Terrorism and National Security EXAM 1 Study

Without Emotions of Remorse and Pity (O'Ballance)

Since most victims will include innocent men, women, and children, who must be killed in cold blood, a terrorist must have the killer instinct, able to kill without hesitation on receipt of a code or signal. As this expert notes, many can kill in the heat of anger or in battle, but few can do so in cold blood.

What are the major elements of terrorist training?

Some of the major elements of the training of terrorists are the topics of which they are taught. They are taught in the following. Arson and bombs, Assassination and Ambush Techniques, Extortion and Kidnapping for Ransom, Disguise Techniques, Clandestine Travel, Recruitment, Communications, Intelligence Collection, Counterintelligence Methods, and Weapons .

Crusaders

.Crusaders do not seek personal gain but prestige and power for a collective cause. They commit terrorist acts in the belief that they are serving a higher cause. Their motives can be completely religious but they are typically a blend of the political and the religious. They are seldom willing to negotiate because they feel that doing so would be betraying their cause. They do not expect to survive and many times believe that they will receive an reward in the afterlife.

What are the five typologies of terrorism?

1. Mass Terror, 2. Dynastic Assassination, 3. Random Terror, 4. Focused Random Terror, 5. Tactical Terror (revolutionary. While not in the original 5 the book adds a 6th which is lone wolf terror.

Anarchist Wave of Terrorism

1880s-90s, promoted the idea of Propaganda by the Deed which is the notion that revolutionaries must violently act on their beliefs to promote the ideals of the revolution because trying to create a revolution with pamphlets, meetings, and demonstrations is ineffective

The Religious Wave 1979-Present.

1979 Seige of Mecca and Iranian Revolution. Religiously motivated not limited to Islam. Al Qaeda and ISIs are the two most notable groups of this wave.

Netwar

A mode of conflict and crime at societal levels in which the actors use networks forms of organization and related doctrines, strategies, and technology attuned to the information age.

What is the definition of terrorism?

A synthesis of war and theater, a dramatization of the most proscribed kind of violence---that which is deliberately perpetrated on civilian noncombatant victims----played before an audience in the hope of creating a mood of fear, for political purposes.

Personal Bravery (O'Ballance)

A terrorist must face the possibility of death, injury, imprisonment, or torture if captured. O'Ballance regards personal bravery as important, in varying degrees, depending upon one's position within a terrorist group's hierarchy.

What are the demographics of the typical terrorist?

AGE: The majority of terrorists today are in their twenties, yet there are groups in the middle east, south-east Asia, and Africa that recruit children that are 14 or 15 years old. Gender: While they are typically male and have been in the past. "Terrorism of the late twentieth century, however, was an equal opportunity employer. Education: Until the mid-1970's most of the individuals involved in terrorism were well educated. Almost two-thirds of the people identified as terrorists were students. Today however the level of education of terrorists is declining (among "followers"). The leaders of terrorist organizations however are typically very educated. Economic Status: During the 1960's many young people joined terrorist organizations as a way of rejecting the comfortable middle-class values of their parents. Today's Terrorist followers tend to be drawn more from the less fortunate than from comfortable middle-class homes. The leaders of groups today are increasingly emerging from middle to upper-class families. pages 85-89.

Al Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national terrorist organization. It was founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers during the Soviet-Afghan War. Al-Qaeda operates as a network of Islamic extremists and Salafist jihadists.

Explain Hacker's Typology of Terrorists

According to Hacker there are three categories of persons who commit terrorist acts. Crazies, Criminals, and Crusaders. It should be noted that individuals carrying out terrorist acts are seldom purely one type or the other.

State Terrorism

Acts of Terrorism that a state commits against defenseless victims.

According to Coombs, terrorism always involves all except____________.

An organized group

Which country fought a war against its own citizens that was called the "dirty war?"

Argentina

Aryan Nation

Aryan Nations is an American anti-semitic, neo-Nazi, white supremacist terrorist organization that was originally based in Kootenai County, Idaho, about 2 ¾ miles north of the city of Hayden Lake. Richard Girnt Butler founded the group in the 1970s.

Fairly High Intelligence (O'Ballance)

As a would-be terrorist has to collect, collate, and assess information; devise and put into effect complex plans; and evade police, security forces, and other hostile forces, intelligence appears to be a requisite.

