Terminos Literatura Inglesa II Segundo Cuatrimestre (para modificar o añadir términos: contraseña 1234)

Age Of Improvement

Mid-Victorian phase, marked by optimism and stability. The queen and her husband were themselves models of middle-class domesticity and devotion to duty. Free trade brought greater prosperity, although it did not eradicate slums.

Aestheticism

Movement in the latter part of the Victorian era which rejects middle class moralism and didacticism. Inspired by the development of French symbolism and the credo of art for art's sake, not for moral ends. Yellow book poets such as Swineburne and Symons had their work published in the Yellow Book, a leading journal of aestheticism. This stands in opposition to early writers, such as Ruskin

Chartism

Name given to groups who supported the petition known as the "People's Charter" (1838). It's goals are: Annual parliaments, universal suffrage for men, abolition of the property qualification for members of the house of commons, a secret ballot, equal electoral districts, salaries for the members of the parliament

The Giaour

Name of an exotic tale by Lord Byron telling the flight of an "Infidel" from the court of a Turkish despot.

Charles Darwin

Name of the famous scientist who wrote "The origin of species" and introduced the evolutional Theory.

Fallen Women Narrative

Novels related to the lives of prostitutes such as Rossetti's "Goblin Market". Whether a sexual seductress or as victim of the male sexual predator she is the symbolic opposite of the pure and purifying angel in the house. They were also prominent in Pre-Raphaelite art.

Byronism

Personality cult of Byron who enjoyed commercial success and notoriety all over Europe

Epistolary Poem

Poem about failed romance through letters by its various characters.

Goblin Market

Poem by Christina Rossetti, part fairy tale part allegory, this situates within its story of two sisters a range of Victorian preoccupations: economic, sexual and religious

Endymion

Poem written by John Keats in 1817. It's an ambitious undertaking of more than 4.000 lines. It's a rich allegory of a mortal's quest for an ideal feminine counterpart and a flawless happiness beyond earthly possibility; in a number of passages, it already exhibits the sure movement and phrasing of his mature poetic style

Dramatic Monologues

Poems that are lyric in expression but dramatic in principle. a poem in which the voice of a historical or fictional character speaks unmediated by any narrator to an implied though silent silence. Tennison´s ULYSES; THE LOVE OF SONG Alfred Prufrock.

Abolitionism

Political and Cultural movement directed against the British Atlantic slave trade. (1780 to 1807)

Beautiful

Product of small and pleasing objects

Ellen Alleyn

Pseudonym under which the author of Goblin Market published poems in the literary magazine begun by the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which only lasted for 4 issues

Culture

Qualities of an open-minded intelligence

Bertha Mason

Rochester's mad wife and Jane's alter ego in the novel Jane Eyre. She's referred to as "the madwoman in the attic" in the novel

Elegiac Poem

Samuel Taylor Coleridge argued that it is the form "most natural to the reflective mind" and that it may be upon any subject, so long as it reflects on the poet himself. Coleridge was quite aware of the fact that his definition conflated it with the lyric, but he was emphasizing the recollected and reflective nature of the lyric he favored and referring to the sort of elegy that had been popularized by Gray.

The Fourth State

Term appropriated by Carlyle to denote a powerful press

Galvanism

Term of animal electricity to describe whatever it was that avtivated the muscles of specimens Generation (Blake)

Doppelgänger Tale

Term referring to a story that either revolves around two central characters functioning as doubles of one another or, alternatively, to a fiction about and individual whose personality is divided. (The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by R. Lous Stevenson)

The Cockney School Of Poets Or Tory Quarterly

The Cockney School Of Poets Or Tory Quarterly Keats, after his first volume of Poems, made the acquaintance of Leigh Hunt and his circle of friends, a term suggesting a middle-class, suburban, and metropolitan kind of writing

Byronism

The attitude of Titanic cosmic self assertion

The Giaour

The first of Byron's Eastern Tales that has been variously interpreted as a poem about the clash of world-views between Muslim and Christian and their struggle over the contested territory of Greece. He exploited the taste for exotic landscape and local colour

The Grand Style

The highest genre of oil painting was the history painting, depicting figures from the Bible, mythology, or national history, and in particular Britain's military and naval success . Landscape painting also became popular during this period.

