy that had proved so prosperous for the country began to crumble. Falling prices for exported goods brought inflation and unemployment, and economic dissatisfaction grew.
1954
Modern European terrorism emerged in the______________as an extreme reflection of left-wing activism.
1960s
Modern revolutionary terrorism reached its zenith in the _________________
1960s and 1970s.
Between 1975 and 2000, no fewer than ___________ revolutionary terrorist groups operated in Greece, of which N17 was the most no-torious.
250
There were nearly _______________ left-wing groups in Italy that appeared between 1967 and 1985, and most of them had a Marxist-Leninist orientation.
300
The Council on Foreign Relations (Hanson, 2009) writes that FARC had about _______________ guerrillas at its strongest point.
9,000
Raúl Sendic: (1926-1989)
A Uruguayan revolutionary leader. Sendic founded the National Liberation Movement (MLN), popularly known as the Tupamaros. Following governmental repression in 1973, he fled the country. Sendic died in Paris in 1989.
Plan Colombia
A joint effort by the United States and Colombia to move against three different groups: FARC, the National Liberation Army (ELN), and the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC).
People Power Revolution:
A mass Philippine protest movement that toppled Ferdinand Marcos in 1986. Marcos ruled as a dictator after being elected as president in 1965 and declaring martial law in 1972. When Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (president, 2001-2010) assumed the presidency in January 2001, her government proclaimed a second People Power Revolution.
Abimael Guzmán: (b. 1934)
A philosophy professor who led the Shining Path from 1980 until his arrest in 1992. Guzmán is serving a life sentence in Peru.
Cultural Revolution:
A violent movement in China from 1966 to 1976. Its main purpose was to rid China of its middle class and growing capitalist interests. The Cultural Revolution ended with the death of Mao Zedong.
Anders Breivik: (b. 1979)
A violent right-wing extremist who went on a one-day killing spree in Norway in July 2011. He detonated a bomb in Oslo and went on a shooting spree at a Labor Party youth camp for political reasons.
Alvaro Uribe won both the election and widespread popular support by augmenting Plan Colombia. He promised that he would bring FARC and the ELN to the negotiating table while dismantling the underground governmental counterterrorists of the __________________.
AUC
Margherita Cagol: (1945-1975)
Also known as Mara Cagol, the wife of Renato Curcio and a member of the Red Brigades. She was killed in a shoot-out with Italian police a few weeks after freeing her husband from prison.
In the NPA, while girls are recruited at a young age, all as-pects of their lives are controlled. Dubbed "__________" for the mythic race of Greek female warriors, they are not allowed to engage in any activity, including romantic liaisons, without permission of the male leaders
Amazonas
A common misconception is that the ______________was based on terrorism.
American Revolution
The Council on Foreign Relations (Fletcher, 2008) states that the MeK was responsible for attacking a number of Western targets in the 1970s and for supporting the 1979 ______________ takeover in Tehran.
American embassy
Tupac Amaru: (?-1572)
An Inca chieftain who led a revolt against Spain in the sixteenth century. His story has inspired many liberation and democratic movements in South America.
Red Brigades:
An Italian Marxist terrorist group that had its most effective operations from 1975 to 1990. It amended the centralized Tupamaro model by creating semiautonomous cells.
No-go areas:
An informal term to describe geographical areas that the duly empowered government cannot control. Security forces cannot routinely patrol these places.
Despite Greece efforts, a new group emerged in 2003—Revolutionary Struggle (EA). Its campaign began with the bombing of an_______________ courthouse.
Athens
_______________is a form of revolutionary terrorism.
Maoist terrorism
They evicted peasants from their land and set up local governments to redistribute their holdings. The ____________goal was to create a core group of peasant supporters and to terrorize the remaining population into subservience
Maoists (communist)
The organization of the Red Brigades was unique in European terrorism. They came closer to matching the _______________a model than did any other group in Europe. They were bound in a loose confederation, with a central committee meeting periodically to devise a grand strategy. A key difference, however, was that whereas the Tupamaros operated only in Montevideo, the Red Brigades existed in a variety of urban centers.
Marighell
The Tupamaros established an urban organization. The active cadre conducted terrorism (robbery, kidnapping, attacking symbolic targets) while waiting on sympathizers to create a revolutionary climate. The organizational structure included firing teams, small units described in _________________ , separated from one another in secretive cells, a command structure, and logistical support.
Marighella's Minimanual
After World War II, Revolutionary terrorism involved mainly left-wing and ____________ movements; right-wing groups copied these models. Some revolutionary groups are sponsored by nation-states.