Focused random terror involves tactics of:

Bombs in specific cafes, markets or similar places

Be Reasonably Well Educated and posses a fair share of General Knowledge. (O'Ballance)

By this O'Ballance means that a terrorist should be able to speak English as well as one other major language. He asserts that a university degree is almost mandatory.

Random Terror

Committed by: Individuals or groups (example: 9/11) Target: Anyone in the wrong place at the wrong time. Tactics: bombs in cafés markets or similar places.

Focused Random Terror

Committed by: Individuals or groups (example: Provisional IRA) Target: Members of the "opposition." Tactics: Bombs in specific cafés and markets.

Dynastic Assasination

Committed by: Individuals or groups (example: the assassination of Anwar Sadat) Target: Head of state or ruling elite. Tactics: Very selective violence.

Lone Wolf Terror

Committed by: Individuals usually acting alone (example: Omar Mateen's Attack on gay nightclub, Orlando Florida) Target: The Government and civilians Tactics: Bombings in public venues and government buildings.

Mass Terror

Committed by: Political leaders (example: Joseph Stalin) Target: General Population Tactics: Coercion organized or un-organized.

Tactical Terror (Revolutionary)

Committed by: Revolutionary Movements (example: M-19 attacks on Colombian Justices.) Target: The Government Tactics: Attacks on politically attractive targets.

The New Left Wave 1960's-Late 90'2

Emerged in the mid-1960's in response to the Vietnam War. A generation of Europeans and Americans who were in college in the 1960's Good television was of prime importance. This was the age of sky jacking.

ETA

Euskadi Ta Askatasuna: Was an armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization in the Basque Country (in northern Spain and southwestern France).

A terrorist group known for seeking independence or autonomy from the government in power is

Euzkadita Azkutasuna (ETA)

According to Combs, the United States has never committed a terrorist act.

False

European democracies such as France, Germany, and Italy have not contributed to the arms bizarre.

False

External state terrorism has produced some of the most flagrant violations of human rights that the world has ever known.

False

Internal and external state terrorism are exactly the same.

False

Nationalism and separatism are considered to have the exact same motivation.

False

Offering assistance to those already engaged in opposition to states that are one's enemies is called state directed terrorism

False

Only a few religions have been responsible for producing fanatical terrorists.

False

Terrorism is always easy to determine.

False

The Earth Liberation Front is an environmental group wrongly accused of issue-oriented terror.

False

The distinction between a terrorist act and a legitimate act of guerilla warfare is always clear.

False

The international community has largely been successful at stopping and preventing genocide.

False

Which of the following countries has not been a safe haven for terrorist organizations?

France

What film did we watch at the beginning of class

Frontline-The Rise of ISIS

Which of the following levels of state sponsored terrorism is the most brutal?

Genocide

Separatist

Groups that want to separate from their home country, the best know group who is known for this is the ETA who are Basque separatists who seek independence or at least autonomy from Spain.

Nationalist

Groups whose motivation is nationalism are those who seek for their portion of society, which is sometimes but not always a minority to gain control of the system of government and the allocation of resources within the nation-state. Examples of this would be the IRA before 1990's, the Tupamaros in Uruguay, and the Shining Path in Peru.

Hamas

Hamas is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist, militant, and nationalist organization. It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.

Hezbollah

Hezbollah is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, led by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah since 1992. Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council, and its political wing is the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese Parliament.

Son of A terrorist Ted Talk

His dad was involved in the garage bombing under the north parking lot of the world trade center. He did not become fanaticized but instead condemns his fathers actions.

Random terror is committed by:

Individuals or groups

Criminals

Individuals who perform terrorist acts for personal gain. They are usually willing to negotiate in exchange for profit and safe passage. They have a strong expectation of survival as they are so interested in themselves

Coerced Conversion (State Terror)

Involving government efforts to create a complete change in a national lifestyle.

ISIS

Islamic State, at times known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or by its Arabic acronym, Daesh, is a militant group and former unrecognized quasi-state that follows a Salafi jihadist doctrine.

Narco Terrorism

It is the linkage between drugs and terrorism one of the first recorded instances of Narco Terrorism was a group called the Brotherhood of Assassins in the 11th century. Promise of a reward of drugs gave them even more of a motivation to commit acts of terrorism. Drugs and terrorism is not limited to the Middle East. Many South American and Central American countries still struggle with it.

Where did the phrase originate?