Conversational Poetry

The idea of utilizing common, everyday language to express profound poetic images and ideas for which Wordsworth became so famous may have originated almost entirely in Coleridge's mind.

Don Juan

The longest satirical poem and the longest poem of any kind in English. It's written by Lord Byron

Edinburg Review / Quarterly Review

The most significant innovation in the history of the periodical press in the period of leading literature reviews of the 19th Century. It was sympathetic to the Whig cause

Adonais

The philosophy of artistic meaning as a distinct mode of apprehending untranslatable truth defined as an alternative to rational enquiry which is purely abstract. Developed in the late eighteenth century by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant especially.

Chartism

The principles and practices of a body of 19th century English political reformers advocating better social and industrial conditions for the working classes. Chartist poetry endorses commitment to everyday struggle.

Generation (Blake)

The realm of common human experience, suffering and conflicting contraries

Evangelicalism

The renewed faith in Gospel-based Christianity. They were wealthy, politically conservative and appealed to the rich. Nicknamed the "Saints."

Barchester Novels

They have as scene a small community. They were typically written by Anthony Trollope.

Corn Laws

They taxed imported grains, thereby protecting the income of landowners while making food expensive for the working classes (1846).

Bildungsroman

This literary genre was coined by the Philologist Karl Morgenstern in 1819 and first recognixed in J. W. Goethe's "W. Meister's Apprenticeship" (1796). Although this genre was born in Germany, it had an enormous influence around the world. It's a literary genre that focuses on the moral growth of the portagonist from youth to adult. The novel is centred on the changes the main character undertakes in its educational and moral growth. The normally sensitive and young character seeks answers to life questions by travelling and gaining experience or by formation, like in "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Brönte.

English Jacobins

Those who supported the ideals of the French Revolution and political reform after 1792

Byronic Hero

Type of Character, half hero half villain, popularized by the works of Lord Byron, mainly "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" and "The Giaour", who embodied an archetype of male charismatic and sophisticate but nonetheless alienated, flawed and individualist.

Blank Verse

Unrhymed iambic pentameter. During the 16th C. it was used primarily in plays, but in the 18th and 19th C. it came to be used for a great variety of discursive, descriptive and philosophical poems, in addition to epics.

Bestseller

Victorians virtually invented mass literature, and the printing press driven by the steam engine was an emblem of their achievements and aspirations.

Eponymous

When a story takes its name from a central character.

Blake's Methods Of Multiple Dialectics

Whereby a given thematic or stylistic aspect is defined in relation to its contrastive pair creating further tensions and or mutually illuminating analogues has come to be regarded as a deeply Romantic notion

Characters Of Shakespeare's Plays

William Hazlitt's work in which he showed himself a radical prose essayist and literary critic

Elegiac Poem

William Wordsworth had said that poetry should come from "emotions recollected in tranquility" (Preface to Lyrical Ballads, emphasis added). After the Romantics, it slowly returned to its narrower meaning of verse composed in memory of the dead.

Commercial Circulating Libraries

With 65% male and 50% female literacy (higher in Scotland), there was a demand for reading material. The circulating libraries rented out books to mostly middle class patrons. There were 1000 such libraries by 1801 and 1500 by 1821. The three-volume duodecimo format, was the most rented. The most popular author was Scott (Waverley novels).

The Art Of "the Puff"

A Romantic Period idiom for publicity

Pilgrim's Progress (Bunyan)

A book that was widely read in the 19th Ccentury and that, in the moral tradition of religious and didactic works, describes the struggle of human beings between good and evil forces in their search for heavenly peace

Aesthetic Movement

A current of Victorian poetry influenced by French symbolism, characterised by its commitment to art and favoured by the development of the press in the last decades of the nineteenth century.

Canto

A division of a long, usually narrative poem. The term was used by the medieval poet Dante Alighieri and later, by English poets such as Lord Byron.

Governess Novel

A genre through which to explore women´s role in society: Jane Eyre, Vanity Fair...

