Test #1 - Chapter #5 Infancy

By age two the infants brain is about which percentage of its adult weight 1) 45% 2) 55% 3) 65% 4) 75%

4) 75%

Short answer: Breastfeeding has many benefits for both mother and baby. List at least 3 benefits for each.

Baby: Fewer GI infections, Asthma (protection against wheezing), fewer middle year infections, less atopic dermatitis, overweight and obesity, diabetes, SIDS Mom: Lower incidence of breast cancer, reduction in risk for ovarian cancer, small reduction in type II diabetes

True or false: Infant and adults have exactly the same sleep cycles

False: One-half of infants sleep is REM sleep and they begin their sleep with REM sleep

True or false: Babies are who are breastfed have significant psychological differences than babies who are bottle-fed

False: There are no psychological differences between babies who are bottle-fed

True or false: The fetus can hear sounds such as the mother's voice and music in the last two months of pregnancy. However, both fetuses and newborns prefer the fathers voice

False: both fetuses and newborns prefer the mother's voice

True or false: as early as 5 months, infants recognize their name when someone says it

True

True or false: in infancy, receptive vocabulary considerably exceeds spoken vocabulary

True

True or false: Cultural variations exist in infant sleeping patterns

True Children form Asian countries had shorter total sleep times, later bedtimes, and high parentally perceived sleep problems

True or false: infants can imitate a facial expression within the first days after birth

True Imitation involves flexibility, adaptability, and intermodal perception

By _____ months of age, infants usually have more closer to adult-like sleep patterns, having their longest span of sleep at night a) 4 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10

a) 4 months

This area of the brain located on the left frontal lobe is involved in the production of words a) Brocca's area b) Cerebral area c) Wernicke's area d) Lymbic area

a) Brocca's area

This assessment tool focuses on the infant's ability to process information, including encoding the attributes of objects, detecting similarities and differences between objects, forming mental representations, and retrieving these representations. a) Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence b) Bayley Scales of Infant Development c) Infant IQ Test

a) Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence

In Piaget's theory, this is the grouping of isolated behaviours and thoughts into higher-order system a) Organization b) Scheme c) Equilibrium d) Habituation

a) Organization

Timmy described his neighbour as "boy" but does not describe other male as boy. Timmy is showing which of the following a) Underextension b) Overextention c) Vocabulary misunderstanding d) Vocabulary incompetence

a) Underextension Tendency to apply a word too narrowly, it occurs when children fail to use a word to name a relevant event or object.

Which of the following reflexes that are present in the newborn persist throughout life a) coughing b) blinking c) sneezing d) yawning

a) coughing b) blinking c) sneezing

Repeating what a child says, especially if it is an incomplete phrase or sentence refers to which technique used to enhance language acquisition a) echoing b) expanding c) labelling d) recasting

a) echoing

An infant sucks on anything they bring to their mouth. This is an example of which of the 6 sensorimotor substages a) first habits & primary circular reactions b) coordination of secondary circular reactions c) secondary circular reactions d) simple reflexes e) internalization of schemes f) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity

a) first habits & primary circular reactions Reflexes evolve into more refined and coordinated adaptive scheme. The infant develops schemes to reproduce an interesting or pleasurable event that initially occurred by chance

Which of the following are two important elements that promote growth of an infant a) health b) breastmilk c) sleep d) attachment

a) health c) sleep

Maturation of what parts of the brain allow an infant to develop explicit memory a) hippocampus b) limbic system c) amygdala d) frontal lobes

a) hippocampus + surrounding cerebral cortex d) frontal lobes

During family dinner, Andreas parents are telling a story about her favourite toy when was a baby. Andrea doesn't recall anything about this toy. This is referred to as a) infantile amnesia b) adult amnesia c) infantile explicit memory dysfunction d) impaired explicit memory

a) infantile amnesia prefrontal lobes of the brain are immature and is believed to play an important role in storing memories for events

The ability to produce a seemingly endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules is referred to as a) infinite generativity b) language competence c) lexical competence d) language acquisition

a) infinite generativity

The ability to relate an integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing refers to a) intermodal perception b) perceptual-motor coupling c) object permanence d) infinite generatively

a) intermodal perception Evidence shows that intermodal perception is present at birth i.e., using the mother's voice to recognize the mother's face at birth A study showed that babies as young as two months could match vowel sounds and the face that produced them