Marxist
According to the Council on Foreign Relations (Fletcher, 2009), the ______________ conducted a number of attacks between the 1970s and 2001. These include hit-and-run military attacks against Iran, assassinations of Iranian officials, attacks on Iranians and foreign countries, and large bombings.
MeK
Europe experienced revolutionary terrorism from about 1965 to 1990.
Most groups waned after the demise of the former Soviet Union. Ethnic terrorism has emerged as the most likely threat, although single-issue groups may emerge to replace the former left-wing terrorists. N17 followed the path of most revolutionary groups in Europe, except that it lasted until the twenty-first century. The Revolutionary Struggle emerged after the demise of N17 and remains operational in Greece. Anarchist violence has increased recently as a result of the economic crisis in Europe.
There were nearly 300 left-wing groups in Italy that appeared between 1967 and 1985, and most of them had a Marxist-Leninist orientation. The best-known group was the _______________, which formed in Milan after Renato Curcio broke away from a left-wing working-class political organization.
Red Brigades
As the Naxalite began to solidify, it formed a __________________, stretching from the northern Nepal border to south-central India. This became a strong geographical base of power.
Red Corridor
National Liberation Movement:
The Tupamaros' official name.
In the right-wing novel ________________ (MacDonald, 1980), Earl Turner joins a terrorist group similar to the Tupamaros in Washington, D.C. The author describes the mythical right-wing revolution in terms of Carlos Marighella and the Tupamaros. The right does not give credit to the left, but it does follow its example.
The Turner Diaries
Red Corridor:
The area of Naxalite violence in India. The corridor runs from Nepal through southern India, and from India's east coast to the central regions.
The Naxalite rebellion
began in 1967 in west Bengal. It started as several communist movements agitating for agrarian reform and peasants rights. The first rebellion was repressed with military and police power. In the second phase, Naxalites began to spread and organize in central India, creating a Red Corridor. The third phase began in 2004 when two major groups united and launched an open rebellion. Its most deadly year was 2010, but the group suffered setbacks in 2011 after one of its main leaders was killed. It remains active, although the level of violence dropped in early 2012.
In order to understand the Maoist problem, it is necessary to remember that Indian society was governed by a rigid _______________ system for centuries.
caste
The Communist Party of Nepal responded with more "arrests" and "people's trials." If peasants sided with the government, rebels labeled them as "__________________," and they were frequently murdered. If they gave in to rebel demands for food and shelter, governmental forces punished them
class enemies
Operational power in the Tupamaros was vested in the lower-echelon units. Columns were organized for both _____________
combatant (operational) and staff (logistical) functions.
Counterterrorism involves the legitimate legal activities of security forces, but some unofficial groups operate outside the law. When these groups engage in violence, it can be described as ____________________
counter revolutionary terrorism.
The purpose of a ________________ is to eliminate opposition when a government is either unable or unwilling to do so.
death squad
In 1968, the Tupamaros ( National Liberation Movement (MLN)) launched a massive campaign of _________________ in Montevideo.
decentralized terrorism
By 1988, Corrado and Evans conclude, the popularity of nationalistic and left-wing terrorism was ____________. They suggest that the pluralism of Western democracies opened the door to peaceful participation in the political system and offered opportunities for change.
declining
Death squads
developed as a reaction to revolutionary terrorism. The premise behind extrajudicial arrest, torture, and murder is that normative law cannot cope with terrorist violence. People supporting death squads believe that their existence is threatened; therefore, it is necessary to operate outside the law and terrorize the terrorists.
Revolutionary terrorism
differs from other forms of violence because it occurs outside the normal realm of violent political action. It involves acts of violence that are particularly abominable, and it usually occurs within a civilian population. The violence is symbolic, and it is designed to have a devastating psychological impact on established power.
Kidnapping became so successful that the Tupamaros ( National Liberation Movement (MLN)) took to kidnapping foreign ______________
diplomats.
Guzmán led the Shining Path in a twofold strategy. First, the guerrillas operated in rural areas, trying to create regional military forces. Second, Guzmán attempted to combine Mao Zedong's ruthless revolutionary zeal with the guerrilla philosophy of Che Guevara. The result was a ruthless campaign of violence designed to force peasants into a new egalitarian society. For most guerrillas, terrorism is minimized because it alienates potential supporters. Guzmán's philosophy was different. Anyone who refused to support the Shining Path was considered an _______________
enemy.