The Della Cruscans

A group of poets gathered round Rober Merry (including Mary Robinson and Hannah Cowley) that produced a series of rhetorically ornate and emotional poems of sensibility in the late 18th Century that may well have influenced the young Romantics

The Della Cruscans

A group of poets that gathered around Robert Merry and wrote rethorically ornate and emotional poems of sentibility.

Governess Novel

A kind of novel in which the main character is a governess, like Jane Eyre

Bildungsroman

A literary genre that details the growth and development (formation or education) of a main character through several periods of life. It began as a German genre in the 17th Century, but by the mid-1800s had become firmly established in England as well.

Deism

A movement or system of thought advocating natural religion, emphasizing morality, and in the 18th century denying the interference of the Creator with the laws of the universe

First Person Narrative

A narrative in which the voice narrating refers to itself with forms of the 1st person pronoun (I, me, my and even we, us, our) and in which the narrative is determined by the limitations of that voice. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Intrusive narrator

Bildungsroman

A novel of formation such as: Brönte's Jane Eyre and Villette, Dickens's David Copperfield and Great Expectations, Eliot's The mill on the floss Meredith's The ordeal of Richard Feverel.

Beulah (Blake)

A pastoral condition of easy and relaxed innocence, without a clash of contraries

The Angel In The House

A poem by Coventry Patmore used later in reference to women who embodied the Victorian feminine ideal. It stressed women's purity and selflessness

Dramatic Monologue

A poetic mode characterised by the use of the first person, the vivid portrayal of the character-speaker and a sense of audience. In the nineteenth century, it was used by Robert Browning.

Experimental "Monodrama."

A speaker tells his story in a sequence of short lyrics in varying meters. Each short poem is comprised of isometric stanzas. The stanzas are iambic tetrameter quatrains with the rhyme scheme ABBA, a form that has since become known as the "In Memoriam Stanza." (In Memoriam, Tennyson´s).

Consonant Chiming

A technique Gerard Manley Hopkins learned from Welsh poetry. The technique involves elaborate use of alliteration and internal rhyme; in Hopkins's hands this creates an unusual thickness and resonance

Byronic Hero

A term coined by Taine which means a ruling personage; that is, the model that contemporaries invest with their admiration and sympathy. He is first sketched in the opening canto of "Childe Harold Pilgrimage"

Blank Verse Novel

A term used to define Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh, referring both to the text's versification pattern and to its essential similarities with fiction

Coffee - Houses

A venue for reading and debating information

Fall Of Hyperion

A visionary poem by John Keats

Female Romanticism

Alternative to the male Romanticism of the canonical poets

Divine Vision

Blake's idea of a life of isolation, misunderstanding and poverty

First Generation Of The Romantic Poets

Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge.

Benjamin Disraeli

British statement and novelist who was twice Prime Minister and who made Queen Victoria Empress of India. He also bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal Company.

Gothic

By the late 18th Century, the term had come to symbolize the medieval or the Dark Ages prior to the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution

The Giaour

Byron's Eastern Tale, but it is not a simple linear narrative, rather a series of disjointed fragments told from differing points of view. It tells the tale of the Giaour, of Infidel, from the court of a Turkish despot, Hassan.It has had an adulterous affair with a slave of Hassan's harem, the beautiful Leila. Hassan has Leila sewn into a sack and drowned, and his exacts his revenge by ambushing and killing Hassan, but he is later haunted by his acts.

Closet Drama Or Mental Theatre

Byron's Manfred and Joanna Baillie's De Monfort are examples of this genre

Byronic Hero

Byron's chief claim to be considered an arch-Romantic (variant of the Romantic hero)

Byronic Hero

Character-type found in Byron's celebrated narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, his verse drama Manfred, and other works. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin.

Currer Bell

Charlotte Brontë's pen name

Enclosure

Conversion of common land and strip-based open field farming into compact and contained holding to produce more efficient and sustained farming. This, benefited the landowners and left unemployed a large number of rural population

Darwinism

Darwinism sparked a firestorm of response in intellectual circles. Natural selection made it difficult to embrace the idea of God at the helm of creation and in control of the processes by which man and animals adapted to their environments. In the encounter/debate between Huxley and Bishop Wilberforce, Huxley won over the crowd, symbolizing the triumph of Victorian rationality over orthodoxy.