Attention in the first year of life is dominated by which process a) orientating/investigating b) orientating/learning c) seeking/investigating d) seeking/learning

a) orientating/investigating Involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment (where) and recognizing objects and their features, such as colour and form (what)

This reflex occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touch. In response the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched in an apparent effort to find something to suck. a) rooting reflex b) moro reflex c) sucking reflex d) grasping reflex

a) rooting reflex Disappears when the infant is 3-4 months old and are replaced by the infant's voluntary eating

Which of the following is true for newborns (more than one may apply) a) they can sense touch b) they can sense pain c) they are colourblind d) they prefer certain odours and tastes

a) they can sense touch b) they can sense pain d) they prefer certain odours and tastes

Breast-fed babies in Canada should also receive which of the two supplements a) vitamin D b) iron c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin B

a) vitamin D b) iron

At what age does an infants vision near that of an adult a) 10 months b) 1 year c) 2 years d) 4 years

b) 1 year

By 6 months of age an infants vision is estimated to be _____ a) 20/250 b) 20/40 c) 20/240 d) 20/50

b) 20/40

At birth the baby's brain is which percentage of its adult weight a) 15% b) 25% c) 35% d) 45%

b) 25%

At what age do infants sleep cycle decrease to about 40% and no longer start their sleep cycle with REM sleep a) 2 months b) 3 months c) 2 years d) 3 years

b) 3 months

What is the correct order of the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage 1) first habits & primary circular reactions 2) coordination of secondary circular reactions 3) secondary circular reactions 4) simple reflexes 5) internalization of schemes 6) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity a) 1,6,5,3,4,2 b) 4,1,3,2,6,5 c) 4,1,3,5,2,6

b) 4,1,3,2,6,5 4) simple reflexes (1st month) 1) first habits & primary circular reactions (1-4 months) 3) secondary circular reactions (4-8 months) 2) coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months) 6) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity (12-18 months) 5) internalization of schemes (18-24 months)

Gibson and Walk's visual cliff study showed that babies as young as _____ have depth perception a) 5 months b) 6 months c) 10 months d) 12 months

b) 6 months

Concept formation begins how early in life a) 4-6 months b) 7-9 months c) 10-11 months d) 12-14 months

b) 7-9 months

This is used to assess infant behaviour and predict later development. It has 5 scales: cognitive, language, motor, socio-emotional, and adaptive. The first 3 are administered to the infant, the last 2 are questionnaires for the caregiver a) Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence b) Bayley Scales of Infant Development c) Infant IQ Test

b) Bayley Scales of Infant Development By 6-months, should be able to vocalize pleasure/displeasure, persistently search for objects that are just out of immediate reach, and approach a mirror that is placed in front of them

This type of speech has a higher-than-normal pitch and involves the use of simple words an sentences a) Parent-directed speech b) Child-directed speech c) Development-directed speech d) Learner-directed speech

b) Child-directed speech

Kayla has been breastfeeding for 2 months now. She comes to you for advice on how long she should breast feed for. The best recommendation you could provide to Kayla is which of the following: a) You can stop breastfeeding now, it's only beneficially during the first month b) It is recommended that women breastfeed their babies for the first 6 months and if possible through age 2 and beyond c) It is recommended that women breastfeed their babies for the first 6 months and is not recommended to continue breastfeeding past 6 months

b) It is recommended that women breastfeed their babies for the first 6 months and if possible through age 2 and beyond

A biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain language categories, such as phonology, syntax, and semantics a) Brocca's area b) Language acquisition device (LAD) c) Wernicke's area d) Lymbic area

b) Language acquisition device (LAD)

Lexi has learned how to say "dada", however, she is now calling every male she sees "dada". Lexi is showing which of the following a) Underextension b) Overextention c) Vocabulary misunderstanding d) Vocabulary incompetence

b) Overextention Tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning

This is a cognitive structure that helps individuals organize and understand their experiences. They change over time, and the changes involve two processes (assimilation and accommodation). a) Organization b) Scheme c) Equilibrium d) Habituation

b) Scheme

The focusing of mental resources on select information, improves cognitive processing on many tasks is known as a) habituation b) attention c) imitation d) memory

b) attention

The grouping of objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties is referred to as a) concepts b) categories c) stages

b) categories Concepts and categories help people to simplify and summarize information Without concepts, each object would appear unique

Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into 6 substages. Which of the following is NOT one of them a) simple reflexes b) complex reflexes c) first habits & primary circular reactions d) secondary circular reactions e) coordination of secondary circular reactions f) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity g) internalization of schemes

b) complex reflexes

An infant is visually inspecting a toy while exploring it tactilely. This is an example of which of the 6 sensorimotor substages a) first habits & primary circular reactions b) coordination of secondary circular reactions c) secondary circular reactions d) simple reflexes e) internalization of schemes f) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity

b) coordination of secondary circular reactions Several significant changes take place that involve the coordination of schemes and intentionality

An infant observes their mother making funny faces, one in particular where she puffs out her cheeks. The next day while playing the infant puffs out their cheeks. This is an example of which of the following a) facial imitation b) deferred imitation c) implicit memory d) explicit memory

b) deferred imitation imitation that occurs after a time delay of hours or days

Restating, in an linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said refers to which technique used to enhance language acquisition a) echoing b) expanding c) labelling d) recasting

b) expanding

Which of the following is most important in an infants diet a) protein b) fat c) carbohydrates d) fibre

b) fat Children under the age of 2 should not consume skim milk

Infants have hardly any control over this motor skill at birth a) motor development a) motor development b) fine motor skills c) gross motor skills

b) fine motor skills

Alex is showed a funny video. When she watches the video for the first time she laughs. The video is played for a second time and she laughs less. By the time the video is played for the 6th time she doesn't laugh at all. This shows a) dishabituation b) habituation c) novelty d) causality

b) habituation Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

An infant's attention is strongly governed by which of the two a) dishabituation b) habituation c) novelty d) causality

b) habituation c) novelty

This condition is characterized by the wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency and is evidenced by the infant being grossly underweight with muscle atrophy. a) infant malnutrition b) marasmus c) kwashiorkor d) failure to thrive

b) marasmus

This reflex is a neonatal startle response that occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled, the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Then, the newborn rapidly draws its arms and legs close to the centre of its body a) rooting reflex b) moro reflex c) sucking reflex d) grasping reflex

b) moro reflex

The idea that individuals perceive in order to move and move in order to perceive refers to a) intermodal perception b) perceptual-motor coupling c) object permanence d) infinite generatively

b) perceptual-motor coupling Perceptual and motor development do not occur in isolation from each other, but instead are coupled

The use of short and precise words to communicate is known as a) two-word utterances b) telegraphic speech c) succinct developmental speech

b) telegraphic speech By 18-24 months infants can utter two-word sentences i.e., "me hungry" Infants rely heavily on gesture, tone, and context

An infant typically loses which percentage of its initial birth weight in the first several days after birth a) 4% b) 15% c) 10% d) 3%

c) 10% It is expected regain this weight within 10 to 14 days.

It is estimated that at birth a newborn's vision is estimated to be _______ a) 20/250 b) 20/40 c) 20/240 d) 20/50

c) 20/240

Myelination for visual pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first _____ months, whereas myelination for auditory pathways aren't complete until _____ years a) 6 months, 6 years b) 8 months, 4-5 years c) 6 months, 4-5 years d) 12 months, 6 years

c) 6 months, 4-5 years

Little Charlie is 7 months old and is teething. His mother comes to you for advise on how soon he should be seen by a dentist. Which of the following advice would you give a) Charlie doesn't have to be seen by a dentist until he start school b) Charlie should have seen a dentist within 1 week of being born c) Charlie should see a dentist within 6 months after the eruption of his first tooth and no later than 1 year of age d) Charlie should see a dentist within 10 months after the eruption of his first tooth and no later than 2 years of ag

c) Charlie should see a dentist within 6 months after the eruption of his first tooth and no later than 1 year of age

According to this theory, infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. In this theory, "assembly" means the convergence of a number of factors, such as development of the Nervous system, the body's physical properties and movement possibilities, the goal the infant is motivated to reach, and the environmental support for the skill. The theory emphasizes that perception and action work together in the infant's mastery of a skill a) Motor Development Theory b) Dynamic Development Theory c) Dynamic Systems Theory d) Development Systems Theory

c) Dynamic Systems Theory

This is the name Piaget gave to this mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next a) Organization b) Scheme c) Equilibrium d) Habituation

c) Equilibrium Piaget believed that an internal search for equilibrium creates motivation for change. The child assimilates and accommodates, adjusting old schemes, developing new schemes, and organizing and reorganizing the old and new schemes. Eventually, the organization is fundamentally different from the old organization = new way of thinking