It originated during the French Revolution but in times as ancient as Greece and Rome had acts of terror-violence

What are the myths of Terrorism?

Myth #1 Most terrorism is carried out by Muslims from the Middle East. Truth yes it is true that the biggest threat to the west right now may be radical Islamic terrorists, however most of the world's terrorism is carried out by other types of groups in various locations across the globe. Myth #2 Islam is the only religion that breeds radical extremists and terrorism. Truth #2 All religions are susceptible to fundamentalists that may turn to terror. Myth #3 Terrorists are crazy Truth #3 For years those that study terrorism have believed that they are rational actors, most of what they do has a purpose. Myth #4 Terrorism can be defeated. Truth #4 Terrorism is a tactic and philosophy that has been around for centuries and will be around for many more to come. Terrorist organizations can be defeated by military action but they can also dissolve or moderate depending on a variety of factors. Myths #5 Terrorist are poor uneducated and have few prospects. Truth #5 There is little evidence to support the notion that poverty causes terrorism. Many are more educated and wealthier than the average citizen of their nation. Some terrorist value personal sacrifice as a way to improve their communities whether defined by religion, ethnicity, or socioeconomic class. Myth #6 All terrorist are adult men Truth #6 This is not true, Ulrike Meinhof was the one of the founders of the Red Army Faction in Germany she was a women. Many terrorist organizations will also use children.

Terrorism in Latin America

Tends to be directed internally only occasionally having its attacks in neighboring countries.

"A synthesis of war and theater, a dramatization of the most prescribed kind of violence played before an audience in the hope of creating a mood of fear, for political purposes", is the definition of ______________.

Terrorism

Shining Path

The Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path, commonly shortened to the Shining Path, is a revolutionary communist party and guerrilla group in Peru following Marxism-Leninism-Maoism and Gonzalo Thought.

Anti-Colonial Wave: 1920-1960

The IRA was one of the first national liberation terrorist movements but their lack of success forced them to outlive most second wave groups. The terrorist/Freedom fighter analogy came to prominence in the second wave. Put simply, those who engage in terrorist tactics are terrorists, regardless of how laudable their goals. The irgun and the bombing of the King David Hotel was a good example of this.

Japanese Red Army

The Japanese Red Army was a militant communist terrorist group which was founded by Fusako Shigenobu and Tsuyoshi Okudaira in February 1971 and was active around the world in the 1970s and 1980s. After the Lod airport massacre, it sometimes called itself Arab-JRA.

PLO

The Palestine Liberation Organization is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle.

IRA

The Real Irish Republican Army, or Real IRA (RIRA), is a dissident Irish republican paramilitary group that aims to bring about a United Ireland. ... It is an illegal organisation in the Republic of Ireland and designated as a proscribed terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and the United States.

Red Army Faction

The Red Army Faction, also known as the Baader-Meinhof Group or Baader-Meinhof Gang, was a West German far-left militant organization founded in 1970. Key early figures included Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin, and Horst Mahler, among others.

FARC

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People's Army was a guerrilla group involved in the continuing Colombian conflict starting in 1964. They were known to employ a variety of military tactics in addition to more unconventional methods, including terrorism.

What are the attributes of a successful terrorist? Edward O'Ballance

The attributes of a successful terrorist as according to Edward O'Ballance are Dedication, Personal Bravery, Without the emotions of pity and remorse, Fairly high intelligence, Fairly high degree of sophistication, Be well reasonable and possesses a fair degree of general knowledge.

Genocide (State Terror)

The deliberate effort to exterminate an entire class, ethic group, or religious group of people.

First time that a political assassination was referred to as an act of terrorism

The execution of Marie Antoinette in France. It was done by France's own government.

What is the spectrum of causes? (Terrorist Ideology)

The following are the spectrum of causes: Anarchist, Nationalist, Separatist, Single-Issue Extremists, Ideological mercenaries, Counterterrorism, Neo-Nazi/neo-fascist, and religious zealot.

Mass terrorism targets:

The general population

Dynastic assisination targets:

The head of state or ruling elite

An example of an issue oriented act of terrorism would be

The killing of abortion doctors

What are the different levels of state terrorism?

The three levels of State Terrorism are Intimidation, Coerced Conversion, and finally Genocide.