Bustamante and Chaskel (2008) argue that Uribe's most successful military actions came between his _______________
first election and 2005.
The NPA is unique due to its_____________ orientation (Coronel, 2007). Most of its power base is in rural Luzon, but it has made inroads in Manila and Mindanao.
ideological
The Maoist rebellion
in Nepal began in 1995 and grew into a major insurrection. A peace treaty in 1995 temporarily brought the Nepalese Communist Party into the government and resulted in limitations on the power of the monarchy. However, Maoist rebels launched attacks in 1996, resulting in a civil war that last until a ceasefire in 2006 and UN monitoring from 2007. The Maoists threatened to renew violence in 2012.
Poverty does not cause terrorism, but social ____________can draw people to revolutionary causes.
inequities
Martha Crenshaw (1972), a pioneer in the field, summarized the aspects of revolutionary terrorism early in her career. She says that revolutionary terrorism can be defined as an ___________ in the context of internal warfare or revolution.
insurgent strategy
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
is Latin America's oldest and largest terrorist group. Formed as a military wing of the Colombian Communist Party in 1964, it is probably the most capable terrorist group in South America.
the New People's Army (NPA)
is the longest-running communist insurgency in the world. It is a rural movement that began in 1969 as a response to a Philippine dictatorship. It had as many as 25,000 members in the 1980s In the Philippine
The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
joined the Shining Path in 1984, although it was much less violent.
Peter Waldmann (1986, p. 259) sums up the Tupamaros best by stating that they became the ______________ of urban terrorism.
masters
Maoist terrorism is a form of revolutionary terrorism, and it can be understood within the same framework Martha Crenshaw originally used to define the term. In practice, Maoist groups tend to be ______________ violent than other revolutionary groups.
more
When two movements—the People's Guerrilla Army of the People's War Group and the People's Liberation Army of the Maoist Center of India—joined together in 2004, the Naxalites reemerged with power. A___________rebellion burst onto the scene, and by 2005 the Naxalites were challenging India's police with attacks on police stations and jungle ambushes, producing law enforcement c asualties
pan-Naxalite
In Nepal, The Maoists executed prisoners, kidnapped prominent citizens, conducted high-profile assassinations, and launched hit-and-run attacks. They detained government officials, bringing them to their own courts for a "_________________."
people's trial
Revolutionary terrorism refers to movements designed to overthrow and replace a ____________
political system.
according to Martha Crenshaw , _________________ It is an attempt to seize power from a legitimate state for the purpose of creating political and social change. It involves the systematic use of terrorism to achieve this goal. Violence is neither isolated nor a series of random acts, and it is far from guerrilla warfare or conventional warfare.
revolutionary terrorism
Death squads have been associated primarily with ________________ activities, but they are used across the political spectrum.
right-wing
Maoist groups are based in ______________ peasant movements.
rural
Despite its tactics of individual masked murders and the elimination of anyone suspected of not supporting the revolution, the Shining Path was committed to _________________
social egalitarianism,
Tupamaros
spurned the countryside, favoring an urban environment. City side-walks and asphalt became their battleground. A decade later, their tactics would inspire revolutionaries around the world, and terrorist groups would imitate the methods of the Uruguayan revolutionaries. The Tupamaros epitomized urban terrorism.
Two of the issues that keep the NPA in the field are the ________________
structure of political power and the distribution of wealth.
In western Europe, the Tupamaro structure and tactics were mimicked by such groups as
the Red Army Faction and Direct Action and red brigades.
Two terrorist groups appeared shortly after democracy returned to Greece:
the Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA) and November 17 (N17).
Revolutionary terrorism involves ____________ for the purpose of changing the political structure of government or the social orientation of a country or region.
violent activity
The Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK) n.
was founded in 1965, 14 years before the Iranian Revolution, for the purpose of overthrowing the Iranian government. It has been designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the United States, primarily due to the assassinations of six Americans in Tehran during the 1970s and its anti- American activities during the 1979 Iranian Revolutio
Marighella model. Seagaller said that although European terrorists longed for a Marighella-style revolution, they never achieved it because they were too __________________
weak.
Nepal's rebellion did not follow the path of other forms of terrorism in Asia. One interesting difference was the role of _______________ in the Maoist movement.
women
Tupamaro Tactics
• Assassination • Bank robbery • Kidnapping • Propaganda • Bombing • Internal discipline • Infiltration of security forces • Temporary control of urban areas • Redistribution of expropriated goods to the poor