Marie is a first time mom. Her infant is 6 months old. What health teaching would you provide to her about introducing solid foods into her babies diet. a) Foods should be given one at a time for a month or so to test the infant's response (allergies). You can choose any any food to introduce first. b) Foods should be given one at a time for a day or so to test the infant's response (allergies). You should start with iron rich foods first, followed by meats, and well-cooked legumes. c) Food should be given one at a time for a week or so to test the infant's response (allergies). You should start with iron rich foods first, followed by meats, and well-cooked legumes d) Food should be given one at a time for a week or so to test the infant's response (allergies). You should start with iron rich foods first, followed by meats, and well-cooked legumes. Salty and sugary snacks can be given on occasion.

c) Food should be given one at a time for a week or so to test the infant's response (allergies). You should start with iron rich foods first, followed by meats, and well-cooked legumes

This condition occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without apparently reason a) FASD b) infant sleep apnea c) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

c) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Most likely to occur between 2-6 months Boys are more likely to die from SIDS than girls

This area of the brain located on the brain;s left hemisphere is involved in language comprehension a) Brocca's area b) Cerebral area c) Wernicke's area d) Lymbic area

c) Wernicke's area

Maria is a new mom and comes to you for advice on when she should start introducing solid foods into her babies diet. What is your best response: a) You should start introducing solid foods as soon as your child gets their first tooth b) You should start introducing solid foods at 4 months c) You should start introducing solid foods at 6 months d) You should start introducing solid foods at 10 months

c) You should start introducing solid foods at 6 months

Large muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking are referred to as a) motor development b) fine motor skills c) gross motor skills

c) gross motor skills

There are 3 circumstances in which mothers should NOT breastfeed their infants. Which of the of the following is not one of them. a) if she is infected with HIV or some other infection disease that can be transmitted through breast milk b) if she has active TB c) if she has diabetes d) if she is taking any drug that is unsafe for an infant

c) if she has diabetes

This condition is caused by a deficiency in protein, in which the child's abdomen and feet swell with water. a) infant malnutrition b) marasmus c) kwashiorkor d) failure to thrive

c) kwashiorkor

Identifying the names of objects refers to which technique used to enhance language acquisition a) echoing b) expanding c) labelling d) recasting

c) labelling

This is the Piagetian term for one of an infant's most important accomplishments: understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen,, heard, or touched. a) habituation b) dishabituation c) object permanence d) causality

c) object permanence

Little Johny is playing with his father. His father covers his favourite toy with a blanket, Johny laughs and looks for his toy under the blanket. Johny is displaying: a) habituation b) dishabituation c) object permanence d) causality

c) object permanence infants are capable of maintaining in mind a representation of the hidden object

In this pattern of development the sequence in which growth starts at the centre of the body and moves toward the extremities a) anterioposterior pattern b) cephalpedal pattern c) proximodistal pattern d) cephalocaudal pattern

c) proximodistal pattern

Physical development trends tend to follow which two patterns a) anterioposterior pattern b) cephalpedal pattern c) proximodistal pattern d) cephalocaudal pattern

c) proximodistal pattern d) cephalocaudal pattern

Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain is a) proper nutrition b) caring and responding parenting c) repeated experiences d) stimulating environments

c) repeated experiences The infant's brain depends on experiences to determine how connections are made. Before birth, it appears that genes mainly direct basic wiring patterns. After birth, the inflowing stream of sights, sounds, smells, touches, language, and eye contact help shape the brain's neural connections

When the infants first show signs of explicit memory a) immediately, you are born with it b) first half of the first year c) second half of the first year d) not until 2-3 years of age

c) second half of the first year

An infant shakes a rattle by chance and will repeat the action for the sake of fascination. This is an example of which of the 6 sensorimotor substages a) first habits & primary circular reactions b) coordination of secondary circular reactions c) secondary circular reactions d) simple reflexes e) internalization of schemes f) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity

c) secondary circular reactions The infant becomes more object-oriented, or focused on the world, moving beyond a preoccupation with the self