Female Gothic

Deals with the explained supernatural and focuses on the persecution of the powerless heroine by patriarchal power

Arthurian Romance

Defined as "narrative, written in prose or verse and concerned with adventure, courtly love and chivalry," Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

The French National Convention

Divided between the Modern Republicans (the Girondins and the Montagnards), who wanted to give the lower classes a greater share in political and evonomic power

Condition Of England Literature

Dominated the literary landscape of the 1830s and 1840s and it's concerned with the living conditions and economic vulnerability of the labouring classes living in cities and working in the factories

Epic Satire

Don Juan, satiric poem by Lord Byron, The poem is in eight line iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ab ab ab cc - often the last rhyming couplet is used for a humour comic line or humorous bathos. The rhyme scheme of each stanza is known as ottava rima.

Bluestocking

Educated, intellectual woman, more specifically a member of the 18th Century Blue Stockings Society led by the hostess and critic Elizabeth Montagu, the "Queen of the Blues", and including Elizabeth Vesey, Hester Chapone, and the classicist Elizabeth Carter. In the following generation came Hester Lynch Piozz, Hannah More, and Frances Burney.

Evangelical Revival

Envangecalism or the renewed faith a Gospel-based Christianity had its origins in the early to the mid 18th Century and believed in the importance of preaching the World to all. It was strongly opposed to the transatlantic slave trade

Familiar Essay

Essays about experiences in the wider world. Essays and articles providing information and advice on topics such as courtship, health and domestic economy. It is an ideal means to write about own´s personal experience.

First Generation Of The Romantic Poets

For them Nature works to purify the mind by stimulating its spiritual and imaginative responses through intense emotional experience, often those of terror. They were more conservatives than the second generation of poets.

The Giaour

He is a Byronic figure, with his "evil eye", a "demon in the night."

Byronic Hero

He is first sketches in the opening canto of Childe Harold

The Albatross

In S. T. Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the seabird around which the poem's symbolism revolves.

Elegiac Tone

In Tennyson's "The Lady of Shalott", is used where the author is praising someone in a somber tone.

Familiar Essay

Intimate-Feeling commentaries, often presented as if prompted by incidents in the authors' private lives, on an eclectic range of topics, from pork to prize-fighting. It was developed in 1820 in a group of Romantic writers: Hazzlit, Lamb and De Quincey

Evangelicalism

It believed passionately in the scriptures and in the fallen nature of humanity and its essentially sinful nature

Benjamin Disraeli

It was a conservative prime minister (1868 and 1874-80) and one of Queen Victoria's favourites. He promoted the Young England movement, which articulated a paternalistic vision of the nation in which the working classes were united with the aristocracy in a cohesive and peaceful hierarchy, with the Church of England as its spiritual head.

The French Revolution

It was a serie of political events beginning with the summoning and meeting of the French States general representing the clergy

The Cockney School Of Poets Or Tory Quarterly

It's a derogatory term used by their contemporaries for the Londoners Leigh Hunt, William Hazlitt, and other associated writers incluiding Keats. They are the greatest English writers of the 19th Century

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage

It's a lengthy narrative poem in four parts written by Lord Byron. Due to itsuccess, Byron wrote "I awoke one morning and found myself famous."

Gothic Revival, Victorian Gothic Or Neo-Gothic

It's an architectural movement that began in the 1840s in England. Its popularity grew rapidly in the early 19th century, when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval forms, in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time.

Ballad Stanza

It's the four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, most often found in the folk ballad. usually either four or six lines long but, occasionally, as many as nine lines long.

Aurora Leigh

Long poem written by Elisabeth Barrett Browning which tells about the growth of a woman poet

Byronism

Lord Byron's celebrity and notoriety encapsulated in the personality of byronism, which swept Europe before and after his death.

Closet Drama Or Mental Theatre

Major dramatic form for Romantic writers which was designed to be read and not performed. As the stage was censored by the Examiner of Plays, it allowed the writer more freedom to develop ideas. The term was coined by Byron