Anarchist

Their goal is anarchy. These groups tend to be small and not long lasting. Examples of them are the Japanese Red Army, the Red Army faction in Germany, and the weather underground in the U.S.A. There are very few groups who still hold to this cause in the modern age. One of the reasons that they are not able to gravitate very much or recruit new people is because their goals are abstract and hard to achieve.

Neo-Nazi/Neo-Fascist

These are groups that embrace the ideals of Neo-Nazism and fascism. Examples of them include, the Aryan Nations, Christian Identity Movement (CIM) to which the Oklahoma City Bomber belonged to, and the Christian Patriots

Ideological Mercenaries

These are people who are hired to go and commit acts of terrorism in other countries.

Counter Terrorism

This is a newer development that emerged at the end of the twentieth century. These are death squads that mete out summary justice to those judged by their leaders to be terrorists. In other words they are the governments terrorists who are responding to terrorists within the country

Fairly High Degree of Sophistication (O'Ballance)

This is essential, according to O'Ballance, for a terrorist to blend into the first-class section on airlines, stay at first-class hotels, and mix inconspicuously with the international executive set.

Religious Zealot

This is the most common cause for which terrorism acts are committed today. These are individuals committed to waging holy war on religious principles. Many of the Islamic extremists groups that we know today would fall into this category and in a sense so would the IRA along with the Aryan Nation.

Intimidation (State Terror)

This is where the government attempts to anticipate and discourage opposition and dissent. They typically do this through control of the media and prolific use of the police force. This type of state terrorism has occurred in virtually every nation at some point.

How do terrorist organizations behave like corporations?

Three final points need to be made with regard to this concept of a terror network. The first has to do with the transition of terrorist organizations into "corporations" As such groups become institutionalized in terms of formalized government contacts and offices, entrenched in the local economies of many nations, and independent of a need for sponsor financing, terror financial networks become increasingly difficult to destroy. Affiliates to terror finance begin to include government bureaucrats whose offices regularly deal with them, businesses that share joint economic interests and communities whose livelihood depend upon their employment. (Page 141) If the PLO were an American corporation it would have been on the list of Fortune 500 companies. The PLO is a great example of this principle and they invested money in the European market as well in a few blue-chip stocks on wall street, their investments were said to provide as much as 20% of all the group's revenues. They were involved in a wide variety of business ventures not all were meant to generate a monetary profit. They owned dairy and poultry farms and cattle ranches. They also use revolutionary taxes which are levied against the wages of Palestinians working abroad throughout the arab world.

Dedication (O'Ballance)

To be a successful, a terrorist cannot be a casual or part-time mercenary, willing to operate only when it suits his convenience or his pocket. He must become a "fedayeen" a man of sacrifice. Dedication also implies absolute obedience to the leader of the political movement.

Counterterror terrorists are being used by some authoritative states to control terrorism.

True

Many people believe that the right to commit acts of extreme violence can be justified if the cause is legitimate.

True

Potential nuclear and chemical weapons are a concern in the international arms bizarre

True

Tactical terror is used as part of a broad revolutionary strategic plane.

True

Terrorist incidents have increased over the last 25 years.

True

What is the cycle of violence?

Violence has often created a cycle of violence who those against whom the terror-violence is first carried out becoming so angered that they resort to terrorism as a response, directed against the people or institutions regarded as responsible for the initial terrorist acts. In my own summary basically the cycle happens as revenge for the last act of violence and it continues in perpetuity.

Single-Issue Extremists

Where issues aroused such violent sentiments that adherents to one side or another resorted to terrorist violence to enforce their beliefs. An example of such an issue is Abortion, where people who are against abortion have actually bombed abortion clinics. Earth Liberation Front and the Animal Liberation Front are both organizations that would correctly fall under this category.

A philosophy which advocates that individual freedom should be absolute and all government and law is inherently evil is known as

anarchism

Four waves of modern terrorism

anarchists (1880s-90s), anticolonial (1920s-60s), New Left (1970s-90s), Religious Wave (1979-2000s)

Crazies

as according to Hacker are emotionally disturbed individuals who are driven to commit terrorism by reasons of their own that often do not make sense to anybody else. They are sometimes willing to negotiate depending on whether or not the negociator can understand them. They also have a strong expectation of survival but this expectation is not based on reality.

Governments that resort to using death squads in order to rid the country of terrorist groups use

counterterror terrorists

Individuals that are hired to commit terrorist acts against a country or group are know as

ideological terrorists