This reflex involves holding the infant above a surface and feet lowing to touch surface which results in the infant moving feet as if walking a) rooting reflex b) moro reflex c) stepping reflex d) babinski reflex

c) stepping reflex

This reflex occurs when the newborn automatically sucks an object placed in its mouth a) rooting reflex b) moro reflex c) sucking reflex d) grasping reflex

c) sucking reflex Disappears when the infant is 3-4 months old and are replaced by the infant's voluntary eating

Children from birth to age two are said to be in what stage of Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development a) Preoperational stage b) Concrete Operational stage c) Formal Operational stage d) Sensorimotor stage

d) Sensorimotor stage The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage

This reflex involves stroking the sole of the infants food which results in them fanning out toes and twisting foot in. a) rooting reflex b) moro reflex c) stepping reflex d) babinski reflex

d) babinski reflex disappears after 9 months to 1 year

In this pattern of development the sequence in which the greatest growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually works down from top to bottom a) anterioposterior pattern b) cephalpedal pattern c) proximodistal pattern d) cephalocaudal pattern

d) cephalocaudal pattern

Sarah is a first time mom and has been trying to introduce interesting stimuli to to her daughter. However, she notices that her daughter will not longer pay attention to the stimuli and is seeking your advice. What is the best advice you can give her. a) explain the process of dishabituation and assure her that if she continues to present the stimuli her daughter will re-engage and pay more attention b) explain the process of dishabituation and explain that in parent-infant interaction, it is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the infants stops responding c) explain the process of habituation and assure her that if she continues to present the stimuli her daughter will re-engage and pay more attention d) explain the process of habituation and explain that in parent-infant interaction, it is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the infants stops responding

d) explain the process of habituation and explain that in parent-infant interaction, it is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the infants stops responding

This condition is a sign of inadequate growth resulting from the inability to obtain or use the calories required for proper growth. One criterion that is considered is weight and sometimes height that falls below the 5th percentile for the child's age. a) infant malnutrition b) marasmus c) kwashiorkor d) failure to thrive

d) failure to thrive (FTT)

This reflex occurs when something touches the infant's palm; the infant responds by grasping tightly a) rooting reflex b) moro reflex c) sucking reflex d) grasping reflex

d) grasping reflex Diminishes by 3 months of age and is replaced by voluntary grasp

The child says "The dog was barking" the caregivers responds "When was the dog barking?" is an example of which technique used to enhance language acquisition a) echoing b) expanding c) labelling d) recasting

d) recasting rephrasing something the child has said in a different way; turning it into a question = prompting child to communicate further/elaborate

Which of the following is NOT one of the four techniques adults use to enhance children's acquisition of language a) echoing b) expanding c) labelling d) repeating e) recasting

d) repeating

A newborn will suck a nipple or bottle when it is placed directly in the baby's mouth or touched to the lips is an an example of which of the 6 sensorimotor substages: a) first habits & primary circular reactions b) coordination of secondary circular reactions c) secondary circular reactions d) simple reflexes e) internalization of schemes f) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity

d) simple reflexes Reflexive behaviour determines the coordination of sensation and action

At 18 months, an infant can speak ~ 50 words, by age 2 they can speak ~200 words. This is known as a a) growth spurt b) language spurt c) word spurt d) vocabulary spurt

d) vocabulary spurt

An infant develops the use of symbols to represent objects or events. Symbols allow the infant to manipulate and transform the represented events in simple ways. This is an example of which of the 6 sensorimotor substages: a) first habits & primary circular reactions b) coordination of secondary circular reactions c) secondary circular reactions d) simple reflexes e) internalization of schemes f) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity

e) internalization of schemes The infant's mental functioning shifts from a purely sensorimotor plane to a symbolic plane and the infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols

Timmy is exploring new possibilities with new objects, he is doing new things to them and exploring the results by using trial-and-error exploration. Timmy is in which of the 6 sensorimotor substages a) first habits & primary circular reactions b) coordination of secondary circular reactions c) secondary circular reactions d) simple reflexes e) internalization of schemes f) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity

f) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity The infant becomes intrigued by the variety of properties that objects posses and the multiplicity of things it can make happen to objects.